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Kernels of Algebraic Curvature Tensors of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Builds
Get PDFThe kernel of an algebraic curvature tensor is a fundamental subspace that can be used to distinguish between different algebraic curvature tensors. Kernels of algebraic curvature tensors built only of canonical algebraic curvature tensors of a single build have been studied in detail. We consider the kernel of an algebraic curvature tensor R that is a sum of canonical algebraic curvature tensors of symmetric and skew-symmetric build. An obvious way to ensure that the kernel of R is nontrivial is to choose the involved bilinear forms such that the intersection of their kernels is nontrivial. We present a construction wherein this intersection is trivial but the kernel of R is nontrivial. We also show how many bilinear forms satisfying certain conditions are needed in order for R to have a kernel of any allowable dimension
Letter from Professor Lobo
Get PDFIt is my great pleasure to welcome you to the inaugural issue of TheAnnual Review of Criminal Justice Studies. As the faculty advisorof this undergraduate journal, I am proud to present the exceptionalwork of our contributors and the critical perspectives they bring tothe field of criminal justice studies
A Quadratic Relation in the Bernoulli Numbers
Get PDFWe present a proof of an identity involving the Bernoulli numbers. This identity has been proved, over the centuries, by many different methods. Our method uses a technique from over a millennium ago for finding polynomial expressions for sums of powers of integers
The Role of Resocialization in the Disposition of California College Students toward the Legalization of Marijuana
Get PDFPrevious research on marijuana consumption indicates that peer influence plays a significant role in an individual’s decision to try it; however, there is little research that focuses on the role of the collegiate environment as a tool of resocialization in the disposition of college students toward marijuana. The author argues that it is through a process of resocialization that an individual will begin to become more liberal on certain issues. From the perspective of a resocialization process, the author proposes that (1)attending college will proliferate a process of resocialization, specifically in the belief that the use of marijuana by a student or other students within the college environment is not deviant in nature and is, on the contrary, a socially acceptable behavior; and that (2) college students that had been re-socialized to perceive marijuana use as part of a collegiate style of life will be more likely to agree that smoking marijuana is socially acceptable and therefore support the legalization of marijuana. Using data drawn from a 2009 availability sample of 220 CSULA students at various stages of their college education, this paper found,through a multivariate regression analysis, that respondents who had received more college education were more likely to support the legalization of marijuana.These findings clearly demonstrate a correlation between the dependent variable and key independent variable, supporting the hypothesis that attending college will proliferate a process of resocialization, at the very least, on this specific topic of support for the legalization of marijuana. From the re-socialization perspective, when exposed to a collegiate environment, most individualswill experience a transformation in previous socialized perceptions, which is significant as the implications of marijuana’s legalization suggest a relief in the current economic crisis plaguing college students across the country
Climate Change and Homelessness in San Francisco, CA
Get PDFIn San Franicsco, CA the homeless crisis was exacerbated by the Covid-19 Pademic. While the pandemic was unpredictable, the homeless and other vulnerable populations are at risk of what is considered a slow moving threat. Climate change and it\u27s effects have already begun to manifest and are expected to worsen within our life-time.  
Racist Roots of the Affordability Crisis and Eliminating Single-Family Zoning
Get PDFResidential segregation is tied to the affordability crisis, which has gained new prominence and urgency for policy makers since the 2008 recession. As policy makers search for answers to the crisis, some governments have set their eye on reforming single-family zoning. This type of zoning has encouraged suburban sprawl and set aside vast swaths of land that only allow detached single-family homes on large lots, and effectively outlaw mid-density housing known as the “missing middle.” It is now being recognized as a barrier to affordable development, but its roots and its legacy are in racial discrimination and residential segregation. Minneapolis was the first major city in the U.S. to dismantle single-family zoning, followed by Oregon, and then California. This policy innovation is still in its infancy and too early to judge, but it offers a promising practice for other governments hoping to reduce segregation and improve affordabilit
The Innocent Can Still Be Found Guilty
Get PDFWrongful convictions target specific groups of people within society in the U.S. The criminal justice and court systems are heavily influenced by the racial biases that surround their integral processes when it comes to convicting citizens of their accused crimes. African American men are heavily targeted when it comes to being convicted of a violent crime that they did not commit, when compared to that of white males. These racial biases can be viewed through careful observation of prior research and shows how these biases have been ingrained within the training police officers undergo. It is also evident that these biases are seemingly present in the minds of victims of violent crimes. As racial stereotypes obscure their sense of judgment when it comes to identifying the perpetrator of the crime from a group of people in a lineup. A lineup is a method of identification that is used in order to help victims identify the offender from a group of people who have been arrested and match a similar description. Statistics on the groups of people that are wrongfully convicted are analyzed, as well as cases that involve the use of different kinds of evidence which have led to wrongful convictions. The systems in place that are meant to fairly convict offenders of their crimes are heavily flawed and outdated as statistics clearly outline the margins of error included within every wrongful conviction that is made. These findings may also suggest which racial group is targeted the most when it comes to being wrongfully convicted as a result of errors created from these flawed systems. Changes in policies such as making it mandatory for investigators to film interrogation, could reduce the rate of wrongful convictions. However, the enforcement of policy changes can be ignored by those in power, in order to reap the underlying benefits that come with a wrongful conviction.
Key Words: wrongful convictions, evidence, racial biases, eyewitness, policy, exonerate, racial stereotypes 
Understanding Police Brutality: How lack of police accountability leads to the disproportionate abuse of African Americans
Get PDFPolice misconduct, particularly police brutality, is the excessive and unwarranted force that has become a systemic issue. Police brutality is being reported and documented at higher rates due to technology. Black communities are disproportionately affected by police brutality. The African American community is significantly affected by police brutality as the probability and likelihood of being targeted by police is higher for Black communities. However, police brutality is not being addressed even when sufficient evidence is present. The lack of accountability for police brutality has led to death and physical harm to many individuals, especially Black people. Thus, for this research paper, I investigate whether the lack of accountability explains why African Americans disproportionately experience police brutality. During my research, I found three potential reasons, one being that violence against African Americans has become justified due to stereotypes that depict Black people as criminals, violent, and dangerous. Second, prosecutors are enabling police brutality as they protect police officers due to self-interest or fear of retaliation by police. Lastly, law enforcement agencies and police officers have used the code of silence and police immunity to evade accountability. With my findings based on statistical and qualitative analyses, I argue that these three factors may explain why the lack of accountability for police brutality are reasons why African Americans remain disproportionately victimized by law enforcement
The Plague of the Criminal Justice System: Abuse of Power by Law Enforcers
Get PDFThe Criminal Justice System has enforcers who abuse power, made to be acceptable by this system. As a system created to control, enforcers support these values through their actions in everyday communities.