African Population Studies (UAPS) / Etude de la Population Africaine (UEPA)
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Fertility Trend in Ghana
Get PDFThe study traces the likely route of the movement of fertility through the demographic transition. The information is critical for construction of population projections as well as for monitoring and evaluating action programmes The original P/F ratio method and modified versions, one through the intermediary of relational Gompertz model, for analysing birth history data, are employed in assessing data quality as well as in determining fertility levels and trends. The derived estimates suggest that the level of fertility in Ghana fell from about seven children per woman in the 1960s and 1970s to 4.6 children per woman by the turn of the 20th century. The pace of the decline, slowed down considerably between the late1990s and the beginning of this century when the total fertility rate dropped from 4.8 to 4.6 The changing youth population, substantial increase in the number of females aged 15-49 years, increasing aging population and the huge discrepancy between contraceptive use and the level of fertility are some of the crucial issues that call for policy options and research-based evidence for designing context specific development strategies and action programmes
Femmes et migration en Côte d’Ivoire : le mythe de l’autonomie
Get PDFEn Côte d’ivoire, comme dans d’autres pays africains les migrations traditionnellement dominéespar les hommes se féminisent progressivement. Les résultats de l’Enquête Ivoirienne sur les Migrations et l’Urbanisation (1993) indiquent clairement que les femmes migrent presque autant sinon plus que les hommes, notamment en ce qui concerne les migrations urbaines. Parallèlement à cette forte migration féminine, se déroulent d’autres processus dont celui de l’autonomisation des femmes migrantes très longtemps négligées et considérées comme des « migrantes passives ». Des études récentes montrent que les femmes sont de plus en plus autonomes dans leur migration par rapport à la famille, d’autres insistent sur le rôle déterminant des rapports de genre qui obligent les femmes à migrer en association avec un autre membre de sa famille. Dans ce contexte, comment interpréter l’importante migration féminine actuelle ? Est-elle le signe d’une plus grande autonomie ou alors la conséquence de l’affaiblissement du contrôle familial et social ? S’agit-il d’une évolution des migrations en général ou tout simplement une mutation de la situation et des aspirations personnelles des femmes ? Quels liens peut-on établir entre ces migrations et les relations de genre ? Cet article réexamine la question de l’autonomie des femmes dans la migration. L’analyse est axée sur la prise de décision et le motif de la migration et utilize les données de l’Enquête Ivoirienne sur les Migrations et l’Urbanisation (EIMU). Elle montre que pour les femmes, la famille et les rôles sexuels restent déterminants dans la capacité à prendre une décision individuelle ou pour faire une migration économique indépendante. L’autonomie desfemmes dans la migration est par conséquent très limitée et reste un mythe.
EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION, AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOR IN KINSHASA: SOME PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE**
No full textThis paper focuses on the links between employment and fertility among women residing In Kinshasa, Zaire’s capital city of over three million people. We use a unique data set to examine fertility behavior and fertility differentials with respect to educational attainment and employment status, among other factors. The analyses differentiate among women who are employed by someone else (the overwhelming proportion of whom are employed In the modern or formal sector), and those not Involved In work for pay or proflt.(1) In addition to considering fertility outcomes, we also analyze the links between employment and education and key proximate determinants of fertility: age at first union, contraception, breastfeeding, and postpartum abstinence
ATTITUDES E T OPINIONS A L’EGARD DES COMPORTEMENTS EN MATIERE DE FECONDITE: CAS DES FEMMES BRAZZAVILLOISES
No full textGender, household headship and children’s educational performance in Nigeria: debunking the myth of poor performance in female-headed households
Get PDFThis study examines how gender interacts with household headship to influence children’s educational performance. It evaluates the educational performance of children in senior secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria by whether they live in male or female-headed households. The study shows no significant statistical difference in the performance of children in male and female-headed households, but shows that parents’ educational level, especially women’s formal education, influences their children’s educational performance. The study reveals that children’s educational performance is also dependent on support factors in the household. It also shows that though women heading households without partners may experience more constraint in terms of resources, they often strive to ensure that their children do not fulfill society’s expectation of poor performance. The study concludes on the need to empower household heads if their children must access knowledge, an important measure of human development
La Qualité des Soins Prénatals selon la Perspective des Clientes au Cameroun. (Districts de santé de Nkongsamba, Bafang et Mfou)
Get PDFEtant donné que la qualité des soins détermine la demande de soins maternels et directement le risque qu’une mère décède pendant l’accouchement ou quelques jours après, en cas de complications, nous nous sommes fixé comme objectif dans cette étude d’évaluer son niveau dans le cas camerounais, en nous orientant vers la perspective des clientes. Les données utilisées ici sont celles d’une enquête que nous avons menée, en août 2005 dans le district de santé de Nkongsamba (Province du Littoral) et en janvierfévrier 2006 dans les districts de santé de Bafang (Province de l’Ouest) et Mfou (Province du Centre), auprès des femmes ayant fréquenté les services des soins prénatals au cours des six derniers mois. Il ressort des analyses effectuées que, même si dans les milieux étudiés des problèmes importants ont été observés dans les études antérieures aux niveaux structurels et du processus des soins dans les formations sanitaires publiques et privées, les enquêtées ayant utilisé les services des soins prénatals au cours de la période de référence ci-dessus mentionnée ont été pour la plupart satisfaites de l’état des ressources physiques et des matériels, de l’organisation des services, du traitement qu’elles ont reçues pendant les consultations prénatales, etc. Toutefois, le taux de satisfaction s’est avéré, dans la plupart des cas des éléments de la qualité considérés, davantage faible chez celles ayant utilisé les formations sanitaires publiques à l’exception du cas du système de recommandation des clientes.. La première conclusion qui ressort des résultats de cette étudeest que les clientes tolèrent recevoir les soins prénatals de qualité moindre dans les milieux étudiés. La seconde est que le niveau de la qualité des soins prénatals varie selon le type de formations sanitaires et le district de santé. L’on devrait tenir compte de l’ensemble de ces éléments dans les politiques d’amélioration de la qualité des soins prénatals dans les milieux étudié
The Role of Proximate and other Determinants in Ghana’s Fertility Transition.
Get PDFAlthough studies have revealed some of the factors behind Ghana’s fertility transition, much effort is still needed to explain the contribution to the transition of social factors such as beliefs, practices, customs, etc. Most of the studies have used macro-level data (mainly the Demographic and Health Surveys), and have therefore been unable to unravel in fine details the reasons at the micro level. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of proximate and other (mainly customs and practices) determinants in Ghana’s fertility transition. Household data collected among 386 females aged between 15 and 49 years in March 2002 are used. Results show that certain cultural practices such as child fostering, and females perception of their husbands or male participating in a household chore (seen as the preserve of females in Ghana) i.e., cooking, among other factors, turn out to be significant predictors of children ever born. Further research is needed to ascertain the role of other factors, viz, females’ perception of washing and babysitting by men, and the effect of practices such as badudwan (a female rewards the husband with a ram upon giving birth to the tenth child) on fertility
APARTHEID AND DEMOGRAPHY IN SOUTH AFRICA
No full textThe National Party came into power in 1948 with an election promise to safeguard the political, economic and social interests of minority whites In South Africa. Racial segregation was their major strategy for ensuring the supremacy of white racial group in the country. By the mid-1950s, major pieces of legislation which formed the pillars of apartheid such as the Immorality Act, Population Registration Act, Reservation of Separate Amenities Act and Black Education Act, were firmly in place. Apartheid policies were implemented with zeal by the minority white government to the social and economic detriment of the blacks who constitute the majority In South Africa. The dream of Institutionalized racial segregation met with Intensive Internal resistance and International pressures, and in 1991, the ruling National Party formally renounced apartheid and declared a commitment to the creation of non-raclal democracy In South Africa. By the end of the 1940s, distinct demographic regimes existed In South Africa with potentials for maximum exposure to alternative trends. The aim of this paper is to show briefly how these different regimes reacted to the realities of the Implementation of apartheid with particular reference to mortality, fertility and reproductive behavior, and population activities
Fertility Levels, Trends and Differentials in Kenya: How Does the Own-children Method Add to Our Knowledge of the Transition?
Get PDFThe own-children method of fertility estimation tracks temporal changes in fertility patterns. We revisit the Kenyan fertility transition by applying the method to 1979, 1989 and 1999 censuses, and 1989, 1993, 1998 and 2003 Demographic and Health Surveys data. The method's ability to provide yearly fertility rates for periods preceding each data source adds enormous knowledge to fertility patterns. For Kenya, these trends go back through the 1960s. First, the method sheds additional light on the onset of the transition. Second, the trends highlight major differences in the onset and pace of fertility decline among regions and key sub-groups. Third, the rates for overlapping periods provide both internal and external validity checks that heighten confidence in the overall results. Last, it provides a rare opportunity to evaluate birth history fertility rates. Taken together, these estimates provide more detail than ever before regarding fertility patterns in Kenya
Situations of fertility stall in sub-Saharan Africa
Get PDFA comparative study of fertility trends since 1950 in 30 countries from sub-Saharan Africa revealed several cases of “fertility stall”, that is a change from downward fertility trends to flat- or even slightly rising- trends for some time, usually a few years: Ghana (1998-2003), Kenya (1995-2003), Madagascar in urban areas (1987-1993), Nigeria (1999-2003), Rwanda in rural areas (1999-2005), Tanzania in rural areas (1995-2004). In a first part, the paper presents the statistical evidence of changes in fertility trends. In a second part, the analysis focuses on possible causes of these changes. Fertility stalls were often associated with changes in two proximate determinants (contraceptive use and age at marriage) and in two socio-economic correlates (income and labour force participation). The paper concludes to a variety of situations leading to different causality in the various countries, including one case (Ghana) for which no reasonable explanation could be found from the available data