International Journal of Global Community (Riksawan Institute - IJGC-RI)
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The Iraqi Islamic Financial Institutions and Anti-Money Laundering Regulation
Full text linkMoney laundering is an issue faced by the financial system in many countries today. Money laundering has a negative impact on Islamic financial institutions, which in turn affects customers' willingness to deal with them. This issue in Iraq is a serious obstacle for financial institutions in general and Islamic financial institutions in particular. The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) supervises Islamic banks in the country, and it is the responsibility of the CBI to resolve money laundering issues. In this context, a special Act to protect the financial system from money laundering in Iraq is called the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law No. (39) 2015. This Act has a significant role in reducing money laundering in Iraq. To prevent money laundering by financial institutions, the CBI is currently working to transform the Iraqi financial system, primarily shifting from cash to electronic payments. However, money laundering is still a serious threat faced by the financial system of Iraq. Since using e-payment and credit cards is new in Iraq, money laundering is still widespread in Iraq, especially through cash transactions, according to the Iraqi observers. Therefore, this paper will examine money laundering specific to Iraqi Islamic financial institutions. The paper will identify the main area of money laundering in the Iraqi Islamic financial system. In addition, the role of Islamic financial institutions will be evaluated concerning this issue. Some questions should be answered here. First, what is the role of the Islamic financial institutions in money laundering in Iraq? Second, what is the role of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law No. (39) 2015 in reducing money laundering in Iraq? This paper found that a more comprehensive awareness of money laundering in the Islamic financial system should be developed to customize supportive efforts to encourage the integrity of Islamic financial institutions and ensure the industry against money laundering. Furthermore, Islamic banks should build additional mechanisms to determine money laundering financing and implement protective standards customized to the nature of their products and services
Family Centeredness of Speech and Language Pathology Practices in an Underdeveloped Context: Parents’ Perception and Professionals’ Satisfaction
Full text linkIntroduction: Family-centered model of service delivery has received growing recognition around the world for effective sensitization and adaptation of families with children having speech and language related disorders in rehabilitation programs. Aims: The aim of the study was to understand the extended perception of parents of the current practice model in speech pathology from a relational and participatory practice perspective as well as parent-professionals’ satisfaction on service delivery as a family-centered care model in Bangladesh. Methods and Participants: A quantitative method was undertaken to explore parent-professionals belief of relative satisfaction based on parents’ education status and professionals work setting variation. Furthermore, the relationship of the extended aspects of family centered care with parents’ education and economic status with a descriptive analysis of parents’ perception was done. A total of 24 speech-language pathologists and 111 parents participated in this study. Results: Satisfactory outcome was not observed for parents from existing speech pathology programs. Dissatisfactory perception of every aspect of family-centered care was found. Parents’ educational status was significantly related to their perception of individual aspects of this model. Professional satisfaction within a family-centered model was on a positive side which indicated a strong negative relationship with parents (r = -.563, p< .05). Conclusion: Parents’ perception of the service-delivery defines the current practice to be more of a professional-centered model. By addressing concerned areas, a shift from current practice is required in speech pathology practice in Bangladesh
Efects of Mediated Learning Experiences on Motivation to Learn for Hearing and Hard of Hearing Children
Full text linkIn this study, the question was explored of whether teachers' use of Mediated Learning Experiences (MLE) might significantly add to students' intrinsic motivation in first grade. Having viewed intrinsic motivation as a key driver of learning and achievement, the study took on a quasi-experimental approach with 200 children from two elementary schools, a control and an experimental group, pre- and post-tests. While there was a significant increase in the motivation of the experimental group, the difference with the control group was not statistically significant, and thus the first hypothesis that MLE alone would be able to bring significant differences in the motivation of the children was rejected. Interestingly, the intervention effect was identical for hearing and hard-of-hearing children. The findings report that MLE, while having some positive effects, is not strong enough on its own to make a significant contribution to the intrinsic motivation. Curriculum design, test methods, teacher behavior and personality, styles of teaching, parental involvement, home environment, and peer relationships ought to also be taken into account in later research work for the understanding and encouragement of student motivation
Determinants of Social Capital and Its Role on the Social and Economic Outcomes: Household Level Study, the Case of South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia
Full text linkSocial capital encompasses the connections, relationships, and norms that support cooperation and collaboration within a community. Scholars emphasize that social capital is essential for encouraging civic participation, promoting community development, and improving overall well-being. This study examines the determinants of social capital and its role in influencing the socio-economic outcomes of rural households in Ethiopia. It identifies unique dimensions of social capital, such as social networks, trust, reciprocity, and informal group participation, and evaluates their impact on the social and economic indicators among rural households. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating descriptive and inferential analyses. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 204 rural households across three woredas in South Wollo, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics were used to explore socio-economic roles, while logistic regression assessed determinants of participation in social capital dimensions. The study reveals that social capital significantly influences the social and economic outcomes of rural Ethiopia. The findings underscore the importance of social capital in reducing transaction costs, promoting resource sharing, facilitating community development, and addressing rural poverty. Notably, factors such as family size, gender, and homeownership positively influence households’ participation in social capital, while employment status and ethno-religious diversity have a negative impact. The study concludes that strengthening social ties within rural communities is vital for promoting social stability and economic prosperity. It recommends that community leaders and policymakers enhance social capital as a pathway to sustainable development.
 
Teaching Mathematics to Blind Students in Ethiopia
Full text linkThis study aimed at assessing Ethiopian primary school Mathematics teachers’ knowledge on teaching mathematics to blind students. The study employed a Descriptive survey design. A total of four hundred twenty-five sample participants were chosen from Addis Ababa, Oromia, Sidama, and South Nation, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region Primary school mathematics teachers using proportionate random sampling technique. Data was collected through structured questionnaire with 24 items and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the results. Results indicated that 84.7% and 92.11% of Ethiopian primary school mathematics teachers lacked technological and pedagogical knowledge respectively for teaching mathematics to blind students. Statistically significant mean difference was observed between the expected mean (1) and the calculated mean (0.000) at 95%confidence interval (P=0.05). However, no statistically significant mean difference were observed between age groups, sex, qualifications, teaching experiences and subject of specialization in teaching mathematics to blind students. The finding implied that the Ethiopian teacher education curriculum and training approaches lacked the Technological component of the TPCK model. The re-visiting of the pre-service mathematics teacher education and the deployment of intensive TPCK on-job training for mathematics teachers were recommended in order to employ the widely accepted inclusion principles in response to the right of blind students’ participation and achievement in socio-economic endeavors
Legal Framework for International Liability in Peaceful Nuclear Energy
Full text linkIn this study, we have examined the legal basis for international responsibility regarding damages resulting from the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Initially, we clarified the concept of nuclear energy in jurisprudence, international law, and domestic law. We then discussed various applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Subsequently, we highlighted the significant risks that arise from the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes on human health and the environment. Towards the conclusion of the study, we delved into the topic of international responsibility. We began by defining international responsibility, followed by an exploration of the legal foundation for international responsibility in this study. We deliberated on several theories, ranging from the theory of error to that of absolute responsibility. The researcher contends that the most accurate and widely accepted stance, fitting for this situation, is to adopt the theory of absolute responsibility. Accordingly, the state is held accountable for all damages resulting from its utilization of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, irrespective of whether it violates an international legal norm or not
Development of ASEAN-China Financial Cooperation under the RCEP Framework
Full text linkInternational financial cooperation is critical for countries to access finance and investment to promote economic growth. The formal implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) has pushed financial cooperation between ASEAN and China to a deeper level. The relationship between ASEAN and China is a successful example of regional cooperation in the Asia-Pacific.
The study of ASEAN-China financial cooperation under the RCEP framework is of great significance in advancing the comprehensive strategic partnership between the two sides. The present study analyzes the financial cooperation between ASEAN and China under the framework of RCEP. By studying the development history and opportunities, the article analyzes in-depth the challenges that financial cooperation between the two sides may face, and tries to find ways to improve the openness of financial innovation between the two sides. It also tries to explore the development path of financial cooperation between ASEAN and China from three aspects: improving the degree of financial innovation and openness of the two sides, establishing a perfect financial regulatory system, and adopting differentiated financial cooperation strategies
A Call for Amendments of ICCPR to Uphold Freedom of Expression Online: A Case Study of Iran
Full text linkIn the digital era, internet censorship poses a significant threat to freedom of expression, particularly evident in Iran where government-imposed filtering firmly restricts online discourse. Despite scholarly attention to censorship's mechanisms, gaps in international conventions like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) remain understudied. This research examines internet censorship in Iran to identify ICCPR deficiencies enabling online expression restrictions. Employing qualitative methods, it scrutinizes data from diverse sources, including library, electronic, interviews, and reports. The paper traces Iran's history of censorship, delineates its impact on expression, and critiques the limitations of the ICCPR. The findings advocate for revisions to the ICCPR, advocating for transparent aims, publication of restrictions, designated oversight bodies, and recognition of the right to remedy. Incorporating insights from Iran, this study urges policymakers to fortify international legal frameworks, fostering a democratic digital space globally while respecting legitimate concerns
Non-Tariff Barriers on Technical, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: An Overview Under WTO Laws
Full text linkThe World Trade Organisation (WTO) is established to regulate and facilitate smooth and peaceful international trade between countries. This study explains the non-tariff barriers on technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures agreements under the WTO and all WTO member countries are bound to follow them to ensure a convenient trade environment. Many WTO member countries are not aware of or understand non-tariff barriers on technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures before drafting their domestic trade laws. If all countries are sincere and adhere to the rules and guidelines of the WTO, quality and standards of international trade can be adequately maintained. Non-tariff barriers have restricted and promoted international trade. Qualitative doctrinal research is utilised to explain and collect research data. This study found that all WTO agreements inspire its member countries to develop their trade standards as internationally recognised. Therefore, this study submits that in order to maintain the quality and standards of international trade, each member country of the WTO should understand and adopt all the WTO agreements on non-tariff barriers in their domestic laws
Examining of the Concept of Standard of Proof in the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code
Full text linkThe pursuit of justice is a fundamental pillar of civilized society, symbolizing hope amidst the complexity of human interaction. The balance between freedom and accountability of law enforcers depends on proof that refers to the standard of proof. In Indonesia, the journey to justice passes through various thresholds of proof, which serve as checkpoints in uncovering the truth. The Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) aims to ensure justice through a structured legal framework, but its effectiveness is often hampered by ambiguity and inconsistency in applying these standards. This study uses a normative legal research method with a conceptual approach and a statute approach. All legal materials were collected using literature studies, then analyzed using qualitative methods. The results of the study show that the standard of proof in criminal procedure law is used to ensure that criminal decisions are based on strong and convincing evidence, thereby minimizing the risk of erroneous decisions. The Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code does not explicitly define or articulate the standard of proof commonly found in other legal systems. Even if it is not, the law implicitly requires a degree of reasonableness and factual basis for actions taken by law enforcement