Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
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The prospect of overcoming antibiotic resistance using plant agro-wastes – systematic review
Get PDFThe article summarizes the latest data on the possibilities of using agricultural waste for the development of effective means of combating microorganisms. A comprehensive search was carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The methods of preparation of solutions from raw plant materials are detailed, and their biochemical composition is given. Microorganisms that have aroused the scientific and practical interest of researchers from different countries of the world are also indicated. For ease of understanding, the primary material indicating the sensitivity of microorganisms to plant extracts is presented in the form of a table. It should be noted that the concept of “agro-waste” is different in different countries, but everywhere it is planted, raw material is not subject to further processing, human consumption, or animal feeding. Since such raw materials are abundant and cheap, they should be considered as a potential source of biochemically active substances for use in various spheres of human life. Natural biochemical substances are of indisputable importance in the fight against microorganisms – pathogens of humans (animals), which, through specific mutational mechanisms, have developed resistance to widely used antimicrobial agents. Resistant strains are potentially dangerous biologically and “economically” due to the difficulty of fighting them and attracting significant financial resources to this fight. The current situation prompts scientists to search for cheap, easy-to-prepare (use) and effective means. Based on the materials of the article, raw materials of plant origin – agricultural waste – have the potential to overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance, but further, more in-depth study of their properties is required
Reproductive qualities of French breed large white breed sows of different operating value and level of their discretion
Get PDFThis work aimed to investigate the lifespan and breeding use, reproductive qualities, and the level of their discreteness in sows of the large white breed of French breeding, considering their operational value. Agroprime Holding LLC of the Odesa region, the laboratory of innovative technologies, and experimental livestock facilities of the Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP of the National Academy of Sciences carried out the practical part of the work. Evaluation of sows according to indicators characterizing the level of their adaptation and reproductive qualities was carried out taking into account the following characteristics: life expectancy, days; duration of tribal use, days; received farts; all live piglets were born, head.; multifertility, ch.; high fertility, kg.; nest weight at the time of weaning at 28 days, kg; preservation, %. The selection index of reproductive qualities of the sow (SIRQS) was calculated according to the method of O. M. Tsereniuk et al. (2010), the coefficient of discreteness (D) – Seromolot and Sviatchenko (1984). Biometric processing of research results was carried out according to generally accepted methods. It has been established that sows of the large white breed of French breeding, provided they are kept in production premises using innovative technologies, are characterized by high indicators of the level of adaptation and reproductive qualities. Thus, their life span is 905.7 days, the duration of breeding use is 680.6 days, and in terms of reproductive qualities, they belong to the elite class. A significant difference between the groups of experimental animals was established in terms of life expectancy, duration of breeding use, total number of live piglets, multifertility, and litter weight at the time of weaning at the age of 28 days. The maximum indicators of high fertility (1.34 kg) and preservation of piglets until weaning at the age of 28 days (100 %) were found in sows of the “low operational value” category. The coefficient of discreteness of life expectancy and breeding use in sows of I, II, and III experimental groups is equal to 0.406, 0.677, and 0.633, reproductive qualities – 0.828, 0.882, and 0.903, respectively. Coefficients of paired correlation between life span and breeding use of sows and signs of reproductive qualities range from -0.055 to +0.904. The maximum increase in additional production was obtained from sows of the “high operational value” category – +6.80 %, and its value is +355.57 UAH/head/ farrowing
Iodine deficiency as an environmental risk factor for thyroid gland diseases in animals
Get PDFAmong non-infectious diseases in humans and animals, iodine deficiency pathology is a significant problem worldwide due to its high prevalence and broad spectrum of clinical signs and consequences. Increasing anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment has led to an ecological crisis. The situation is complicated in the biogeochemical zones of Ukraine, where insufficient or excessive content of mobile forms of microelements in soils and water sources determines the biological reaction of local flora and fauna. In animals, this is manifested by endemic diseases, including hypothyroidism. Mineral elements, including iodine, are a structural material in the body of animals; they participate in the processes of digestion and absorption in the digestive tract, synthesis, splitting, and excretion of metabolic products, creating the necessary conditions for the normal functioning of enzymes, hormones, vitamins, stabilize acidic-alkaline balance and osmotic pressure. Of all the organs of the endocrine system, the thyroid gland is the most closely related to the environment since its structure and function largely depend on the supply of iodine from the outside. The authors describe in detail the role of synergists of iodine (selenium, iron, copper, zinc, cobalt) and antagonists, the imbalance of trace elements, the influence of ionizing radiation, and the nature of feeding. It is substantiated that the action of environmental elements and anthropogenic factors determines the appearance and risk of developing thyroid pathology in cows. The article presents materials from a complex study of the clinical course of iodine deficiency, as well as morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of cows. The object of research is clinically healthy and sick animals – cattle. Diagnosis of thyroid pathology was carried out with the help of clinical and laboratory tests. The clinical examination of cows was carried out according to the generally accepted scheme, taking into account the results of the general condition and studies of individual organs and systems. The research was conducted in three districts of the Zhytomyr region (Korostenskyi, Narodytskyi, and Popilnianskyi). During the external examination of the animals, swelling in the intermaxillary space (Myxedema) was observed, which was found only in 5 out of 90 dairy cows (5.6 %), mainly from Narodytsky district (8.9 %), compared to 2.2 % in Korosten district. It was observed that goiter was established in only three cows out of 90 (3.35%); all were in Narodytsky district (6.7 %). Enophthalmos was detected in 24 out of 90 dairy cows (26.7 %), including 16 out of 45 cows (35.4 %) in the Narodytsky District, while this symptom was not detected in the Popilnya District dairy cows. It was established that the content of thyroxine in dairy cows of Narodytskyi and Korostensky districts ranged from 2.2 to 4.25 μg/100 ml (28.3–54.7 nmol/l), respectively, and was on average 3.4 ± 0.21 μg/100 ml (43.8 ± 2.70 nmol/l, in cows from the conditionally clean territory (Popelnyan district) – 5.3 ± 0.65 nmol/l
Survival rate of dairy heifer calves from birth to one year of age
Get PDFThe study examined the survival rate of dairy heifer calves from birth to one year of age over ten years (2009–2018). The frequency of heifer calves' death in different age periods has been identified, and the frequency of calf death depends on the damage and their milk yield, as well as the season of birth of the heifer calves. In total, 2,825 heifer calves of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds with a high Holstein share heredity (93 % and higher) were included in the study. The farm where the study was conducted is located in the southern part of the Kyiv region. The average 305-d lactation milk yield was 8463 kg, and the average caw age in the herd – was 1.94 lactations. The calf's housing system was unchanged during the experimental period: colostrum was fed to newborn calves for at least three days, whole milk – until the age of 9–11 weeks; combined fodder intake – as much as calves want during the first month of life and 1.5 kg per day before weaning, getting used to hay from the age of 4 weeks. Calves were housed in individual hutches. It was established that for the investigated period, the herd's survival rate of dairy heifer calves was 85.4 % (81.5...90.1 %); 14.6 % of calves died before the age of one year for different reasons. By age, most heifer calves died within the first month after birth, which amounted to 53.3 % at the age of 1.1–3.0 months – 12.1 %, 3.1–6.0 months – 18.6 %, and 6.1–12.0 months –16.0 %. Dams of died heifer calves were characterized by a slightly older age compared to the average age of cows in the herd (+ 0.21 lactations, P < 0.01) and lower 305-d milk yield in lactation that preceded heifer calf death (-230 kg, P < 0.001). It was found that, depending on the season of birth, the lowest proportion of heifer calves’ deaths was observed in the group born in autumn – 19.6 %; in winter, spring, and summer, the part of heifer calves deaths varied from 26.2 to 27.6 %. Therefore, the survival rate of heifer calves depends to a certain extent on the age of calves, the age and milk productivity of dams, and the season of birth of calves
Study of the acute toxicity of an antibacterial agent for pigs and poultry based on amoxicillin on white rats
Get PDFThe article presents the results of a study of the acute toxicity of the veterinary drug “Amoksidev 60” in white rats. The drug “Amoksidev 60” is a powder for the preparation of an oral solution. 1 g of the drug contains the active ingredient: amoxicillin – 500 mg (as amoxicillin trihydrate – 573 mg); excipients: anhydrous citric acid – up to 1 g. The veterinary medicinal product is used to treat pigs, diseases of the digestive tract, and respiratory organs caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to amoxicillin. The acute toxicity of an antibacterial agent based on amoxicillin for pigs and poultry was studied. Safety at low doses: administration of the drug at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight did not cause clinical signs of acute poisoning, and no animal in this group died within 14 days. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the drug is 6899.69 ± 1119.51 mg/kg of body weight, which allows it to be classified as a practically non-toxic substance (V toxicity class). Clinical manifestations of intoxication: when the dose is increased to 7000–12000 mg/kg, pronounced symptoms of intoxication were observed, including impaired coordination, depression, clinical convulsions, and mortality, which increased depending on the dose. Hazard classification: by toxicity, it can be attributed to class V – practically non-toxic substances (LD50 5001–15000 mg/kg), and by the degree of danger to class IV – low-hazard substances (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg), which ensures the prospect of its use in veterinary practice, provided that the recommended dosages are observed. The study results of the acute toxicity of an antibacterial agent based on amoxicillin on white rats open new directions for further scientific Research. Further studies will be aimed at studying subchronic and chronic toxicity, namely, assessing the impact of long-term use of the drug on the physiological state and function of organs and systems of the body and identifying cumulative effects of the drug
Postpartum complications in cows: diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Get PDFThis review contains an analysis of domestic and foreign researchers regarding the occurrence of postpartum complications in cows, which represents a significant veterinary problem. Diagnostic methods and treatment regimens for postpartum pathologies of various origins are presented. Difficulties and errors in diagnosing uterine inflammation lead to improper treatment, prolonged infertility, and significant economic losses. Based on an analysis of the literature, it has been proven that clinical forms of endometritis often develop into a subclinical course. The proportion of hidden endometritis can account for up to 80 % of the total amount of endometrial inflammation. The problem with postpartum complications of the uterus is that the inflammatory processes spread to the ovaries, and this can lead to complete infertility in animals. Rectal examination of cows remains one of the primary methods for diagnosing endometritis. Treatment generally involves the use of a wide range of antibiotics. Data on the hormonal causes of postpartum pathologies of the reproductive system of cows are also presented. A big problem is follicular and luteal cysts, their timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The leading cause of cysts is a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. A practical method for diagnosing cysts is ultrasound, and the type of cyst can be determined by the level of progesterone in the blood. A practical method of treating cysts is the use of hormonal drugs. Data are also presented confirming the significant role of microflora in the occurrence of inflammatory changes in the reproductive organs of cows. The main types of causative agents of inflammatory processes in the genital organs of cows in the postpartum period are given. In cows with endometritis, an imbalance of the uterine microflora is detected, and the growth of bacteria of the genus Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria with a simultaneous decrease in the number of Proteobacteria and Tenericutes. Data are presented that rumen acidosis can cause inflammation of the uterus, and this is associated with the penetration of Fusobacterium necrophorum into the blood circulation. The effectiveness of intravaginal treatment of cows with a mixture of lactic acid bacteria (L. rhamnosus, P. acidilactici, and L. reuteri) has been shown
Prevalence, genetic characteristics and economic losses of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMD) in global and Bangladesh context: A Review
Get PDFFoot and Mouth disease virus (FMD) is a transboundary animal disease (TAD) affecting global cloven-hooved wild and domesticated animals. It is recognized as a significant economic infectious disease in the livestock business. Domesticated animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, and buffalo are vulnerable hosts for FMD. This RNA virus is classified as a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. It encompasses around 60 subtypes and is divided into seven serotypes: C, O, A, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1. There is no cross-protection across different serotypes, and occasionally, the effectiveness of vaccination may be restricted, even when targeting the same serotype. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and classify the viruses currently in circulation, mainly when vaccination is employed for disease management. Hence, it is necessary to administer multivalent vaccines with genetically matching vaccines in circulation to ensure adequate protection through immunization. Bangladesh has a high cattle population, and FMD leads to significant economic losses for farmers. Serotypes A, O, and Asia 1 are circulating in Bangladesh. The most common serotype is O, although Bangladesh has reported multiple serotype infections. Strategic vaccination, immunity screening, and outbreak surveillance are being examined for FMD management in Bangladesh. This review analyses FMD epidemiology, genetics, diagnostics, economic impacts, and prevention-control efforts worldwide, emphasizing Bangladesh. Finally, the study recommends FMD management advice for endemic settings
The state of the system of antioxidant protection of the body of dogs during toxocariasis invasion
Get PDFAmong the invasive diseases of dogs, the most common in our country and abroad is gastrointestinal helminthiasis, among which the leading place is occupied by toxocarosis. Adult toxocara cause an intestinal form of the disease, and the larvae – a visceral one. In the process of migration and vital activity, toxocar larvae cause severe damage to the body of dogs up to death. The work aimed to determine the effect of toxocariasis on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the system of antioxidant protection of the dog's body. Twelve two- to four-month-old dogs were used for experimental research, and two groups of six animals each were formed: control and experimental. Puppies of the control group were clinically healthy. Puppies of the experimental group were experimentally infected with the causative agent of toxocarosis at a dose of 5,000 invasive T. canis eggs per kg of body weight. It was established that the antioxidant protection system of the dog's body is inhibited during toxocariasis infection, which is indicated by a decrease in the activity of the enzyme link and indicators of the glutathione system. Under the conditions of experimental toxocarosis invasion, a decrease in the activity of the enzyme link of the system of antioxidant protection of the dog's body was established, as indicated by a reduction in the activity of catalase by 51.9 %, superoxide dismutase by 33.4 %. The development of toxocariasis in dogs is also accompanied by depletion of the glutathione-dependent link of the antioxidant defense system. In infected dogs, a decrease in the content of reduced glutathione in their blood was established by 31.1 % (Р < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase activity – by 26.6 % (Р < 0.001), glutathione reductase activity – by 22.2 % (Р < 0.001). The lowest activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system and the content of reduced glutathione in the blood of infected dogs of the experimental group was established on the 28th day of the experiment
Seasonality and age-related propensity of cats to occur bacterial urocystitis
Get PDFDiseases of the urinary system are relevant for cats regardless of how they are kept. During the year, cats' bodies are prone to infectious diseases, but the degree of manifestation in different periods is different. Bacterial urocystitis in cats is caused by several factors, which include a decrease in the protective functions of the immune system, improper diet and housing conditions, complications of non-infectious pathologies, and subclinical bacteriuria. The seasonality of bacterial urocystitis, mainly when relapses characterize the disease, is essential for early detection and timely prevention. A calculated approach to determining the most susceptible age groups of cats and the seasonality of infectious urocystitis determines the patterns of the spread of this disease. Mathematical approaches to modeling the early increase in the frequency of bacterial urocystitis in cats will make it possible to limit the uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Retrospective analysis of microbiological urine test data of 34 cats diagnosed with bacterial urocystitis during 12 months from June 2023 to May 2024 in the conditions of the Zoolabix veterinary laboratory in Lviv. The results showed that 55.9 % of disease cases occur in autumn. It was established that the number of patients increased gradually starting in September. The highest level of incidence occurs in November and is 29.4 % of all cases, while in spring, it is only 5.9 %, which is 9.5 times less than the number of patients in the autumn period. Urethral and bladder infections in cats were diagnosed sporadically during the spring months. The analysis showed that among cats of different ages, the frequency of bacterial urocystitis increases in animals of geriatric age (44.1 %), while young animals get sick the least often (23.5 %)
Results of radiographic assessment of cardiac size in dogs with progressing myxomatous mitral valve disease
Get PDFChest radiography for mitral valve endocardiosis (MMVD) is both an independent and an additional method of investigation compared to echocardiography. It allows assessment of lung tissue condition, central airways, degree of vascularization, and changes in the mediastinum and pleural cavities. This study aimed to perform a radiographic examination of dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis at different stages under previously established and new indices and to determine their informativeness. The study was conducted in the private veterinary hospital “Eurovet” and at the Department of Internal Diseases of Animals and Clinical Diagnostics clinic of the Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies of Lviv. The subjects were 25 dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis. The diagnosis was established based on the American College of Veterinary Medicine criteria. During the study, three experimental groups of animals were formed according to their clinical-functional status and the characteristics of each stage of MMVD development: groups B1, B2, and C. In group B1, 57.1 % of the animals had a slight increase in the RLAD index. With the progression of the disease, we observed a further increase in RLAD (in 80 %), a significant increase in VLAS (P < 0.01) for the first time in 40 %, as well as a decrease in RLAD-spine (P < 0.05) in 40 % and Bronchus-spine (P < 0.01) in 60 % of dogs, which generally indicates both local enlargement of the left atrium and cardiomegaly. The informativeness of the VHS index was noted at stage C (group C), as in 66.7 % of the experimental animals, its value exceeded (P < 0.001) the reference values of the norm. At the same time, we observed an increase (P < 0.05) in the mean value of RLAD by 1.3 times compared to group B1 and VLAS (P < 0.001) by 1.6 times. Between the radiographic indicators, we confirmed the presence of a strong correlation. Thus, in group B2, it was positive (r = +0.779) for VHS and RLAD and negative (r = -0.831) for VHS and RLAD-spine. In group C, a further increase in the correlation (r = +0.885) was found only between VHS and RLAD. Based on the analysis of chest radiography data, it is advisable to use radiographic indices in cases of cardiomegaly, particularly with left atrial enlargement. However, this requires their group determination and mandatory comparison with echocardiographic examination results. In veterinary practice, this has diagnostic significance for establishing the stage of the disease, as well as in the selection or correction of the therapeutic support scheme for the patient