California State University (CSU): Open Journal Systems
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Revisiting Lumumba’s Political Identity Through a Colonial Lens in De-Colonial Congo (1956-1965)
Get PDFIn 1960, the Congolese people elected Patrice Lumumba as Prime Minister of the Congo. In 1961, after a complicated development on international events, the CIA financed Belgium troops murdered Lumumba via firing squad. This paper will focus on Belgium’s colonial attempt to use the media to attack Lumumba’s political image. From 1956-1960, it will elaborate on the rise of Belgium’s media attempts as a counter to the growing support of Lumumba’s pro-independence identity. It will then focus on this same struggle in the context of the U.N. and Ralph Bunche’s presence in the Congo. Consequently, it intersects with U.S. reaction against Lumumba’s political identity in the summer of 1960.The final section will assess Belgium, U.S. and U.N. attempts to damage Lumumba’s political identity by using the media and their political voices. The three sections will add to the strong scholarly work on Lumumba by combining the chronological approach of previous historians to interrogate a critical time period in one of many of Lumumba’s political struggles. This essay will argue that from 1955 to 1965, Belgium and the United States sought to protect their economic exploitation of the Congo by using the media to delegitimize Patrice Lumumba’s political legacy as violent, uncivilized, and unworthy of independence
The Pursuit of Longevitiy and Continuity: A Comparison of 1600-1780 New Mexico and New England Migration and Settlement Patterns
Get PDFColonial American historians have analyzed the migration and settlement of the colonies in a multifaceted aspect. Historians of colonial America continue to analyze how the migration and settlement of the settlers shaped the colonies they inhabited. Furthermore, historians have also considered the colonies to be interconnected with the greater Atlantic world and strive to make connections not only between the first English thirteen colonies but also have begun to consider how Canadian and Spanish colonies have been shaped by their settlers in the Atlantic world. Through this thought, Historians may begin to compare the colonies to each other and find that their migration and settlement patterns share similar goals and values that they may not have considered before. This paper will compare Colonial NEw England and New Mexico and analyze the goals and values that shape each of these colonies. 
American Martial Culture and Revolutionary Success: Analysis of the Impacts that Martial Culture had on the People and Leadership of the Revolutionary War
Get PDFThe purpose of this research paper is to examine how martial culture impacted every aspect of Colonial American society. Through the use of data and examining military historians such as John Shy and Don Higginbotham, it will show that conflict played an integral part in the development of early American and how it eventually led to a cultural rift between the colonists and England. The colonists were in a constant struggle for survival in the frontier, physically, mentally and ideologically. When their greatest adversaries were no longer in the picture, their own government became a blockade in this pursuit to maintain their way of life.
This paper will also examine how this martial culture influenced the leadership of Revolution in their struggle for independence. Using memoirs and letters, as well as biographies to see how these leaders were shaped and how it impacted their strategic planning when facing the greatest military force of their time. It will also examine the lasting influences of these leader’s martial culture on the whole of the new American martial culture. As well as taking a brief look at their post-revolutionary experiences
The Role of Khmer Court Dance and Music in the Construction of a Cambodian-American Identity
Get PDFCambodia gained national attention in the mid 1975 due to the mass genocide perpetrated during the communist group known as the Khmer Rouge. For many Cambodians born and raised in the United States, the primary cultural awareness passed down from their parents and elders revolves around experiences surrounding the Khmer Rouge. This paper explores the construction of cultural identity among second generation Cambodian youth and adults participating in Khmer classical dance and music classes at Khmer Arts Academy in Long Beach, California. We found that there is a strong correlation between familial ties and participation in cultural activities, as is evident from interviews as well as family member attendance at Khmer Arts Academy. Our research delved into the struggle Khmer children born and raised in America face when pressured to assimilate into American culture. The societal need to “fit in” is difficult for most minority children, and it is difficult to find ways to affirm heritage identity. The students at the Khmer Arts Academy use Khmer classical dance and music to learn about the beauty and intricacies of their culture, something that they lacked prior to this experience. Using ethnographic techniques and methods, our preliminary findings suggest that participation in the Khmer Arts Academy in Long Beach introduced students to and, in some cases increased, their connections with their cultural heritage. Our techniques include participant observations and interviews over the course of three months (September, 2019-November, 2019)
On the Solutions of Some Equations Over Rings of Integers Modulo the Square of a Prime
Get PDFAlgebraic equations over finite fields and over finite rings have been of interest due to their beautiful structures, useful in applications, and links with other mathematical objects. In this paper, the equation X2 - Y2 = α is studied over the ring of integers modulo p2, where p is a prime number and α is an arbitrary constant. Through a matrix method, the solutions of this equation are given together with an explicit formula for the number of solutions
Generalizing Ruth-Aaron Numbers
Get PDFA Ruth-Aaron number is such that the sum of its prime divisors, counted with multiplicity, equals the sum of the prime divisors of its successor. They have been an interest of many number theorists since the famous 1974 baseball game gave them the elegant name after two baseball stars. Many of their properties were first discussed by Erdős and Pomerance in 1978. We generalize their results in two directions: by raising prime factors to a power and allowing a small difference between the two sums. We prove the density of power Ruth-Aaron numbers is zero (we provide a precise bound in terms of iterations and powers of logarithms), and prove similar results for almost Ruth-Aaron numbers (these are pairs of integers such that the sum of their prime powers differ by a fixed, slowly growing function). Moreover, we further the discussion of the infinitude of Ruth-Aaron numbers and provide a few possible directions for future study
Technology in Western Society Classrooms
Get PDFOver the years, the field of anthropology has developed into a holistic discipline, borrowing ideas from both sciences and humanities and attempting to understand culture through implementing different methods
"The Quiet Migration Redux: International Adoption, Race, and Difference" Critique
Get PDFJessaca B. Leinaweaver’s article, “The Quiet Migration Redux: International Adoption, Race, and Difference”, the reader is presented with the issue that transnational adoptees are presented solely through a migratory view and how that is not the best fit due to the nature of transnational adoption. Leinaweaver shifts into a new hybrid perspective for these adoptees and the people close to them through her position and skills as an anthropologist rather than a demographer. Though she doesn’t make any noticeable change, promoting her viewpoint may help bridge understanding between transnational adoptees and the communities they live in
The Long Journey Home
Get PDFGregersen’s personal narrative, “The Long Journey Home,” is a complex and true story of a loss of sanity and belonging. It details a journey across two countries seeking a sense of community and a place to call home. This is also the story of a person with a psychiatric disability trying to educate himself and make something of himself in a world where it seemed he was already written off as a loss by people with power to crush his hopes but never his spirit
Cradle-to-Prison Pipeline: Impact on Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous Students
Get PDFYouth who experience academic failure are at a greater risk for involvement in delinquency. While studies have revealed a myriad of factors for such failure, the perceptions of these youth regarding their educational experiences have proven to be one of the most valuable resources regarding the systematic barriers to academic achievement. The purpose of this essay is to examine how youth of color are overwhelming affected by a phenomenon known as Cradle-to-Prison Pipeline. Several school districts in the U. S. employ harsh discipline practices that inevitably push students out of classrooms, on the streets, and in the juvenile justice system at an astounding rate. Students of color experience higher rates of suspensions, expulsion, truancy, retention, and academic failure in schools. Harsh discipline polices, along with bias and discrimination have a direct or indirect impact on their academic journey, including feeling of inferiority due to their academic shortcomings.
*The original version of this article included the term Native Indigenous students. Per the authors request, the term Native Indigenous has been replaced with Indigenous.