ICONARP - International Journal Of Architecture And Planning
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Determining UHI Effect by Remote Sensing Method in Bolu City Centre, Turkey
Get PDFUrban Heat Island (UHI) has been described by authors as the UHI effect is among the most common forms of human origin (anthropogenic) local climate change. The increasing UHI effect with the differences in land use and landscape pattern varies depending on surface soil, watery field presence and vegetation. In this study, using Landsat 5 TM of 1994 and Landsat 7 ETM+ images of 2019, the ArcGIS 10.6.1 program and the remote sensing methods have identified surface temperature and vegetation distribution. Surface temperature values of the land-use in Bolu province of 2019, 1/5000 Urban Development Plan land uses and average temperature values were determined. The study revealed the change between urban development and the effect of land surface temperature over the course of 25 years, and discussed the UHI effect in the Bolu province. The effects of the historical process in Bolu city center on land surface temperature (with LST differences) and vegetation distribution (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI) have been surveyed. The constraints of this study are that the spatial resolution in orthophotos of 1994 is low, and the type of land-use temperature data cannot be compared to 2019. For this reason, LST and NDVI analyzes were conducted in 1994 orthophotos, classifying all parcels with structure and related area in the form of manually constructed areas (built Environment). One of the findings of this study are surface temperatures of areas used as farmland in the year 1994 data reached higher values after they quickly began to urbanize in Bolu. The main reason for the high surface temperature in the Bolu province over the 25-year period is that agricultural areas are impurized and increasing population density and the albedo effect. It has been concluded that the lack of green space and lack of vegetation in the continuous urban area has increased the UHI effect
The Assessment of the Criteria of Social Infrastructure within the Scope of Women-Friendly City Approach: The Example of Çiğli
No full textThe ability to reproduce, liberate and socialize individuals in a city directly depends on the existence of social infrastructure areas and the usability of these areas. Therefore, social infrastructure areas should be open to the use of all citizens and should meet the needs and demands of all citizens. This requirement depends on the consideration of the user profile as well as the conditions in the legislation. In other words, social infrastructure areas should, on the one hand, meet the criteria of distance and size per person as defined in the legislation, and on the other hand, they should be designed with the user profile in mind. Providing these two features means that the social infrastructure areas comply with the criteria of a woman-friendly city with an urban planning approach for everyone. Planning social infrastructure areas according to women-friendly city criteria is one of the basic requirements for the realization of gender equality. Therefore, city planning, as a science and profession, should produce a process and language that considers gender equality within the scope of social reinforcement areas. As long as this cannot be done, social equipment areas will be problem areas that only exist in the city. This article has been prepared in order to develop suggestions for examining and evaluating social infrastructure areas within the scope of the woman-friendly urban planning approach of city planning and producing solutions to the identified problems. The article presents a model that is open to development by proposing new principles on the approach of the women-friendly city to social infrastructure areas in terms of examination, evaluation, and solution proposition. The article aims to contribute to the increase of women-friendly cities and gender equality studies while revealing which data and how social infrastructure areas should be examined according to the legislation and women-friendly city criteria
Reconsidering Urban Densification for Microclimatic Improvement: Planning and Design Strategies for Istanbul
Get PDFOne of the key issues of the urban planning agenda is how urban density be decided in the spatial configurations of future neighbourhoods to overcome complex challenges such as urban warming. This paper aims to reconsider urban density as a spatial planning instrument to develop effective densification policies, planning and design strategies in terms of surface urban heat island (SUHI) mitigation in Istanbul. The quantitative research embraced a four-stage methodology including grid-based sampling design, decoding the taxonomy of urban density-matrix (UDM), land surface temperature mapping, and ANOVA tests. Tests were conducted on the UDM consisting of nine building typologies representing the horizontal and vertical urban density. The research indicated that the impact of urbanisation on SUHI can be mitigated by controlling densities and urban forms based on quantitative findings. The highest temperatures were recorded in areas with high-coverage-mid-rise and mid-coverage-mid-rise development. The different levels of SUHI in different building typologies having the same density indicated the mitigation potentials of the built-form in Istanbul\u27s local urban warming. Low coverage and high-rise building forms were an optimal solution for mitigating SUHI in densely populated urban areas. The research gives insight into an ongoing debate among urban professionals in Istanbul concerning the impacts of density and the urban form for climate adaptation. It enables professionals to understand the impact of urban planning decisions on microclimate and integrate them into the operational processes. Considering quantitative research findings as a strong foundation for developing policy recommendations and using them as a guideline may create new opportunities for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. The study has an original value for exploring design strategies to improve microclimate and promoting sustainable urban development
An Archetype of Architecture
Get PDFArchitecture is the art, and science of the built environment, where a multidisciplinary approach is prevalent. The paper tends to clarify architecture and explain its etymological meaning for an architectural student, practicing professional architect, and academic person. The paper suggests an archetype model using a combination of various logical terminologies that lead to the design of exquisitely defined words in human history. The manuscript relates each principal keyword as self-expressive for ARCHITECTURE. The research is based on the literal analysis of diverse content that covers the wider scope and application of architecture in qualitative research design. The note-taking series from different manuscripts that identify key areas in the field of ARCHITECTURE and their corresponding connection with each acronym was studied. The emerging themes consist of various parameters and help make strong arguments for the archetype model. The twelve emerging themes have been mapped using the mind-mapping technique in network diagrams. In the end, an archetype is explained, linking the connection of all keywords that prioritize the link with different aspects of architecture. Each letter refers to a specific term as A- Anthropometry, R-Responsive, C-Construction, H-History, I-Inspiration, T-Technology, E-Environment, C-Culture, T-Transformation, U-Utility, R-Resources, E-Economy. The author took help from the literature to reinforce the concept. In the end, an archetype is explained, linking the connection of all keywords with different aspects of architecture. The views expressed in the manuscript are based on a review analysis of existing information in the architectural discipline. It was difficult to include expert opinions due to the limitation of time and cost, and a more rigorous study can be planned later. The paper is based on the framework to benefit architectural students, academic people, and practicing architects and professionals about the range of approaches in ARCHITECTURE. Besides many definitions to expound, elucidate and clarify Architecture, the paper is novel in the approach of explaining the word ARCHITECTURE from a diverse perspective. Each letter has been an acronym with a term covering all significant aspects
Models of Diagnosis and Concept in the Pioneering Architects in Recent Architecture
Get PDFArchitectural sphere evolved into a different direction within the last three decades due to both the development of digital tools and the economic boom, accompanied by the discourses suggesting that radical changes were underway in design and production. In the context thereof, the present study aimed to understand, what today\u27s leading architects considered design input, what factors led them to form, and the conceptual nature of the association they established between form and content. The available texts inked by the renowned architects on their public buildings built between 1990-2020 were accessed via their own web sites and publications. Those briefs were reviewed using textual analysis based on issue and concept notions, remaining loyal to the intra-text context. The conceptual information was then transformed into conceptual categories. The architects were selected among the renowned architects, where the Google Hits method was used to determine the status of being renowned. Accordingly, a total 1146 architectural briefs by 66 renowned architects on their public buildings were analyzed with an aim to transparently see, what was defined as a problem by the designer and by which concepts the designer sought solutions to identified problems. The approaches of recent architects suggested that the architectural discipline maintained its ancient design paradigms, including the quest for function, surroundings, and form, but the way those parameters were addressed and questioned was changed. Furthermore, the spatial configuration-oriented, ecology-oriented, and city-oriented concepts came to the fore, while metaphor and analogy were frequently used. The present study was limited to the own briefs of the renowned architects on public buildings designed between 1990-2020. Unlike the previous studies in the relevant literature, which focused on recent architectural approaches, the present study addressed the subject based on the architects\u27 own texts. Thus, the architect\u27s expression but not the author\u27s interpretation comes to the fore, contributing in the objectivity of the study
Evaluation of the Lighting Energy Performance of Educational Buildings with BEP-TR Methodology: The Case of ERU Faculty of Architecture
Get PDFAs part of energy efficiency and conservation measures, central and local governments have developed various action plans, international commitments, calculation models, regulations, standards, and certificates and arrangements. Building Energy Performance (BEP-TR), a national calculation method developed according to the conditions of Turkey, is one of them. With BEP-TR, the energy efficiency of the building is measured in existing or alternative situations. In public buildings, the issue of energy efficiency is vital in terms of being an example. In the framework of this study, the Faculty of Architecture of Erciyes University as an educational and public structure was selected as the study area. Lighting is essential in electricity consumption in public buildings, especially educational establishments. This study aims to guide the energy efficiency principles and lighting design on the axis of comfort-cost and consumption for all public buildings, especially educational buildings, by emphasizing that the concept of energy efficiency should be handled multi-dimensionally with its various layers. Current state data to measure using the BEP-TR will be assessed if the lighting is energy efficient, according to visual comfort needs. Lighting energy consumption values were recalculated by checking the alternatives, simulations, and visual comfort criteria developed concerning energy efficiency. With the revision of the lighting design, the amount of savings to be realized by the system that meets the requirements for visual comfort was calculated. While the improvements proposed in the study were handled under the title of the artificial lighting system, other parameters were kept constant. In improvements alternatives, while offering a physical and psychological enhancement for users, it also saves energy in public buildings and bring an ecological proposition to reduce the carbon footprint for nature. Considering the proposal in the context of comfort-consumption-cost and amortization. The calculation of how long the initial investment cost will be amortized with the amount of savings has been made using three different methods. The study shows originality in responding to the designer’s aesthetic concerns with the multi-dimensional inputs of energy efficiency
Qualitative/Quantitative Comparison of Changes in Alanya Rural Architecture in terms of CO2 Emissions and Energy Conservation within the Scope of Sustainability
Get PDFDue to the rapid growth and development caused mainly by tourism of Alanya, rural areas are affected, losing their original texture and authentic structures and being exposed to unqualified interventions. The aim of this study is to determine the original features and reveal the value of Alanya rural architecture within the framework of the sustainability principles, and to determine how these values have changed with the unqualified interventions, by detailing qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of each intervention. Within the scope of the study, the rural architectural heritage in Alanya has been documented in terms of settlement texture, space organization, architectural elements, material, construction and energy efficiency. For the analysis, a rural house that preserves its original values was used. A comparison was made between the values of this house and the values obtained as a result of the changes in the other buildings in the area. In cases where these interventions are applied in various variations, the changes in the heating and cooling load of the house are compared with the CO2 emission. It has been determined that the rural houses of Alanya provide energy conservation in a way that is perfected by tradition, both in terms of settlement features and space and materials on the basis of structure. It has been determined that the heating/cooling energy requirement can decrease but the CO2 emission increases in the individual changes made by evaluating different types of deterioration. When the most common application variations detected in the field are evaluated, it has been determined that both the heating/cooling energy requirement and the CO2 emission have increased. Rural settlements and residences define an architecture that has reached the highest level in terms of convenience, functionality and economy. Since any intervention to these structures means the loss of their energy conservation properties as well as their originality, a very careful decision should be made. The study reveals the first data in which the rural architecture of Alanya is evaluated within the scope of sustainability and energy and CO2 emissions are compared depending on deterioration/changes
Determining People\u27s Design Priorities for Neighbourhood Units: A Study in Liverpool, Merseyside
Get PDFLocal planning authorities and developers aim at designing and regenerating neighbourhoods in which people want to live. However, this aim is difficult to achieve if participation is conducted poorly. As a result, people may live in places that are created according to the ideas of designers and the priorities of market conditions and not according to their own. Therefore, determining people\u27s preferences is essential for livable and sustainable neighbourhood design. This paper introduces and tests a method for determining people\u27s design preferences, namely an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. The method is based on making pairwise comparisons of key design principles and structural factors of neighbourhood units. The testing was conducted in Liverpool city centre. Here, it was established that participants\u27 priorities in neighbourhood design are safety, affordable housing and accessibility, respectively. Also, participants prefer to live in non-gated detached and semi-detached housing communities. This article offers an empirical contribution to the participatory neighbourhood planning literature
Architectural Inventories. Evolution of Graphic Documentation of Heritage
Get PDFOne of the main problems of the inventory of architectural heritage is managing and storing large amounts of information in different formats, in addition to the need to organize and manage the information generated by collaborative work between the different technicians who participate in the documentation process. The solution involves the development of a model capable of incorporating information on a layered support and allowing analysis and management, as well as interoperability between tools and other systems throughout the entire life cycle of the building. To carry out this work, two methodologies have been selected to verify their effectiveness in the field of architectural heritage inventory, covering the specific needs of generating a complete graphic database of the building. The Arches platform, a free open source software developed to carry out inventories, has been chosen for its interoperability, specificity and all the characteristics and functions described above. In turn, a WebGIS has been developed using free software standards and technology, to examine the possibilities it offers in relation to specific inventory programs. As a result, the creation of an Information System of the Mudejar Architectural Heritage of Aragón has been proposed, with the purpose of integrating under a common support, all the documentation and graphic information available on the heritage asset. The research limitations are the creation of a geo-referenced database, with geometric information on each building, which addresses the cataloguing of more than 200 assets, due to the uniqueness of this architectural style. The information is stored complying with the documentation standards to ensure interoperability and accessibility to the data
Examination of the Diversity in Rural Architecture in Kırklareli Through Factors
Get PDFThe study aims to document the settlement, spatial, constructional, and cultural characteristics of Kırklareli rural area to reveal the variations of the region. In addition, the region is a hybrid location with elements from both the Black Sea and inner Anatolia. So, the characteristics of the region are compared with the Black Sea and inner Anatolia.
The method of the study is composed of two phases, first, the effect of environmental features such as natural environment, topography, climate, and the economic situation on settlement and plan and constructional characteristics and material usage of the houses in Kırklareli were documented. Second, the Thrace region\u27s rural characteristics were compared to those of the Black Sea and inner Anatolia.
As a result, the natural environment, geography, climate, and culture all had a role in the formation of rural settlements and houses. (1) Topographical features influenced daily living and agricultural productivity, resulting in changes in settlement structures. (2) The differences in plan characteristics of rural dwellings were mostly influenced by regional climate conditions. The presence, form, and size of common places and open spaces varied based on climate conditions. (3) Local materials used in house construction were influenced by landforms and the natural environment. It has been observed that house construction strategies have altered as a result of the most widely accessible material from the surroundings. (4) Even though there were physical variances between houses due to topographical changes in the area, Turkish people\u27s nomadic culture and Islamic beliefs provided certain similar elements in the houses, such as introversion and privacy. Thrace Rural area contains different settlement, spatial and constructional characteristics due to the differences in its geography. Many rural homes have been abandoned, and there is a risk of becoming lost. Therefore, documentation of authentic characteristics of the rural houses and sites considering environmental features will provide a base for the sustainability of original rural houses and areas