African Population Studies (UAPS) / Etude de la Population Africaine (UEPA)
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Dynamiques urbaines et santé des enfants en Afrique subsaharienne : Perspectives théoriques
No full textLes enjeux de développement en rapport avec la santé urbaine des enfants en Afrique sub-saharienne deviennent d’autant plus importants qu’on a eu à observer dans certaines villes un paradoxe sanitaire se traduisant par une mortalité relativement plus élevée que celle du milieu rural. En outre, concilier la croissance rapide des villes africaines avec l’objectif d’un environnement sanitaire adéquat et adapté à l’ampleur et à la diversité des besoins relève du défi. Cet article propose un état des lieux critique de la littérature sur la santé urbaine, à travers une synthèse de 82 travaux scientifiques portant sur les relations entre dynamiques urbaines et sanitaires. L’étude accorde un regard particulier à la santé des enfants en Afrique subsaharienne francophone. Cette synthèse met en évidence les points de convergences et de divergences de santé urbaine, et aborde aussi, sous un angle critique, les aspects méthodologiques. Elle met en évidence une pluralité de situations sanitaires urbaines, ainsi que la complexité des mécanismes explicatifs des relations entre dynamique urbaine et santé des populations
Findings of an evaluation of community and school-based reproductive health and HIV prevention programs in Kenya
No full textImproving knowledge, attitudes, delaying onset of sexual activity and decreasing high-risk of sexual behaviour of young people are central components in strategic planning for RH programming. This paper presents findings of an evaluation of a public multi-sectoral adolescent reproductive health and HIV prevention program in rural Kenya. Study design was a community-randomized controlled trial. Cross-sectional baseline and endline surveys were conducted to evaluate the impact of the interventions with regard to knowledge, attitude and practices. Results in intervention sites A and B as compared to the control site showed large impact on knowledge of sexual and reproductive health issues, a less significant impact regarding attitude, and a small but significant impact on sexual behaviour. The community-based intervention had a significant impact on knowledge and sexual behaviour. Adding a school-based intervention component didn’t have a sustained improvement across board as anticipated. These findings underscore the need to strengthen capacities of public sector staff and enhance the robustness of strategy implementation
L’insaisissable catégorie sociale d’enfants orphelins d’Afrique : de quoi parle-t-on ?
No full textThere is no definition of orphans that would allow to know without confusion who is an orphan child. This article analyses the challenges and difficulties in defining and targeting the social category of orphans. It is based on a number of works, as well as the field research on the social actor’s logics regarding the family support to orphans among the Mossi people in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), for my Ph.D. in sociology at Laval University (Canada). In fact, international charity organisations use orphans as a vulnerable and universal category. This has been done through the propagation of information on HIV. From the social sciences perspective, the category of orphans covers a variety of realities, and making the choice to see it otherwise would hide the diversity of those realities
Challenges and Opportunities for promoting Maternal, New born, and Child Health in urban informal settlements: perspectives of Community Health Volunteers in Nairobi, Kenya
No full textAcross the world, Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) are recognised as first line health care providers. Overtime, the Kenyan government has acknowledged CHVs as an integral component in provision of first line health care services at the community level. This paper uses data from four group discussions with CHVs and two key informant interviews with sub-County Community Strategy Coordinators to examine the lived experiences of CHVs. The findings show that meaningful engagement of CHVs is hampered by lack of logistical support, recognition, insecurity, and inadequate resources. Despite the bottlenecks, voluntarism is their greatest driving force. They noted that their work could be enhanced through logistical support from the government involving training, provision of equipment, remuneration and recognition in the community. The findings suggest that there is need for close coordination between the national government and the community units for CHVs to contribute to improved health outcomes at the local leve
Statut Migratoire des parents et scolarisation des enfants au Cameroun
No full textCet article étudie les facteurs qui influencent la scolarisation des enfants de 5 à 15 ans au Cameroun, selon le statut migratoire du parent (entendu ici comme chef de ménage), à partir de la 3ème Enquête Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages (2007). Au niveau descriptif, la statistique du Khi-deux montre que le milieu de résidence,le sexe du CM (chef de ménage),son niveau d’instruction etson statut matrimonial, le niveau de vie du ménage, et la taille du ménage ont un lien avec la scolarisation des enfants de 5 à 15 ans au Cameroun.Au niveau explicatif, la Régression logistique binaire révèle que le milieu de résidence et le niveau d’instruction du CM sont des facteurs qui affectent à la fois la scolarisation des enfants de ménages de natifs, de migrants internes et de migrants internationaux. Pour approfondir ces résultats, il est nécessaire de mener des études plus poussée
Sexuality Education and Men’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Practices in a high HIV Prevalence Setting: Does Exposure to Sexuality Education Improve Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes in Botswana?
No full textExposure to sexuality education is expected to have a positive effect on an individual’s sexual and HIV risk practices and behaviors in later life. This paper uses data from the 2007 Botswana Family Health survey (BFHS-2007) to investigate the association between exposure to sexuality education in schools and men’s sexual and reproductive health practices. The BFHS-2007 sampled 4030 men between ages of 12-29 years, and solicited responses on a wide range of issues, including exposure to sexuality education, sexual and reproductive practices; fertility as well as partner characteristics. About 82% of men were exposed to sexuality education, of which silightly more than 50% have had sexual initiation. A high percentage of respondents who have not received sexuality education would have not used a condom at sexual debut and would have desired a child. The paper concludes that if introduced early, sexuality education improves life skills in sexual initiation, condom use and childbearin
Levels Of and Factors Associated with Birth Registration in the slums of Nairobi
No full textIn this paper, we use data from the Nairobi Cross-sectional Slum Survey 2012 to examine levels and factors associated with birth registration in Nairobi slums. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression and data of 1719 children aged 0-5 years drawn from 4564 households. We find that children who are at least 3 years, who were born to mothers aged at least 25 years, of Kikuyu/Meru/Embu ethnic groups, who were delivered in health facilities and in the presence of a health professional are more likely to be registered and to have a birth certificate. While education has no net significant effect on birth registration, women with no education, are more likely to get a birth certificate for their children. We recommend interventions by government and civil society to allow birth registration in slum health facilities as well as having outreach programs in informal schools within slums
Trends and levels of childlessness among educated women in South Africa
No full textIn South Africa, fertility declined from 7 children per woman in the 1960’s to 2.6 children per woman in 2011. The daunting situation is that in 2011 whites and Indian/Asian fertility rates were below replacement level. Therefore, using South African censuses 2001 and 2011, the paper seeks to establish trends and levels of childlessness among educated women. The proportions of childlessness were calculated from women who reported that they never had children. Childlessness increased by 10% point between women aged 25-34. Black African women had the highest proportions of childlessness. The prevalence of childlessness was high among women with post higher degree and employed. The highest proportions of childlessness were evident among women who were never married. Within occupation variable, professionals and managers were childless. The majority of childless women were residing in Gauteng and Western Cape. Across all the socio-economic variables, the levels of childlessness increased substantially from 2001 to 201
People, Places, and Health Variations: A Case of Malaria Incidence in Ibadan, Nigeria
No full textThis paper investigates the relationships between the population’s levels of social well-being and places of residence, and how these underlie the incidence of malaria in a traditional African city. Using a stratified sampling technique with population density as the parameter, a total of 15 localities from the 5 metropolitan LGAs in Ibadan typifying the low, medium and high density residential areas were selected for the study. Questionnaires were administered on 1,084 randomly selected household heads. The data were analyzed using the Chi Square and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics, while the aggregated scores representing respondents’ level of social well-being were correlated with the individual’s household frequency of treating malaria using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation technique. The results indicate that residents of low density residential areas ranked highest in social well-being and had the best health outcomes evidenced by the lowest incidence of malaria among the three residential classe
Survival Analysis and Determinants of Timing of First Birth after Marriage in Nigeria
No full textThis study assessed the dynamics of First Birth Interval (FBI) after marriage, its determinants as well as relationship between fertility and FBI among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. We right-censored FBI of women aged 15-49 years using 2013 Nigeria DHS data, used Kaplan Meier survival function to monitor the timings and Cox Proportional Hazard (CPH) and Generalized Gamma (GG) regression to model factors affecting FBI. The median FBI in Nigeria was 1.75 years and decreased with delayed age at marriage. Women with higher education have shorter FBI (TR=0.86(95% CI: 0.85-0.88)). Urban women were more likely to have earlier FBI (HR=1.28 95% CI: 1.24-1.32)). Fertility was significantly associated with FBI. The longer the FBI the lower the fertility level and vice versa except for women aged 15-19 years. Age at marriage, educational attainment, wealth status and residence were the main determinants of timing of first birth after marriage in Nigeria.