Russian Law Journal (RLJ)
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Environmental Protection of the Arctic Region: Effective Mechanisms of Legal Regulation
Full text linkThe legal regulations on environmental issues that arise in the Arctic due to intensive exploitation of its oil and gas resources need to be explored. There are gaps in environmental regulations over the Arctic region both at international and domestic levels. For Russia, at least two basic problems can be seen in the legal norms: the absence of a coherent approach to the Arctic environmental legislation and policy, and the need to develop effective mechanisms of environmental protection in the process of the Arctic development. In recent years, the Arctic states have expanded legislation on the Arctic issues. Currently, the most effective legal instruments targeting the protection of the fragile Arctic environment have been created by the Arctic countries. The introduction of a system of integrated environmental management is the first step that should be taken. Deep scientific research should be the obligatory foundation of any Arctic project. Moreover, much attention should be paid to the analysis of biological diversity preservation schemes. Lastly, special laws are needed in Russia to ensure: the regulation, prevention, and response to pollution by oil and other containments; the protection and rational use of Arctic resources; and the conservation of the Arctic marine areas and natural landmarks. These ideas are based on a comparative analysis of the legal rules contained within the laws of Norway, Canada, and the United States
No full textReviewed book: Civil Litigation in China and Europe: Essays on the Role of the Judge and the Parties (= 31 Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice) (C.H. (Remco) van Rhee & Fu Yulin, eds.) (Springer 2014)
No full textAs the President of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community I am very proud to appear on the pages of Russian Law Journal, a new promising project initiated by leading Russian scholars. The RLJ is of a particular interest for the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community, a body hearing cases involving companies from all over the world in relation to the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, since its’ main purpose is to expand cross-fertilization between the legal cultures. This purpose is very important in course of the Eurasian integration which will culminate in 2015 with creation of the Eurasian Union, transforming markets of the member states into the large single one. I am wishing the RLJ’s Editorial Council and Board productive work in establishing this forum for discussion
No full textIn 2015, a new Code of Administrative Procedure [hereinafter Code] was adopted in Russia. Such a code has never existed in Russian legal history
No full textUse of force is one of the principles of international law that has been banned by the UN Charter and modern constitutions. However, since the enforcement of the UN Charter, self-defense has become the preferred excuse for states to justify their use of force. Applying self-defense, however, requires some conditions. Immediacy is one of the important conditions of self-defense. This is defined as the timeframe between armed attacks and reaction to it. This situation requires self-defense immediately after the armed conflict or during a reasonable timeframe since its occurance.In this respect, emerging Karabakh Conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in the 1990s is important. In this article, by comparing two different approaches (strict and board interpretation) of the temporal link between the measures of self-defense and the armed attacks (immediacy), the temporal link between the self-defense countermeasures of Azerbaijan and attacks by Armenia in Karabakh Conflict will be examined
150 лет Состязательного Гражданского процесса в России
No full textThe 1864 Judicial Reform proclaimed adversarial procedure in Russia. Last reforms of civil procedure in Russia go forward. The article deals with comparative analysis modern civil procedure and main characters of the Reform 1864 with reference on foreign civil procedure and national court practice.Судебная реформа 1864 года установила состязательность судебного процесса в России. Последние реформы гражданского процесса зашли еще дальше. Данная статья представляет собой сравнительный анализ современного гражданского процесса и основных черт гражданского процесса по Реформе 1864 года со ссылкой на гражданский процесс в зарубежных странах и на действующую судебную практику
Выбор присяжных заседателей и экспертов-непрофессионалов в сравнительной перспективе: евразийский контекст.
No full textThis article compares (1) the qualification of jurors or lay assessors; (2) methods of listing candidates for lay adjudication; and (3) selection and empanelment of jurors and lay assessors for a particular case, in various post-Soviet countries and Western countries. Two key issues are examined. The article examines whether the legislation of post-Soviet countries in relation to the qualification, listing and empanelling of jurors and lay assessors is consistent with the standards applied in developed democracies. Simultaneously, the article explores what standards and rules of selection of lay adjudicators should be incorporated into the legislation of post-Soviet states in order to insure impartiality and independence of lay adjudicators. The article reveals a significant number of defects and gaps that allow executives and court personnel to manipulate the selection process and hamper the formation of impartial, independent and representative lay courts. An examination of the legislation in post-Soviet countries and of the empirical data collected in Russia lead to the conclusion that the mechanisms of the voir dire, peremptory challenges and challenges to entire juries should be reviewed and improved in order to provide reliable safeguards for the selection of impartial and independent lay adjudicators and prevent parties from excluding prospective lay adjudicators for discriminatory reasons.Данная статья сравнивает квалификации присяжных заседателей, а так же экспертов-непрофессионалов; методы выбора кандидатов для непрофессионального судебного рассмотрения; и выбор и внесение в список присяжных заседателей экспертов-непрофессионалов для конкретных случаев в различных странах постсоветского режима и в западных странах. Исследованы два ключевых вопроса. Первый: совместимо ли со стандартами, применяемыми в развитых демократических государствах, законодательство постсоветских стран в отношении квалификации, выбора и внесения в список присяжных заседателей экспертов-непрофессионалов. Одновременно, статья исследует, какие стандарты и правила выбора непрофессиональных присяжных заседателей должны быть включены в законодательство постсоветских государств чтобы гарантировать беспристрастность и независимость непрофессиональных участников процесса. Статья показывает значительное количество дефектов и промежутков, которые позволяют руководителям и персоналу суда управлять процессом отбора и препятствовать формированию беспристрастной, независимой и представительной коллегии присяжных. Экспертиза законодательства в постсоветских странах, а так же эмпирических данных, собранных в России, приводят к заключению о том, что механизмы предварительной проверки компетентности и допустимости присяжного заседателя, отвода без указания причины и вызова всех присяжных должны быть рассмотрены и улучшены для того, чтобы обеспечить надежные гарантии для выбора беспристрастных и независимых судей-непрофессионалов и препятствовать тому, чтобы стороны исключили подходящего судью-непрофессионала по дискриминационным причинам
No full textThis paper focuses on the last indirect coercive measure introduced by the Italian and Russian legislation. After a general overview of the coercive measures already known to Italian law, also from an historical perspective, this paper identifies – through a parallelism commonly followed between the astreinte under Art. 114(4)(e) of the Italian Administrative Procedure Code and those under Art. 614-bis of the Italian Civil Procedure Code – the main traits of the new rule as to conditions, calculation of the amount due and beneficiary of the payment.The author’s intention is to investigate the rationale of Art. 114, dealing with the issue of its applicability to obligations having a monetary content, so as to assess the actual possibility to make a complete parallelism between the two types of astreinte at issue: those for administrative proceedings and those for civil proceedings.In contrast to the Italian experience, astreinte in Russian civil and administrative judicial proceedings is not directly regulated by procedural legislation. Astreinte unexpectedly appeared in the case law of commercial courts in 2013 and was / became widely discussed by scholars. From June 1, 2015, the institute quite similar to the astreinte was introduced by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.The authors mean to reveal the nature of the astreinte and scope of its application both in civil and administrative judicial proceedings
Building Human Rights, Peace and Development within the United Nations
Full text linkWar and peace have perpetually alternated in history. Consequently, peace has always been seen as an endless project, even a dream, to be in brotherhood realized by everyone across the earth. Since the XVII century the elimination of war and armed conflict has been a political and humanitarian objective of all nations in the world. Both the League of Nations and the United Nations were conceived with the spirit of eliminating the risk of war through the promotion of peace, cooperation and solidarity among Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the subsequent human rights instruments were drafted with a sincere aspiration of promoting the value of peace and human rights worldwide. International practice shows the close linkage between the disregard of human rights and the existence of war and armed conflict. It follows that the role of human rights in the prevention of war and armed conflict is very important. Since 2008 the Human Rights Council has been working on the ‘Promotion of the Right of Peoples to Peace.’ Pursuant resolutions 20/15 and 23/16 the Council decided firstly to establish, and secondly to extend the mandate of the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) aimed at progressively negotiating a draft United Nations declaration on the right to peace. The OEGW welcomed in its second session (July 2014) the approach of the Chairperson-Rapporteur, which is basically based on the relationship between the right to life and human rights, peace and development