OJS - Uni Innsbruck
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Sport officiating recruitment, development, and retention: A call to action
Get PDFThe purpose of this article is to report on the outcome of a two-day consensus-building exercise amongst sport scientists and sport practitioners interested in the recruitment, development, and retention of sport officials. Twenty participants including volunteers and paid employees affiliated with nine Ontario-based sport organizations, university researchers, and provincial government policy makers participated. A consensus statement regarding this aspect of sport officiating and, more specifically, “What do we know?”, “What don’t we know?”, and “Where does the research need to go from here?” is presented. A willingness to consider and embrace these ideas may be critical in moving sport officiating from being an understudied and undervalued segment of the sport system to receiving the attention and respect it deserves going forward
Muscle tuning and preferred movement path - a paradigm shift
Get PDFIn the last 40 years, the scientific debate around running injuries and running shoes has been dominated by two paradigms, the ‘impact’ and the ‘pronation’ paradigms. However, the development of running shoe technologies aimed at reducing impact forces and pronation has not led to a decline of running-related injuries. This article recommends to abandon the ‘impact’ and ‘pronation’ paradigms due to a lack of biomechanical and epidemiological evidence and instead suggests a shift to new paradigms: ‘Muscle tuning’ and the ‘preferred movement path’. These paradigms represent new approaches to understanding the biomechanical patterns of each individual runner and how they are controlled by the neuromuscular system. Experimental evidence in support of the ‘muscle tuning’ and ‘preferred movement path’ paradigms are presented and discussed regarding their relevance for running performance, injuries, and footwear. Finally, this paper proposes that the concept of ‘functional groups’ should be used and further developed to overcome the challenge that groups of individuals respond differently to footwear interventions. First, groups of individuals who behave similarly (functional groups) should be identified. Second, running shoes should be selected to match the characteristics of the identified functional groups in order to optimize the beneficial effects of running shoes for improving running performance and reducing the risk of running injuries
Why do referees end their careers and which factors determine the duration of a referee’s career?
Get PDFAgainst the background that the number of referees has been falling in recent years, the German Football Association (DFB) needs to answer two key questions: (i) Why do referees end their careers, and, (ii) which factors determine the duration of referee careers? We studied these questions using data from a questionnaire study of former referees. Results of estimating linear regression models and a Cox model show that the duration of a typical referee career depends, among other factors, on how a referee thinks that the career developing according to his or her plan, and on whether the referee is successful in coping with insults, threats, and violence. The “survival rate” of a referee increases in the subjective evaluation of the importance of football-specific know-how. Approximately 39 % of the former referees stated that the end of their referee career could have been prevented.
Voltaire et l’opéra : ses livrets, adaptations opératiques de ses tragédies
Get PDFVoltaire wrote seven librettos, but only two minor texts were set to music by Rameau. – His tragedies do not have tragic heroes (in the Aristotelian sense), they present paragons of virtue and vice. In some of his tragédies larmoyantes (Ridgway), the villains triumph at the end (cf. Mahomet); in others, virtue is rewarded and evil punished (cf. Sémiramis). Therefore, Voltaire’s tragedies anticipate some features of the romantic melodrama. This may be the reason why they inspired librettists and composers of (Italian and French) opera mainly in the decades between 1780 and 1810 when French melodrama was created by Guilbert de Pixérécourt and others. – As examples for the technique of adaptation, the librettos of Tancredi (Rossini), Maometto (von Winter), and Semiramide (Rossini) are analysed in greater detail
Effect of a 25 ingredient sport drink on exercise performance and muscle oxygen extraction: a randomized controlled cross-over trial
Get PDFMany sport drinks contain a mixture of potential ergogenic substances. Recently, a new sport drink with 25 different ingredients was introduced to the market. Various athletes reported beneficial performance effects from the supplement, though without scientific evidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the sport drink on exercise performance. Nine sport students performed 3 test sessions including a cycle exercise tests to exhaustion, a leg strength test and a jump test. Each session was separated by 1 week. The first session was performed as a familiarization trial. In a random order, half of the participants performed the second session after consumption of the multi ingredient sport drink (MISD intake of 40g, 24 and 1h before each test) and half after placebo ingestion (same amount). During test session 3 the conditions were reversed (cross-over setting). Near infrared spectroscopy analyses were performed on the vastus lateralis during the MISD and placebo cycling test. The sport drink compared to placebo, improved maximal power output (7 watts, 95% CI 1.1-13.4), increased maximal lactate concentration (2.5 mmol/l, 95% CI 1.6-3.4), and power output at the individual threshold (Dmax) (6.1 watts, 95% CI 1.9-10.3). Power output at the 4 mmol/l threshold was reduced (9.0 watts, 95% CI -17.4 to -0.6) during the MISD trial. Additionally, the sport drink led to a steeper tissue oxygenation index decrease (TOI, slope: -0.0182±0.0084 vs. -0.0256±0.0073, p<0.005) during the test. Leg strength and jump ability was not affected by the supplement. The sport drink slightly increased power output during an incremental exercise test. Due to the broad range of substances in the supplement and their different effects, the factors involved in the performance enhancement are speculative. Data show that factors other than muscle oxygen extraction (represented by TOI) are involved in the improved maximal power output
L’espace autobiographique de Barbara ou les signes en chanson de la seiche
Get PDFMore often than not, we vainly try to bring into relief the autobiographical aspects of a short poetic text. The autobiographical material being either carefully hidden or ostensibly unveiled, Philippe Lejeune coined the notion of espace autobiographique (autobiographical space), which has proved relevant to emphasize the intriguing interplay between a fiction and an attested autobiography. This methodological framework can be adjusted to the works of the French singer Barbara, and particularly to her posthumous and unfinished autobiography (Il était un piano noir, 1998) and to a selection of her songs which seem to be riddled with biographical details. Our stylistical approach aims at analysing how a feeling of ambiguity is created, intertwining false certainties and subtle indications
Variations sur ATeM : la chanson-souffle
Get PDFThis paper tries to analyse the spreading of tunes and breathing as one single wave-like reality in the history of the French chanson. Historically and in line with the system of timbres, the genre of the French chanson takes up existing airs and combines them with interchangeable lyrics. With the spreading and the success of recording techniques, other forms of acoustic palimpsests appear. Claude Nougaro, for instance, transforms breathlessness into a piece of art when he returns to jazz standards, and singers like Barbara and her last interpreter Patrick Bruel reveal their inner fractures and hesitations through their broken voices