African Population Studies (UAPS) / Etude de la Population Africaine (UEPA)
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The Association between Spousal Gender Based Violence and Women’s Empowerment among Currently Married Women aged 15-49 in Zimba- bwe: Evidence from the 2010-11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey
Get PDFIn Zimbabwe, levels of spousal Gender-Based Violence (GBV) remain a health, human rights and development concern. The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between spousal GBV and women’s empowerment among women aged 15-49 who were currently in union or living with a man. The analysis utilised the 2010-11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) data. Spousal violence was measured by different forms of GBV i.e. physical, emotional, sexual violence and overall GBV. Overall, 48.2% of women of reproductive age who are in a union experience some type of GBV. More specifically, 26.9% report physical violence, 25.7% sexual violence and 25.7% emotional violence. The analysis showed that women who did not participate in decision-making at household level were more likely to experience GBV than those who do. Women who have control over their spouses’ earnings were less likely to suffer from GBV. However, ownership of property (land and/or house) was not associated with spousal GBV. Women who were in polygamous unions, whose spouses drank alcohol, earned less than their spouses and had a history of non-spousal physical violence were more likely to experience GBV than all other women. Younger women (aged 15-19 years) were more likely to experience spousal emotional, physical and sexual violence than the older age groups. Recommendations are to improve women’s participation in decision making, mainstreaming GBV in development, and improve the economic and social emancipation of women and girls
Male Circumcision; Willingness to undergo Safe Male Circumcision and HIV Risk Behaviors among Men in Botswana
Get PDFThis paper uses data from the 2008 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey to explore the association between male circumcision or willingness to undergo safe male circumcision, and men’s sexual and HIV risk behaviours in Botswana. Bivariate and multivariate regression analysis techniques are used. The results show that being circumcised, or expressing willingness to be circumcised, was associated with significant increase in the likelihood of having two or more current sexual partners, and having had sex with multiple partners during the year leading to the survey, even after controlling for confounding variables. There is a need for further research to examine the association between male circumcision and men’s sexual practices in Botswana. Such context specific research will provide the necessary evidence base for HIV prevention and impact mitigation programs, interventions and strategies and to provide rigorous estimates of the extent men’s sexual risk compensation and ‘sexual disinhibition’ associated with the reduced risk of HIV infection accorded by safe male circumcision. Current efforts to promote male circumcision as an integral part of the country’s HIV prevention and control strategy need to be accompanied by continuous education to address myths and misconceptions relating to safe male circumcision
Youth bulge and demographic dividend in Nigeria
Get PDFThis paper examines the possibility of the demographic dividend in Nigeria. It investigates the role of youth empowerment in the attainment of the demographic dividend. It identifies the challenges facing a typical Nigerian youth and the various ways of investing in the youth bulge. It finds that the challenges facing the Nigerian youth ranges from the problem of youth unemployment, limited access to educational and lack of economic opportunities, lack of access to basic education, high HIV prevalence rate to high poverty rate. It posits that contrary to expectations, increase in the population of the youth may undermine development if the challenges facing the youths are not addressed. The paper recommends that the government should create employment and economic opportunities, provide educational and health facilities and combat poverty in order to ensure that the bulging youth population translates into economic growth and development
Place Matters: Community Level Effects of Women’s Autonomy on Ethiopian Children’s Immunization Status
Get PDFOver 75% of Ethiopian children are not fully immunized against infectious diseases and illnesses. Studies have shown that women’s autonomy, or decision-making abilities, is related to improvements in children’s health. Yet the extent to which community-context measures of women’s autonomy affect children’s health has yet to receive adequate attention. This study uses data from the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey to investigate the relationship between individual- and community-levels of women’s autonomy and children’s -- aged 12-30 months -- immunization status. The results of multilevel Poisson regression analysis show that community-level women’s autonomy is associated with an increased number of children’s immunizations above and beyond that of individual-level women’s autonomy. Overall, these results indicate that empowering women within households is not only an important mechanism through which improvements in children’s health can be made, but also serves as a way to improve the lives of other children within the community.
Determinants of urban-rural differentials of antenatal care utilization in Nigeria
Get PDFDemographic and public health studies have indicated urban-rural differences in the utilization of antenatal care services. However, factors accounting for the urban-rural differentials in Antenatal Care use are unknown. The study used the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) to examine the factors associated with the urban-rural differentials in antenatal care utilization in Nigeria. The logistic regression analysis revealed an urban rural differential in the utilization of antenatal care in Nigeria. It was revealed that rural women were less likely to use antenatal care than urban women (O.R= 0.53, C.I= 0.48-0.59). Other determinants of antenatal care utilization in Nigeria include age, region, women educational level, religion, distance to health facility, partner’s educational level, employment status, number of living children and wealth status . This study recommends that public health intervention programs and government efforts should be targeted at addressing these determinants of urban-rural differentials of antenatal care use in Nigeria in order to increase antenatal care use and consequently reduce maternal, neonatal and child mortality in Nigeria
The Effect of Socio-demographic Factors on the Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services in Uganda
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of demographic and socio-economic factors on the utilization of maternal health care services using the 2006 Uganda Demographic Health Survey. Three measures of maternal health care services are examined, namely visits to antenatal clinic, tetanus toxoid injection and place of delivery. Using binary logistic regression model, we found that urban women are more likely than their rural counterparts to use antenatal care services, receive tetanus toxoid injection and deliver their babies in public health facilities. The same positive association was observed between a woman’s educational attainment and visit to antenatal care clinic, place of delivery and tetanus toxoid injection. The policy implications of general socio-economic empowerment of women are discussed
Cibler les inégalités : Contribution de l’approche des Capabilités aux études de la population
Get PDFCet article présente les objectifs du projet qui est l’objet de ce numéro spécial, à savoir l’application de l’approche des Capabilités (AC) aux études démographiques pour mieux comprendre les disparités croissantes de développement humain et sélectionner les meilleurs indicateurs pour identifier les inégalités d’opportunités. Nous présentons ici l’apport de l’AC pour les études démographiques, puis les caractéristiques des deux pays ouest-africains considérés – Mali et Ghana – et, finalement, les sujets traités. L’application de l’AC ubstitue l’approche classique des déterminants de résultats atteints par une centration sur l’éventail d’opportunités et les disparités. Les huit articles qui suivent abordent trois domaines centraux en démographie sociale, particulièrement en Afrique de l’Ouest, et pour lesquels de riches données existent: la santé, à travers les facteurs de risques et la montée de l’obésité; l’intégration sociale exprimée par les activités professionnelles et la participation sociale; le planning familial analysé à travers la contraception et l’espacement des naissances
The Incipient Fertility Transition and Women’s Labor Force Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1991-2005: Evidence From the Demographic and Health Surveys
Get PDFSub-Saharan Africa has experienced an expansion of schooling, accompanied by delays in marriage and lower fertility. These trends stand to boost women’s employment prospects and foster further fertility decline through a variety of plausible mechanisms. But the evidence has been spotty. Building on the diversity of recent fertility changes within countries and taking advantage of repeat nationally representative and comparable DHS surveys, we attempt a large-scale historical analysis to provide an early assessment of the status of the transition in 21 countries. To evaluate the prospects for further declines in the region, we use multiple techniques to quantify the effect of fertility on employment as well as its contribution relative to other factors to observed changes in women’s employment within countries. Results show a growing negative relationship in some countries and no relationship in others. Implications for the transition and inequality in the region are discussed.
Urbanisation in South Africa: a critical review of policy, planning and practice
Get PDFThe purpose of the study was to assess the extent to which urban policy, planning and practice are adequately responding to the inherent demographic and economic forces that underpin South Africa’s urbanization. The methods involved the analysis of data on population size, change and household income and official policy and planning documents to trace trends, key principles of urban policy, planning and practice. Based on the eight metropolitan municipal areas in South Africa, spatial development frameworks (SDF) were analysed to establish the extent to which they indicate alignment between policy-planning and practice. The results indicate limitations of urban policy design; the low priority accorded to population change in the urbanisation process, planning outcomes out of tune with policy objectives, failure to reform the urban land market and continuing growth of informal settlements on the urban edge. The findings call for a radical review of urban policy, planning and practice.
Adolescent mortality in South Africa: An analysis of unnatural causes of deaths by sex, 2000-2009
Get PDFDespite South Africa being a peaceful democracy for the past 18 years, mortality due to unnatural and violent causes still occur among the youth, who are aged between 15 and 34 years old (Presidency of the Republic of South Africa 2009). However, this is not specific to South Africa; with developed countries experiencing the same trend. In developed countries, Christoffe (1994) found that death due to unnatural causes, specifically related to violence, had increased especially among the youth. South Africa is now moving towards the same transition that is currently experienced by developed nations in the world: violent deaths as a major cause of death amongst the youth which includes some adolescents (10-19 years old) (Norman, et al, 2007). With this in mind, this paper aims to examine the different levels of male and female adolescent mortality due to five unnatural causes of death. Data from South African Death Notification Forms is analysed for the years 2000-2009. Cause-specific mortality rates and proportional mortality ratios are produced. Results show adolescents are dying from events of undetermined intent, transport accidents’ and self- harm, especially males. The selected causes of death are contributing up to 27% of all adolescent male mortality and almost 12% of all female mortality in 2009. The results of this paper allude to crime, violence and safety issues in South Africa