Diabesity (E-Journal)
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Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidative Efficacy of Strychnos Potatorum (Nirmali) Seeds Extract in High Fat Diet Fed- Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Experimental Type 2 Diabetes in Rats
Get PDFObjective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial, multisystemic chronic endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient insulin secretion in association with insulin resistance. Strychnos potatorum Linn. seeds have been used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various non communicable diseases including diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we have evaluated the antidiabetic and antioxidant property of Strychnos potatorum seeds extract in type 2 diabetic rats. Chronic hyperglycemia promotes auto-oxidation of glucose to generate excessive free radicals which result in the development of both macro- and microvascular complications.Design: S. potatorum seeds were delipidated and the ethanolic extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. The total phenolic, flavonoid, carbohydrate and protein contents were estimated. High fat fed and -Low dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats were orally treated with S. potatorum seeds extract (500mg/kg b.w./rat/day) for 30 days. The levels of important biochemical indices and oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxides, hydroperoxides and protein carbonyls were determined in plasma and vital tissues. The levels of both enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants were also evaluated.Results: Diabetic rats showed significantly increased levels of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobulin. The oxidative stress markers were significantly increased and levels of both enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants were declined. Oral treatment of S. potatorum seeds extract results in the maintenance of normoglycemia by decreasing the levels of oxidative stress markers and improved the status of antioxidants in diabetic rats.Conclusions: S. potatorum seeds possess significant antidiabetic properties which may partially responsible for its antioxidant properties
Design, synthesis and spectral characterization of a new Zinc – Avicularin, a metal flavonol complex and evaluation of its toxicity and antidiabetic efficacy in High Fat Diet Fed - Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Experimental Type 2 Diabetes in Rats
No full textObjectives: Zinc is an essential trace element with prominent roles in the structural and functional aspects of insulin. Several reports are available on the development of zinc complexes with various ligands to reduce the toxicity of zinc. In the present study, an attempt has been made to synthesize zinc-avicularin complex and it was subjected to spectral characterization and systematic antidiabetic properties. Design: The zinc-avicularin complex was synthesized by molar ratio method and characterized by spectral studies such as FT-IR, mass, 1H NMR and 13C NMR Acute toxicity and dosage fixation studies were carried out as per OCED guidelines. HFD fed -low dose streptozotocin induced experimental type 2 diabetes was chosen as the animal model. The oral glucose tolerance test performed in the control and experimental groups of rats. The levels of fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma insulin and urine sugar, protein, urea, uric acid and creatinine were determined by established methods. The activities of serum AST, ALT and ALP were assayed. Results: The spectral studies provide evidence for the complexation between zinc ions with avicularin. Acute toxicity and dosage fixation studies revealed the non toxic nature of the complex and the optimum dose as 5 mg/kg b.w./rat/day orally for 30 days. The biochemical alterations observed in the experimental diabetic rats were reverted to the physiological range after treatment with zinc-avicularin complex as well as metforminConclusion: The newly synthesized and characterized zinc-avicularin complex is non toxic and elicits significant antihyperglycemic activity which in turn may be due to the insulin stimulatory and/or insulin mimetic activity
CHANGES IN BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS, INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND PROTHROMBOTIC ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS ON 12 MONTHS OF DIETARY MODIFICATION
Get PDFBackground: Reports continue to show that lifestyle modiï¬cation is cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, lifestyle and cultural patterns vary significantly across communities thereby necessitating the need for tailored dietary interventions to achieve optimal glycemic control. Presently, few prospective studies in Nigeria demonstrate the potential effects of diet modification on cardiometabolic, inflammation and prothrombotic factors. This study therefore assessed the effects of a twelve-month dietary modification on cardiometabolic, inflammation and prothrombotic factors in individuals with T2DM.Materials and Methods: Forty adults with T2DM were enrolled into this study. They were placed on 20%, 30% and 50% total caloric intake obtained from protein, fat, and carbohydrate respectively and were followed up for 12 months. Adherence to the dietary modification was assessed using a surrogate index. Standard methods were used to measure the blood pressure and anthropometric indices. Lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)], interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured using spectrophotometric methods and ELISA as appropriate. Data analysis was done using paired Student’s t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman correlation as appropriate. P-value less than0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: There were no significant changes in the mean body weight, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, FPG and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) at 6 months and 12 months compared with the baseline. However, the mean levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLc) was significantly elevated while the mean waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were significantly reduced at 12-month compared with baseline. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was significantly higher at 6months compared with the baseline but reduced significantly at 12-month compared with the 6-month level. Unexpectedly, there was significant progressive rise in the median level of fibrinogen at 6-month and 12-month compared with the baseline. Similarly, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels at 6-month and 12-month were significantly higher compared with the baseline.Conclusion: It could be concluded from this study that twelve months of dietary modification improved central adiposity and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol but could not halt prothrombosis
Change in Knowledge of and Adherence to the Low-Sodium Diet in Patients with Heart Failure after Nutrition Education by a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist
Get PDFNutrition intervention by a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) is effective in improving patients’ knowledge or adherence to low-sodium diet (LSD, <2,000 mg/d); however, changes in knowledge and adherence in heart failure (HF) patients.  have not been simultaneously assessed in the same study Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify both HF patient sodium knowledge and adherence to the LSD before and after an education session with an RDN. A quasi-experimental study with a one-group, pre-test post-test design was conducted. An RDN conducted a 15-minute individualized nutrition education regarding the LSD at the initial visit. Sodium knowledge was measured by the Parkland Sodium Knowledge Test, and sodium intake was measured by a 29-item sodium-specific food frequency questionnaire created by NutritionQuest© at both the initial and follow-up visits. A total of 71 patients were educated on the LSD and assessed for changes in sodium knowledge and intake at their next visit. Most patients were middle aged, obese, male, and non-Hispanic Black with an education level of greater than 12 years. At the initial visit, the majority of patients were considered knowledgeable but not accordant to the LSD. Following RDN education, sodium knowledge significantly improved and sodium intake significantly decreased. RDNs should be included as members of the HF multidisciplinary team to increase sodium knowledge and reduce sodium intake through individualized nutrition education
Function and dysfunction of fatty acid mobilization: a review.
Get PDFWestern populations have a growing obesity epidemic due in part to excessive nutrient intake from high-fat diets, which are increasingly common. Overindulgence of nutrients is associated with a greater incidence of metabolic dysfunction and a greater risk for obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders that lower quality of life. Research in humans and animal models has improved our understanding of how excess circulating free fatty acids negatively impact the ability of muscle and other tissues to regulate nutrient uptake and utilization. It is generally accepted by the scientific community that excess circulating fatty acids lead to insulin resistance, but there is little clarity regarding the underlying mechanisms. In the present review, we will outline the current understanding of the characteristics associated with fatty acid mobilization and fatty acid utilization within specific tissues. We will also discuss the potential mechanistic role of hyperlipidemia on metabolic dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes
METABOLIC SYNDROME AND REPRODUCTION: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN NIGERIA
No full textMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors. It is a major health challenge globally, with an increased prevalence in the developing world. Studies on its role on reproduction in Nigeria are currently sparse. This article therefore, examines current knowledge on metabolic syndrome and reproduction in Nigerians. Academic databases including PubMed as well as Google search engine were searched between 2012 and 2017 for metabolic syndrome in reproduction in Nigerian males and females. Current observations suggest that metabolic syndrome adversely affects reproduction
METABOLIC SYNDROME AND REPRODUCTION: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES IN NIGERIA
Get PDFMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors. It is a major health challenge globally, with an increased prevalence in the developing world. Studies on its role on reproduction in Nigeria are currently sparse. This article therefore, examines current knowledge on metabolic syndrome and reproduction in Nigerians. Academic databases including PubMed as well as Google search engine were searched between 2012 and 2019 for metabolic syndrome in reproduction in Nigerian males and females. Current observations suggest that metabolic syndrome adversely affects reproduction
Review on the induction of obesity in laboratory animals
Get PDFAbstractValid animal models are initial essential for successful screening of novel therapeutic strategies against all types of diseases. Development or selection of an animal model that resembles the human disease process and symptoms is dependent on a robust knowledge of the natural history and pathogenesis of the disease. The use of animal models thus becomes to understand the underlying physiological and genetic basis of energy regulation, taste and smell perception and food choice behaviour. Obesity is chronic metabolic disorder results from multiple etiologies like genetic, physiological, epigenetic and environmental factors. Animal models of obesity include direct measurement of food intake to long-term studies in animals exhibiting continuous overconsumption of food containing high calories and fat. It is of prime importance that we must choose the right models with high face, construct and predictive validity. Failing to select and use appropriate animal models impede successful discovery and development of safer and more potent therapeutics and wastage of money and time. We have thus provided a short review on currently available animal models of obesity. We discuss different method of induction of obesity in laboratory animals as well as the transgenic animals used in antiobesity drug discovery.Â
Association of Food Security with Home Food Availability in the United States: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
No full textObjective: The present study examined the association of food security status with the availability of healthy and unhealthy foods in the home using a nationally representative sample from 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).Design: A cross-sectional analysis included 8997 participants aged 20-65 years. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated by logistic regression accounting for survey design and weights.Food availability was measured through self-reported questionnaire regarding the frequency of food items available in the home. Three levels of food security (food insecure, marginally food insecure, and food secure) were defined based on 10 food security questions.Results: Individuals who were food insecure had lower availabilities of fruits (OR=0.37; 95%CI=0.27-0.49), dark green vegetables (OR=0.63; 95%CI=0.50-0.79), fat-free or low-fat milk (OR=0.60; 95%CI=0.45-0.81), and salty snacks (OR=0.66; 95%CI=0.51-0.85) relative to those who were food secure. Similar results were found for participants with marginal food insecurity compared to food secure participants.Conclusions: With the exception of salty snacks, food insecurity was associated with lower availability of healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, fat-free/low fat milk, suggesting the need to improve the home food environment among individuals who are food insecure
Metabolic Syndrome, Gut Microbiome and Dietary Bioactive Peptides, an Unexplored Triad
Get PDFThe gut microbiome is a complex, biochemically rich and essential component of the human metabolic system. It has been our understanding for very long that the gut microbes are primarily there to digest the undigested food (mainly fibers), get nourishment, and in return release metabolites helping host cells -- short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbes are a great source of energy for the colonocytes. It is only in the last decade, with advancements of DNA sequencing platforms, that we are lettered about the association between the gut microbial composition and metabolic disorders such as obesity, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases . This creates a momentum to understand the factors shaping the composition of the gut-microbiome, nature of dysbiosis (perturbation of gut microbial composition) associated with human health and ways to modulate the gut microbiome to achieve the desired health benefit