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Capital Structure and Firm Value in Consumer Cyclicals: The Weakening Moderating Role of Profitability During Market Volatility 2021-2024
Full text linkThis study examines the influence of capital structure, investment decisions, and firm size on firm value, with profitability as a moderating variable. The novelty of this research lies in demonstrating that profitability weakens the relationship between capital structure and firm value, a finding that contrasts with most prior studies, and in employing a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors to address heteroskedasticity. The sample consists of 38 firms selected from 163 consumer cyclical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2021–2024, resulting in 152 firm year observations. The FEM Driscoll–Kraay results show that capital structure has a positive and significant effect on firm value, indicating that higher leverage can increase market confidence and enhance firm valuation. However, the moderation test reveals that profitability significantly weakens the effect of capital structure on firm value, meaning that when profitability increases, the contribution of leverage to firm value becomes less influential. Meanwhile, investment decisions and firm size do not significantly affect firm value, nor are their relationships moderated by profitability. These findings imply that managers must adjust leverage policies carefully during periods of high profitability, as its value-enhancing impact diminishes, while investors should prioritize analyzing capital structure and profitability as key indicators of firm strength
Does Gender Inclusivity Strengthen the ESG-Financial Performance Nexus? Evidence from Indonesian Public Companies
Full text linkThe foundation for this study is provided by the growing number of organizations using ESG, the emphasis on sustainability, and the gender inclusivity in governance issue. Using Gender Inclusivity in Governance (GIG) as a moderating variable, this study investigates the relationship between firm financial performance and Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance scores. This study population consists of 948 businesses listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2019 and 2023, based on data from Refinitiv Eikon. Purposive sampling was used to pick the sample, and 44 companies that revealed their ESG scores during that time were selected. According to the study's use of Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA), there is a favorable correlation between ESG scores and corporate financial performance. The association between ESG scores and financial performance, however, is not significantly moderated by the Gender Inclusivity in Governance (GIG). Given that other businesses are seen to be able to improve their financial performance and investor reputation, these findings can be used as guideline for stakeholders to prioritize ESG. The findings of this study will serve as a foundation for further research into additional factors that affect the financial performance of firms and their ESG rankings. This study contributes to ESG literature in emerging markets by providing empirical evidence that gender inclusivity in governance does not necessarily strengthen the ESG–financial performance relationship in Indonesia, highlighting the presence of symbolic governance practices
Efektivitas Dewan Komisaris dalam Memoderasi Hubungan Financial Distress dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Manajemen Laba
Full text linkThe aim of this study is to show the impact of financial difficulties and bussines scale on profit management, by including measurements on the commission’s board as a moderation variable. Abuse in financial reporting that occurs in several companies is the background for the significance of this research, from the context of corporate transparency and accountability in Indonesia. This research was conducted in the food and drink industry for the period 2022–2024 listed on the IDX. There were 95 populations and 105 selected samples. This study uses Eviews 12 and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) software. Analysis of data was performed using regression analysis of panel data utilizing a common effect model (CEM) approach. The research results indicated that financial difficulties, firm size, and commissioners’ board lacked a major impact on profit control method. Furthermore, the size of commissioners’ board has also been shown not to play a role as a moderator on financial difficulties and the company size towards profit management. These findings suggest that the quantity of members of the commissioners’ board, the extent of the firm's assets, and financial pressures are not the main determinants in managers' decisions to manipulate profits. The assessment makes an important contribution to strengthening corporate governance standards and accounting practices, along with a source for investors and regulators in assessing aspects that impact the dependability and precision of financial statements
Corporate Valuation: The Impact of Dividend Governance Interaction with Earnings Performance as a Moderator: English
Full text linkThis paper explores the impact of dividend governance interactions on firms' value and focuses on the moderating effect of Earnings Performance. This study includes government owned banks and national commercial banks quoted in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study extends the prior research by investigating the interrelationship among dividend governance interactions, Earnings Performance, and company value. The Price Book Value (PBV) is an empirical discourse of the company book value and the dividend governance interaction is tested for the Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). The analysis is based on data from the Refinitiv Eikon platform. ROE can act as an indicator of financial performance. A cross sectional analysis of the comparison of government and private banks was done. The findings indicate that dividend governance interaction is more pronounced in government banks compared to private banks. This is a validation of how it is in the environment, how the environment works and what properties it has
KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL MEMODERASI HUBUNGAN ANTARA INTERNAL GOVERNANCE, ASIMETRI INFORMASI, DAN FREE CASH FLOW TERHADAP REAL EARNINGS MANAGEMENT: (STUDI EMPIRIS PADA PERUSAHAAN CONSUMER NON-CYCLICALS YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2020-2024)
Full text linkThis study aims to examine the effect of internal governance, information asymmetry, and free cash flow on real earnings management, with managerial ownership serving as a moderating variable. The study employs a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from the financial statements of consumer non-cyclicals sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2024 period. The research sample consists of 28 firms selected through purposive sampling, resulting in 140 firm-year observations. Panel data regression analysis is applied using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and processed with EViews 13. The results indicate that internal governance and free cash flow have a significant effect on real earnings management, while information asymmetry does not exhibit a significant effect. Furthermore, managerial ownership does not moderate the relationship between internal governance and real earnings management. However, managerial ownership is found to strengthen the relationship between information asymmetry and real earnings management, as well as reinforce the effect of free cash flow on real earnings management. These findings suggest that managerial ownership plays a conditional role in influencing real earnings management practices. The study highlights the importance of strengthening internal governance mechanisms and enhancing financial reporting transparency to mitigate real earnings management and improve the quality of accounting information
Pre- and Post-M&A Financial Performance of Upstream Oil and Gas: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
Full text linkThe upstream oil and gas sector is experiencing intensifying pressures on firms and policymakers due to resource depletion, price volatility, and the global energy transition. In this environment, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are widely pursued as strategic tools for portfolio optimization and reserve replacement. Therefore, it is necessary to empirically examine whether M&A activities generate significant improvements in the financial performance of acquiring firms in the upstream oil and gas industry. This study investigates whether M&A improves the firm-level financial performance of acquiring firms in the upstream oil and gas sector across Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. It evaluates post-merger changes in profitability, liquidity, solvency, and shareholder value, offering comparative insights into whether M&A delivers measurable financial benefits for acquiring firms operating in the region’s capital-intensive energy industry. The study applies a structured pre–post event design using a six-year observation window, comparing three years of financial ratios before and after each M&A transaction while excluding the event year (T?). Financial and deal-level data for 34 upstream M&A events were triangulated from Rystad Energy, S&P Capital IQ, and official company reports, and analysed using descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, the Mann–Whitney U Test and Regression with Clustered Robust Standard Errors (CRSE) to evaluate performance effects. The results reveal no statistically significant short-term improvement across profitability, liquidity, solvency, or shareholder-value ratios following M&A (p > 0.05). rofitability indicators remain largely unchanged except for a modest increase in GPM, while liquidity ratios are stable and solvency measures vary widely but with medians near zero. Shareholder-value metrics also exhibit minimal movement. Overall, early post-merger financial outcomes appear flat and uneven, indicating an absence of consistent short-term performance gains
Pengaruh Keberanian Moral dan Modal Psikologis terhadap Efektivitas Audit Internal dengan Budaya Etis sebagai Variabel Moderasi pada Satuan Pengawas Internal PTN BLU di Indonesia
Full text linkThis study examines the influence of moral courage and psychological capital on internal audit effectiveness and investigates the moderating role of ethical culture within the Internal Audit Units (SPI) of Public Service Agency State Universities (PTN BLU) in Indonesia. Drawing on Social Cognitive Theory, this study conceptualizes moral courage and psychological capital as personal factors, while ethical culture represents an environmental factor that may shape auditors’ professional behavior. Using a quantitative approach, primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to all SPI members of 53 PTN BLU across Indonesia. A saturated sampling (census) technique was employed, resulting in 184 valid responses. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Squares (SEM PLS) with SmartPLS 4. The results indicate that moral courage has a positive and significant effect on internal audit effectiveness, suggesting that auditors who uphold ethical principles and demonstrate moral firmness are more capable of conducting objective and high-quality audits. Psychological capital also shows a positive and significant effect on internal audit effectiveness, confirming that self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience enhance auditors’ ability to perform under pressure. However, ethical culture does not moderate the relationship between moral courage and internal audit effectiveness, indicating that moral courage functions as an intrinsic personal attribute that operates relatively independently of organizational context. In contrast, ethical culture significantly strengthens the relationship between psychological capital and internal audit effectiveness, highlighting the importance of an ethical work environment in optimizing auditors’ psychological resources.This study contributes by extending the internal audit literature through an integrated examination of moral courage and psychological capital within a public higher education context, an area that remains underexplored. It also advances Social Cognitive Theory by demonstrating the differentiated moderating role of ethical culture on personal psychological resources versus moral attributes. Practically, the findings provide insights for PTN BLU management to enhance internal audit effectiveness through the development of auditors’ psychological capital supported by a consistently internalized ethical culture
Pengaruh Foreign Ownership terhadap Transfer Pricing dengan Implikasi terhadap Tax Avoidance (LQ45 2018-2023)
Full text linkThis study uses a quantitative approach focusing on companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange that are part of the LQ45 Index between 2018-2023. The sample selection uses purposive sampling. Data comes from secondary sources, found on idx.co.id. This study combines path analysis and panel data, testing using EViews 13. This study uses a robustness test to measure the robustness of the data from the research results. Structure I selected the Random Effect Model (REM), and structure II used the Common Effect Model (CEM). The results show that foreign ownership has a negative effect on transfer pricing, with a t-prob value of 0.0000 < 0.05 and a coefficient of -0.3788. Similarly, foreign ownership has a negative effect on tax avoidance, with a t-prob value of 0.0000 < 0.05 and a coefficient of -0.0255. However, transfer pricing has no effect on tax avoidance, as the t-prob. value of 0.2020 > 0.05. The Sobel test results show a value of 1.2476 < 1.96, indicating that transfer pricing does not act as a mediator between foreign ownership and tax avoidance. From a theoretical perspective, these results suggest that foreign ownership serves as a control mechanism that helps reduce aggressive transfer pricing for tax avoidance. The negative effect of transfer pricing on tax avoidance implies that transfer pricing policies are more related to operational efficiency than exploiting tax opportunities. The Sobel test results also support the idea that the relationship between foreign investors and tax authorities is not affected by transfer pricing policies
Dinamika Kebijakan Dividen Pasca-Pandemi: Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Indonesia
Full text linkThis study examines the dynamics of dividend policy in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the post-pandemic period of 2020–2024. Using panel data regression analysis, 40 manufacturing firms were selected through purposive sampling and analyzed using Eviews 12 software. Empirical evidence on corporate dividend policy behaviour in the post-pandemic period, particularly in developing countries, is still limited and shows inconsistent results. The results show that leverage and profitability have a negative and significant effect on dividend policy. This finding contradicts the signalling theory perspective and is important because it indicates that in the post-pandemic period, manufacturing companies in Indonesia prioritise profit retention to strengthen financial resilience and support reinvestment rather than using dividends as a performance signal. Furthermore, the negative and significant influence of leverage indicates that the higher a company's dependence on debt-based financing, the more limited its ability to distribute dividends to shareholders. Meanwhile, collateral assets, free cash flow, and investment opportunity set did not show a significant influence. The main contribution of this study lies in confirming that the relationship between profitability and dividend policy is contextual and not universal, especially in post-crisis emerging markets. In practical terms, the results of this study have implications for investor and company managers in evaluating the sustainability of dividends in uncertain economic conditions
Kinerja Keuangan, Opini Audit, dan Tingkat Korupsi Pemerintah Provinsi di Indonesia: Bukti Empiris Periode 2018-2023: Indonesia
Full text linkThis study examines the relationship between financial performance, audit opinions, and corruption levels in Indonesian provincial governments during the period 2018–2023. Financial performance is proxied by efficiency, effectiveness, fiscal independence, and fiscal dependency ratios, while audit opinions are measured based on opinions issued by the Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK). Corruption is measured using the number of corruption cases reported by Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW). Using panel data from ten provinces with the highest corruption cases and applying multiple linear regression analysis, the results show that fiscal dependency has a significant effect on corruption levels, whereas efficiency, effectiveness, fiscal independence, and audit opinions do not exhibit significant individual effects. Nevertheless, the variables jointly explain variations in corruption levels, indicating that corruption in local governments is better understood as a systemic governance issue rather than the outcome of isolated financial performance indicators or audit results