ICONARP - International Journal Of Architecture And Planning
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ANALYSIS OF PERCEPTIONS OF DRIVER ABILITIES AND BEHAVIORS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION WITH RESPECT TO GENDER IDENTITY
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Gender inequality is a significant social problem of urban transportation planning. In this context, the main purpose of this study is to determine the stereotypes about the genders of drivers in Turkey. Additionally, the study also aims to reveal the relationship between the talents and behaviors of drivers and gender perceptions.
Design/Methodology/Approach
This study used a hybrid model which allows the use of qualitative and quantitative methods together. The survey method and focus group meetings were utilized at the stage of data collection. In the study, the quota sampling method was applied. The sample consisted of 1239 participants who lived in the province of Konya in Turkey, had a driver\u27s license, drove more than 10 minutes a day and were between 18 and 68 years old. The questionnaires presented to the participants consisted of three parts. The first part included items on the demographic structure of the sample and driving information, the second part included the female driver evaluation form, and the third part included the male driver evaluation form. These driver evaluation forms were prepared as Likert-type scales in the form of a 37-item sets of perception/bias created by benefiting from the literature and focus group interviews.
Findings
Men are perceived more positively in terms of vehicle maintenance and driving ability. It is stated that female drivers have more positive driving behaviors than male drivers. The participants who are female, university graduates or whose spouse drives the car have biases that are significantly free from gendered role attitudes.
Research Limitations/Implications
The fact that the study was conducted only in a sample from Konya and the small number of focus groups that were interviewed constituted the limitations of the study.
Social/Practical Implications
Gender inequality is a significant social problem of urban transportation planning. To achieve social integration and utilize urban services more effectively, it is needed to try to eliminate prejudices/negative perceptions towards gender in traffic.
Originality/Value
This study, where determination of stereotypes regarding the gender of drivers and driver perceptions were focused on, is significant especially in terms of the literature in Turkish and has a unique value
Biophilic Approach to Design for Children
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In recent years, design approaches that offer sustainable solutions have been preferred widely. Although these sustainable design approaches provide solutions for physical context, they are not able to solve the problems on psychological side of this situation. These psychological problems have been observed both on adults and children. This research aims to examine the benefits of enabling children who spend their time in built environments to experience nature through Biophilic Design.
Methodology
140 children between the ages of 3 and 5 from two different pre-school institutions participated in the study. Participation criteria were to be volunteer, a pre-school student, and accessible. The pictures drawn by the children in reply to the question ‘What is nature like?’ were analysed by using content analysis and cognitive mapping method. The data obtained from the study were analysed and the results were presented as median, mean values ± standard deviations (SD), numbers, and percentages. The compliance of the total score to normal distribution according to age and gender independent variables was examined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Non-parametric tests were used in the analysis, p<0.050 was considered statistically significant. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the teachers of the participants.
Findings
According to the age groups, the scores of the older age group were found to be significantly higher than the younger age group (p=0.000). When the relationship between total score and gender was examined, no statistically significant difference was found (p=0.074).
Research Limitations/Implications
In the study, even though the necessary permissions were obtained to carry out planned studies with preschool students, due to the prejudices of teachers and administrators, the work that was wanted to be carried out with children was made difficult in some cases.
Originality
Study originality; in the context of Biophilic Design, is owed to the age range of the chosen focus group, and with the help of this study, the emphasis on what biophilic design can add to the lives of children.AmaçGünümüzde, kişilerin bilinçlenmesi, ekonomik yetersizlikler ve kaynakların hızlı tüketimi sonucu, sürdürülebilir çözümler sunan tasarım yaklaşımları tercih edilmeye başlanmıştır. Sürdürülebilir çözümler fiziksel bağlamda bu tüketim sıkıntılarına çözüm sağlasa da kişilerin bu durum sebebiyle içinde bulundukları psikolojik sıkıntılara çözüm getirememiştir. Bu psikolojik durum yalnızca yetişkinlerle sınırlı kalmamış, ülkelerin geleceğini oluşturan çocuklara da yansımıştır. Doktora tezinden üretilmiş olan bu araştırma, çalışan ebeveyn sayısındaki artış sonucu daha çok çocuğun okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarına gitmesi sebebi ile zamanının çoğunu yapılı çevrelerde geçiren çocukların doğa deneyimini yaşamalarını sağlamanın faydalarını irdelemektir. YöntemAraştırmada, odak grubu olarak çocuklar seçilmiştir. Karabük ili, Safranbolu ilçesinde bulunan, MEB’e bağlı okul öncesi kurumlarda eğitimine devam eden 3- 5 yaş arası çocuklar ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, araştırmaya üç farklı okul öncesi kurumdan 140 çocuk katılım sağlamıştır. Araştırmaya katılan çocukların belirlenmesinde gönüllülük esası, okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında eğitim alıyor olma ve çalışma grubunun ulaşılabilirliğinde kolaylık etmenleri göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Çocukların yaptığı ‘Doğa nasıl bir yerdir?’ konulu resimler içerik analizi ve bilişsel haritalama yöntemleri yardımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler, SPSS, Sürüm 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, ABD) kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve sonuçlar ortanca, ortalama değerler ± standart sapmalar (SD), sayı ve yüzde olarak sunulmuştur. Yaş ve cinsiyet bağımsız değişkenlerine göre total skorun normal dağılıma uygunluğu kolmogorov-smirnov testi ile incelenmiştir. Analizlerde non-parametrik testler kullanılmış, p <0,05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Ayrıca, eğitmenler ile yarı standartlaştırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. BulgularKatılımcıların yaş gruplarına göre aldıkları toplam puanlar incelendiğinde büyük yaş grubunun skorları küçük yaş grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur (p=0.0001). Toplam puan ile cinsiyet arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p=0.074).Araştırmanın sınırlarıAraştırmada okul öncesi çocuklarla planlanan çalışmaların yapılabilmesi için gerekli izinler alındıktan sonra okullara gidildiğinde, öğretmenlerin ve yöneticilerin ön yargıları yüzünden bazı durumlarda çocuklarla gerçekleştirilmek istenen çalışma zora sokulmuştur. Görüşme yapılacak olan okullardan biri gerekli izinlerin alınmış olmasına rağmen araştırmacının görüşmeleri yapmasına izin vermemiştir. ÖzgünlükÇalışma özgünlüğünü; Biyofilik Tasarım bağlamında, odak grubu olarak okul öncesi kurumlarda eğitim görmekte olan çocuklar ile çalışılmış olması ve bu çalışma yardımı ile biyofilik tasarımın çocukların hayatına neler katabileceğinin vurgulanmasına borçludur
Turkey Experience in Urban Transformation
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This study focuses on the current situation and problems of urban transformation practices in Turkey, with respect to space, society, and policy. A number of field studies and surveys were conducted in the study area in Konya city in Turkey, with regards to the unity of space, society, and politics and were developed spatial strategies that ensure such unity.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, the literature on the need for urban transformation in Turkey was reviewed based on experiences relating to space (land fragmentation, property rights, informalities housing), society (the coordination and participation processes), and politics (current legislation, actors and their roles, horizontal and vertical coordination, public interest, planning strategy, policy learning). In the second stage, a number of field studies (the status of the buildings, the building types, the land use status, the status of historical and cultural structures, the land to building ratio, the land fragmentation and cadastral status and surveys) were utilized within the scope of our analysis. The survey questions consisted of the problems and expectations of inhabitants and NGOs with respect to spatial, political and social aspects of the study area.
Findings
Based on the results of the current situation analysis and field survey, spatial strategies that provide the unity of space, society, and politics were developed for the study area.
Research Limitations/Implications
With respect to actors and their roles, this study focuses on two groups as representatives of the social structure. The other groups also should be involved directly or indirectly because of the multi-factor structure of the urban transformation processes.
Social/Practical Implications
Identifying the need, processes and problems related to urban transformation, based on the unity of space, society, and politics could have positive effects on sustainable projects.
Originality/Value
This study is important with the development of spatial strategies with the participation and cooperation activities of the residents and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on the basis of neighbourhoods in urban transformation
THE URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VOYVODA STREET FROM PAST TO PRESENT
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Voyvoda Street in Galata district of Istanbul originated centuries ago at the inner walls of the medieval city and was one of the most significant of its era, which has preserved its unique character and urban identity. In the nineteenth century, it became an important financial axis for the city. This study aims to understand the factors which determined the axial character of Voyvoda Street and its urban identity. The street, which is under the influence of new dynamics is examined in relation to spatial and functional transformation.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The analysis was developed by two essential components: the street and the buildings that define the character of the street by its architectural components, and their functional transformation since the nineteenth century. The axial character of the street has been evaluated due to selected criteria. The data is based on literature review, the survey of historical maps, visual materials such as photographs and gravure prints, and on-site observations.
Findings
The street has been shaped and transformed by social, political, and economic developments, external and internal migrations, the influence of modernist architectural movements, urban reforms, Western innovations in transportation, and technical developments. Voyvoda Street’s strong character as an axis is determined by its historical buildings, which are attached to each other continuously that form a wall defining the boundaries of the street. It is one of the essential pedestrian connections and functions as a path. Since most of the buildings lost their original functions, following the re-use for various needs, the service and cultural industries have become dominant. Although the historical characters of some buildings have been changed by new additions, the original silhouette of the nineteenth century is still dominant.
Research Limitations/Implications
Visual materials and resources of some buildings were available in detail, while for some of them, the materials were limited.
Originality/Value
The previous studies concentrated on urban, and architectural aspects of Galata district as a whole, whereas this study focused on the urban identity of Voyvoda Street. The street and the historical buildings that define the axial character and the image of the street by its architectural components, and their functional transformation have been analyzed.
THE RE-EVALUATION OF EXISTING SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN TURKEY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ‘GREEN SCHOOL’
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It is seen that major repairs and refurbishments in existing school buildings in Turkey are mostly intended for structural reinforcement and physical facilities, and the Green School design principles are not considered in the process of the new school designs and refurbishment applications in existing schools. Moreover, the participation of students, teachers and parents in “environmental decisions” in design process regarding school building and its environment is not ensured sufficiently. The purpose of the research is to determine of the knowledge, views, wishes and tendencies of the students, teachers and parents which are the three main components of the school community related to the general characteristics of the school building and its contribution to environmental education.
Design/Methodology/Approach
A questionnaire form was used as a tool. The survey was conducted in two secondary schools in Ankara in 2017-2018 academic year. Data were analyzed with SPSS 24.0 with the help of experts.
Findings
The majority of the participants believe that the open spaces in the schools do not provide enough opportunities for interaction with the natural environment, the green spaces in the schools are not sufficient in terms of quality and quantity, the noise in the classrooms is clearly disturbing, but the artificial lighting, temperature and ventilation were found to be relatively adequate.
Research Limitations/Implications
When selecting the schools, it was among the schools that are planned to be maintained and repaired in the 2018-2019 academic year by the Ministry of National Education and the schools built after 1990 taking into consideration compliance with today’s conditions and the adaptability of technological systems.
Originality/Value
This research stimulates readers and stakeholders to discuss the environmental education provided to the future decision makers (children) through the school buildings
AN AWARENESS EXPERIENCE BY EMPATHIC DESIGN METHOD IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN EDUCATION
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In architectural education, the most important outcome aimed for architect candidates to acquire is the ability to show empathy. This study focuses on designing for users who have special physical needs while addressing the concept of establishing empathy together with universal designing principles in architectural education.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The empathic design method has been selected as the method of this study. As part of the study, it is aimed for students to offer a design solution in which they would fictionalize a universal design concept together with the empathic design which grounds on universal design principles.
Findings
As a result of the study, it was observed that when given a key method during the design process, students could approach the design with different points of view and interpret the datum with different approaches.
Research Limitations/Implications
This study, as part of the Çukurova University Department of Architecture Interior Design class, students were asked to implement interior design projects using the empathic design method with user groups of their choice in terms of characteristic and age range following the empathic design process.
Social/Practical Implications
It is to develop the awareness of architecture students in the creation process and such studies with different approaches and models to develop their perspectives.
Originality/Value
To increase the prevalence of accessibility and the participation of the disabled in society, the empathic design method can be foreseen to be a key method in other studies in architectural education
Culture-led Urban Transformation Strategies for Industrial Heritage and Industrial Areas in Istanbul
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In relation to the advances in information economics the flow of capital, creative industries, high-speed transportation systems and spatial characteristics of cities have led to the proliferation of cultural economics. In this respect, the departure of industry from cities is considered as a significant opportunity for the spatial improvement of cultural economics. Brownfields and industrial sites that are likely to abandon residential areas in the future stand out on account of their potential for transformation. Accordingly, this study aims to shed light on the spatial future of İstanbul, where development is currently aimed at achieving a global city, and to provide an analytical framework for the likely transformation of brownfields and idle industrial heritage sites.
Design/Methodology/Approach
For the purposes of this study, Suitability Analysis was utilized to evaluate industrial heritage sites that are no longer functional and industrial sites that hold the potential for transformation in İstanbul from the perspective of cultural development strategies. Therefore, first of all, the factors that influence site selection and agglomeration of cultural functions and cultural industries were created, weighed and mapped. Second, the components that specify the spatial preferences of entrepreneurial, creative class, and progressive strategies as well as the corresponding weighs of these components were identified. Finally, cultural development strategies that may be used to address the industrial sites in İstanbul with the potential for transformation, and the weighs of these strategies were revealed by using the “multi-criteria evaluation” method.
Findings
Culture-led transformation is typically shaped with the high-income target of entrepreneurial strategies. However, the transformation process should be reinforced with creative and progressive strategies. In this context, sites that are favourable for transformation in İstanbul accommodate an immense potential for entrepreneurial strategies, while the Bosporus as well as the Historic
Research Limitations/Implications
This study focuses on the province of İstanbul, which has the strongest connection to the network of global cities. The theoretical framework and materials for this study are made up of the available body of literature, digital maps, plans and plan reports.
Originality/Value
This study provides a platform for planners and authorities to discuss the culture-led regeneration of industrial heritage sites and brownfields with a focus on the medium- and long-term plans, programs and decisions for İstanbul. In addition, it contributes to the planning literature by offering a perspective on content and methodological approach for similar studies
English: English
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This study identifies whether the hierarchy, development type, and city size have a crucial effect on resilience in ecological terms. Is there a desirable optimum urban form for resilience? The study aims to answer this question by comparing different types of macroform and density of some selected cities in Turkey.
Design/Methodology/Approach
Denizli, Muğla, and Gaziantep provinces are selected according to the comparability of their population size and urban forms in relation to the greenhouse gas emissions of each city. A retrospective causal comparison method was used in the study. Using the Corine Land Cover Classes program, the change of the artificial surfaces and the city structure between 1990 and 2018 were mapped and detailed graphics were created.
Findings
Findings show that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originating from road transport in Muğla, which has a multi-centered form, were the highest. The surprising result is that Gaziantep has lower GHG emission rate than Denizli although its population is twice the latter. The emission rates of the housing and services sectors were compared with the household size. Gaziantep having the largest household size has the lowest emission rate in this sector. The paper suggests that a hierarchical urban system structure is essential for the resilience of the city to be able to organize itself more effectively, adapt to external changes faster, and create a stronger and more complex structure. City size is an important criterion for low infrastructure cost, efficient use of resources, and capacity to access capital of all kinds. Yet, this criterion may differ in the resilience of the city depending on several factors such as population, area size, and distribution of various urban functions. The development type, on the other hand, is highly effective on GHG emissions as the monocentric cities generate fewer emissions than the polycentric cities.
Research Limitations/Implications
The GHG reports created for the case areas consisted of different years and different analysis units. This limits the sectors to which cities can be compared.
Originality/Value
This article is a detailed and original study in terms of evaluating the resilience of Turkish cities with different morphologies
A STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES IN TURKEY AND THE PERFORMANCE-BASED APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABILITY
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Urban design guidelines (UDGs) provide comprehensive documents that lead to sustainable implementations in the local context. The aim and content of a UDG can differ according to the vision, aim, and associated urban plans. The most common UDG approaches in the world are prescriptive, advisory, and performance-based in order of their appearance in time. The UDGs have been applied in the United States and the United Kingdom since the beginning of the 20th century with the ultimate goal of architectural coherence a nd environmental sustainability. However, their use is relatively very recent in developing countries, including Turkey. Therefore, this study aims to investigate three common types of UDGs in the context of Turkey and provide a deeper understanding their role in achieving urban sustainability from a country-specific perspective.
Design/Methodology/Approach
Seven UDGs have been found that provides a complete process and an extensive content. Three examples, Izmir Kemeraltı Prescriptive UDG, Rize Advisory UDG, and Gaziantep Bizimşehir Performance-based UDG met the selection criteria of comprehensive content, data accessibility, complete process, and comparability and examined in detail. The examples were evaluated and compared according to their integration into the urban planning system and evaluated based on aggregated sustainability criteria. Sustainability criteria set aggregated based on three sustainability frameworks - European Green City Tool, Urban Sustainability Indicators, and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) – applicable to Turkey. Two out of seven UDG examples from Turkey and 11 out of 23 sustainability frameworks from the World could not be investigated further as a result of inaccessible data.
Findings
As a result, Gaziantep Bizimsehir Performance-based UDG achieved the highest score in the overall criteria aggregated from existing and common frameworks in the world.
Research Limitations/Implications
It is important to validate the findings by an evaluation of locally defined sustainability criteria for Turkey. However, there is a lack of well-defined publicly available data.
Originality/Value
The results provided the first comprehensive evaluation of three common types of UDGs in the Turkish context. This study presents a detailed framework for future applications not only in Turkey but also in other regions with the similar context
An Overview of Quality of Urban Life in Konya (Turkey) from the Perspectives of Experts via Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
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This study mainly aims to evaluate comparatively the Quality of Urban Life (QoUL) in Konya city on the basis of Karatay, Meram and Selçuklu districts from the perspectives of two expert groups and to show the suitability of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology for QoUL Assessment.
Design/Methodology/Approach
In the scope of the study, AHP has been utilized to explore the importance weights of each and overall performances of QoUL criteria in the hierarchy in terms of 19 sub-criteria of 5 criteria groups of "Environmental Quality, Physical Quality, Functional Quality, Safer Places, and Social Connection and Interaction at Micro and Macro Environment" from the perspectives of local authority experts and academicians.
Findings
The expert groups have determined different priority weights on the basis of the criteria groups and sub-criteria, and also each district have different criteria performance scores separately. However, the multi-criteria district-based overall QoUL priority rankings of both expert groups are same with different weight rates. Meram is the district with the highest quality of life (QoL), while Karatay is the district with the lowest QoL from the perspective of expert groups.
Research Limitations/Implications
The outputs of the methodology contribute to a better understanding of comparative QoUL performances of three districts via comparing each of them in terms of each QoUL criteria from the perspectives of experts for decision-makers. However, the lack of inhabitant opinions of the city for an overall participatory QoUL assessment is the limitation of the study. Thus, studies focusing on inhabitants’’ views have potential to valuable contribution to further researches and urban planning & design applications.
Social/Practical Implications
In practice, the manuscript has potential to guide local government units and other relevant stakeholders regarding with appropriate actions and transformations to increase the QoUL and create urban areas with high QoUL. The widespread use of the proposed QoUL assessment methodology, which is adaptable for other cities to a significant QoUL evaluation, can lead to a better participatory planning process and finally more qualified urban environments thus can enhance QoUL.
Originality/Value
The study presents a rational and adaptive QoUL assessment approach for local authorities, relevant occupation disciplines and researchers who aim to enhance QoUL