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A Novel Glutathione Conjugation of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Prothiophos by the Housefly Abdomen Glutathione S-transferase 6B
Get PDF感受性高槻系,抵抗性八千代系イエバエ腹部グルタチオンS-転移酵素(GST)分子種6A,6Bの遺伝子をクローニングし大腸菌内で発現させた。イエバエ腹部GST分子種6Bは,6Aと同様にプロチオホスオキソンに対してグルタチオン(GSH)のアルキル抱合を担うが,6Aと異なるのは抵抗性由来のGST/6Bの方が感受性由来のGST6Bより脱エチル体の生成量が約12と少なく,解毒化への抱合反応を抑制していた。また,in vitroの酸化的GSH抱合反応はGST6Bが新奇なGSH抱合反応を少なくとも一つ担うことを示唆した。プロチオホスオキソンS-オキシドのGSHとの反応をBioMedCACheを用いた計算化学において予測した。一つはGS^-のリン原子へのSN2反応,もう一つはGS^-のエトキシル基のメチレン炭素原子へのSN2反応であった。十分な証拠に欠けるがGST6Bの存在がイエバエの抵抗性発現を抑制するのに重要な役割を演じているかもしれない。The cloning of glutathione S-transferase (GST) 6A and 6B genes in the susceptible and resistant houseflies (Takatsuki and Yachiyo strains) and the expression of their genes in Escherichia coli were carried out to obtain the GST6A and 6B enzymes. Similarly to the housefly abdomen GST6A enzymes, the housefly abdomen GST6B enzymes conjugated alkyl group on phosphorus atom of prothiophos oxon with glutathione. However, the GST6B enzyme derived from the resistant housefly had only 1/2 level of GST activity for the above GSH conjugation reaction, compared with the GST6B derived from the susceptible housefly, to decrease the ability in detoxification. On the other hand, in vitro oxidative GSH conjugation reaction indicated that their GST6B enzymes cover a novel GSH conjugation reaction at least. The reaction of prothiohos oxon S-oxide with GSH was predicted on computational chemistry using BioMedCAChe software. One was SN2 reaction of GS^- to phosphorus atom, and the other was SN2 reacion of GS^- to methylene carbon atom of ethoxyl group. The GST6B enzyme probably plays an important role in the control of resistant decrease for houseflies.E3KJ00003960123論文Article
Effects of Cultivating and Harvesting Conditionons on Germination and Emergence of Rice Seed
Get PDF不耕起乾田状態での水稲直播栽培では,出芽・苗立ちの良否が大きな問題である。そこで本研究では,収穫方法および栽培条件など播種用種子の前歴の効果を検討した。水稲品種コシヒカリを供試し,シャーレによる発芽試験,およびシードリングケースとポットを用いた出芽試験を行った。コンバイン収穫種子では発芽が促進され,播種深度3cm大粒区での出芽が促進された。また,人為衝撃を加えた手刈り収穫種子でも,発芽促進が認められた。これらのことから,収穫時の衝撃が,種子の発芽・出芽を促進する可能性が考えられた。また,ポット栽培種子では水田栽培種子より発芽・出芽が促進された。シードリングケース出芽試験では,播種深度1cmの場合に種子形状の相違による差異は見られなかったが,播種深度3cmでは,大粒種子の出芽が顕著に促進された。これらのことから,コンバイン収穫による種子であっても大粒種子を用いれば深播きでも出芽苗立ちに良い効果が出る可能性が考えられた。The seedling establishment is one of the most important factors for successful direct sowing cultivation of paddy rice. This study aims to investigate effects of cultivating and harvesting conditions on germination and emergence of direct-sown rice seeds. A Japanese cultivar Koshihikari was used as experimental material. The study showed that seed germination and emergence tended to be promoted by shock or injury given by the mechanical harvesting although the cause was not necessarily clear and also that large seeds were easy to emerge when sown deeply in 3cm depth.E7KJ00003960127論文Article
A Reading of Philip Larkin's 'The Large Cool Store'
Get PDFラーキンの「広く感じのいい店」は,1961年6月18日に完成し,詩集『降臨節の婚礼』に収められる。5行1連の4連構成,僅か20行の短詩であり,詩人の住んでいたハルにある百貨店が舞台となっている。先ず,その店で売られている安物衣類を観察しながら,詩人は労働者階級の社会における立場の向上によって引き起こされた,階級間のボーダレス化を嘆いている。次に女性物の夜着を詳細に観察しながら,詩人は量産化される労働者階級の生活様式,その本質の軽薄さを批判する。その後の瞑想では,プラトニックな恋愛を擁護すると共に,肉体的な愛のみを重視する女性達を非難している。同時に階級間のボーダレス化は女性によって引き起こされたとも指摘し,女性の家庭,社会での立場が強くなったことに警告を発している。更にはこの詩の中には詩人の性的関心,自慰的衝動も確かに存在している。最終部分に出てくる「恍惚」とは,セックスにおける恍惚状態,階級が上がったと錯覚すること,自慰における射精と多義的に解釈できる。しかし,いずれの場合も「合成的で,真新しく,本質が欠如している」。店で売られている商品を見て回るというありふれた内容の詩ではあるが,そこに隠された詩人の意図は複雑である。少なくとも,プラトニックな恋愛を擁護する詩人の建前の奥には,薄手で派手な色のベビードールやショーティをじっくりと観察し,場合によっては勃起すらしているかもしれない詩人の姿を読み取らねばいけない。Larkin's The Large Cool Store' was finished on June 18, 1961, and then included in The Whitsun Weddings (1964). It is just a 20-line poem which consists of 4 stanzas, each 5 lines, and its scene is set at a department store in Hull, the city in the middle-east England where the poet lived until his death. First, the poet observes "cheap clothes" sold at the store, and he deplores the borderlessness among the classes which was caused by the rise of the social status of the working class. Next, the poet observes "Baby-Dolls and Shorties" in detail, and he criticizes the mass-produced life style of the working class and its frivolity. And then, in his meditation, the poet supports Platonic love and criticizes women who only prefer sensual love. At the same time, the poet thinks the borderlessness among classes is also caused by women, and cautions against the rise in domestic and social status. Further more, it is clear that the poet expresses sexual interest and masturbatory impulse in the poem. The word "ecstasies" in the last line can be interpreted in various ways:a sexual ecstasy in their literal sense, an illusion of the working class people that they must be in a class higher than what they are, and an ejaculation after masturbation. However, whichever interpretation you take, it is just "synthetic, new, and natureless". Although this poem has the ordinary context that the poet looks around a department store, it also has the hidden complex intention of the poet. At least, we readers should conceive that, though the poet supports Platonic love, it is just his principle, so in fact, he must have an erection when he stares at the thin, gaudy-coloured "Baby-Dolls and Shorties".E3KJ00004019106論文Articl
Role of the Caecum in Nutrition Absorption during the Different Growth Stages of Rats
Get PDF本試験は栄養素の消化・吸収に対する盲腸の役割を成長ステージの異なるラットで比較することを目的として行った。盲腸を摘出したラット(盲腸摘出区)と疑似開腹のラット(対照区)を,成長期(6-13週齢時)と維持期(14-22週齢時)にわたる16週間の成長試験と,成長期終了時(13週齢時)と維持期終了時(22週齢時)に全糞採取法による消化試験を実施した。成長期の増体量は対照区と盲腸摘出区で差が認められなかったが,維持期は,盲腸摘出区が有意(P<0.05)に低かった。飼料摂取量は,成長期に盲腸摘出区が有意(P<0.05)に高かったが,維持期は両区間に差は認められなかった。飼料効率は,試験期間を通じて,盲腸摘出区が有意(P<0.05)に低く,維持期ではその差は飼料効率との相対比が30から40%と大きかった。糞重量は,逆に試験期間を通じて盲腸摘出区が有意(P<0.05)に高かった。結腸容積は,成長期に盲腸摘出区が有意(P<0.05)に大きくなったが,維持期には差が認められなくなった。CP, ADFならびエネルギー消化率は,成長期では,盲腸摘出区で有意(P<0.05)に低くなった。維時期では,CPの消化率は,両区間の差は認められなかったが,ADFならびにエネルギーの消化率は,盲腸摘出区で有意(P<0.05)に低くなった。以上の結果から,盲腸は繊維を発酵分解する微生物の棲息場所として重要で,これによる栄養素の消化・吸収にも影響を及ぼすことが示唆された。また,維持期の飼料効率に関して試験区間の数値的な差は成長期と同等であったが,その差は飼料効率に相対して大きくなり,盲腸は栄養素の利用に消化・吸収に先駆けて関係していると推察された。This study aimed to examine the role of the caecum in nutrition absorption during the different growth stages of rats. Four caecectomized rats and 6 sham-operating rats were used in this study. Feeding period was 16 weeks, which was divided into the growth stage (6-13 weeks old) and the maintenance stage (14-22 weeks old). Digestive tests using the total faeces collection method were conducted twice at 13weeks old and 22weeks old. In the present results, body weight gain showed no significant difference during the growth period. But caecectomy significantly reduced body weight gain during the maintenance period. Feed intake significantly increased with caecectomy during the growth period, but no significant difference was shown during the maintenance period. Feed efficiency was significantly reduced by caecectomy in both test periods, with the difference in the maintenance period relatively large. Feces amount significantly increased with caecectomy in both test periods. But there was no significant difference in the maintenance period. Digestibilities of CP, ADF, and energy were significantly reduced by caecectomy during the growth period, and significant differences appeared in ADF and energy digestibilities during the maintenance period. These results suggested that the caecum plays an important role as a fermentation site for digestive matter, and has an effect on nutrition digestibility. While the numerical differences for feed efficiency were the same when those of different growth stages were compared, relative differences for feed efficiency in the maintenance stage were larger than those in the growth stage. Therefore the caecum is related to the utilization of nutrition prior to their digestibility.E2KJ00004019110論文Articl
Molecular Characterization of Banana bunchy top virus and Cucumber mosaic virus from Abaca Musa textilis Nee
Get PDF繊維用作物であるアバカ(Musa textilis Nee)は,フィリピンの主要工芸作物の1つである。フィリピンのルソン島とネグロス島のアバカとバナナについて,バナナバンチートップウイルス(Banana bunchy top virus ; BBTV),キュウリモザイクウイルス(Cucumber mosaic virus ; CMV),およびBanana bract mosaic virus(BBrMV)の発生状況を調査した。収集したアバカ37株中34株からはBBrMVが,12株からはBBTVが,6株からはCMVが検出された。また,収集したバナナ25株中19株からはBBTVが,14株からはBBrMVが,3株からはCMVが検出された。このことから,本研究で調査した地域のアバカではBBrMVが,バナナではBBTVとBBrMVが主要なウイルスであることが明らかになった。また,バンチートップ病のアブラムシ伝搬試験を行い,本病に対して抵抗性を有するアバカの品種を示した。アバカバンチートップ病の病原と推定されるウイルスについて,塩基配列を一部決定し,複製開始タンパク質遺伝子,外被タンパク質遺伝子,移行タンパク質遺伝子を既報のウイルスと比較した。アバカから分離されたウイルスは,バナナから分離されたBBTVと各遺伝子のアミノ酸配列で99%以上の高い相同性を示したことから,アバカでもバナナと同様にBBTVが発生していることが,分子生物学的に初めて証明された。また,アバカにおけるCMVの発生をELISA法とRT-PCR法によって初めて確認し,外被タンパク質遺伝子の解析から,CMVサブグループIBに分類されることを示した。Abaca (Musa textilis Nee), a fiber crop, is considered one of principal industrial-crops in the Philippines. This study was conducted to clarify the occurrence and the molecular characterization of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) in abaca and banana plants collected in Luzon and Negros islands, the Philippines. In abaca, we detected BBrMV from 34, BBTV from 12, and CMV from 6 out of 37 samples. In banana, we confirmed BBTV from 19, BBrMV from 14, and CMV from 3 out of 25 samples. These results revealed that BBrMV for abaca, BBTV and BBrMV for banana were major viruses in the studied area, although abaca bunchy top was recognized as the most serious disease economically. Several abaca varieties were evaluated for their resistance against bunchy top disease and found some hybrids to show resistant reaction. The putative causal virus of abaca bunchy top disease was partially sequenced, and the 3 genes of the replication initiation protein, the coat protein, and the movement protein were compared with those of related viruses previously reported. As the virus isolated from abaca plants showed more than 99% of homologies with BBTVs isolated from banana plants by comparison of the putative amino acid sequences of the each genes, both isolates were shown as identical in molecular characterization. Moreover, this study showed the first detection of CMV from abaca by ELISA and RT-PCR. Based on the sequence analysis of the coat protein gene, one abaca isolate of CMV was classified as subgroup IB.E4KJ00004361524論文Articl
Workload and Health for Changes of the Working Pattern
Get PDF労働形態の変貌は,多様な働態を辿っているが,1970年代後半からのコンピュータ化は,作業姿勢保持における筋収縮を「静的」にする度合いを高くして,労働負担は,雇用形態の変化や長時間労働化などによって労働者の健康保持に多くの課題を顕在化させている。「静的」筋収縮の実証は,筋電図学的に局所筋緊張の継続する形として指摘し,労働生理学的な局所筋の収縮における強度-持久時間から許容される負荷強度は,%MVC10%以下であること,静的筋収縮は,動的筋収縮と異なる負担過多要因があり,また,反復速度は,急速な筋疲労を生起させる主因になる。筋負担は,農作業動作でもみられ,新しい道具の利用による負担の軽減例についても紹介し,疲れを過大にしない回復を重要視するなどの働き方を替える作業管理と職場環境の人間工学的改善を目指した安全衛生教育が重要である。The study of workload in Japan was introduced as the science of labor study by TERUOKA, G. (1921). A primary problem in this kind of research is elucidation of workload. Owing to the progress in mechanization and automation, the metabolic rate of industrial work was considerably reduced in recent years, but local muscular load sometimes causes physical disorders including local pain. Specially, repetitive operations prevalent in modern industries demand frequent dynamic as well as static contractions of muscles. In a subdivided workload in which neurological strain continues, it is difficult to recover from fatigue recovery easily. Moreover, the incidence of such related lifestyle diseases as cancer, cerebrovascu1ar disease, and heart disease has increased. This is mainly because of an increase in the percentage of the aged population. But there are not a few cases of lifestyle diseases among workers in their prime. It seems that workers pay more attention to their health when they are aware of a decline in physical fitness or have some actual health problems. In this article, I considered health, physical fitness, and their influence on life expectancy level, pumpkin harvest farm workers. This investigation of Tohoku area farmers showed haw the change from limited part line load manually skilled work to mechanized, work effected physical ability.E1KJ00004484563綜説Revie
Issues of Traditional Rural Handicraft Industry and Processing Agricultural Products in the Mekong Delta Region
Get PDFメコンデルタの農村では,かつての稲作労働に代わって,伝統的農村手工業および農産加工が過剰労働力を吸収している。その吸収力は稲単作の17倍に相当する。伝統的農村手工業や農産加工は,ライスペーパーやビーフンなどの食品加工と,海老取りカゴやゴザ・金属加工などの伝統工芸品加工に分別できる。原材料の調達先からみると,食品加工は資源内給型であり,伝統工芸品加工は資源外給型といえる。また,伝統的農村手工業および農産加工の需要は,洪水や仏教行事に規定される季節性を有している。本研究の調査地ベトナムカントー省O Mon区Thoi Long社(町)では,近年行政主導型で農産加工の組織化が進められている。海老取りカゴ製造農家を組織化した事例から,組織化の有利性と問題点を分析した。We performed this analysis using an agricultural survey of the Kanto Province in Vietnam. Our assessment is as follows ; 1. The traditional rural handicraft industries and processing of agricultural products have the capability to absorb the rural overpopulation, seventeen times more effectively than rice farming would. 2. The traditional rural handicraft industries and processing agricultural products can be classified for food processing ; for example rice paper and traditional craft goods such as the shrimp catching basket. Farmers make the food processing craft goods in the traditional manner by using local materials. However, they still obtain resources from outside the village. 3. There is much demand for traditional rural handicraft industries and processing agricultural products depending on the season, flooding, and the Buddhist calendar. 4. Local government is proceeding to organize the processing of agricultural products and give farmers an advantage. The current problem lies in sales and the spread of manufacturing knowledge.E6KJ00004919574論文Article
The World of Beauty of Michiko ISHIMURE Focusing on Story of the Sea of Camellia
Get PDF作家石牟礼道子の名前は水俣病と結び付けられ,彼女の作品は告発文学として一般に受け入れられることが多い。しかし石牟礼文学の真骨頂はその高い叙情性,詩情性にあることを,『椿の海の記』の分析を通して示す。幼児期に幼女の目でとらえた人の世の悲しみの諸相の中心に,祖母である盲目の狂女の存在があり,彼女と幼女であった道子との魂の交感が石牟礼の美学の中心にあることを,この自伝的作品は示している。幼時のかなしみの原体験を美へと昇華せねばならない必要性が石牟礼の創作欲の源になっている。本論文では『椿の海の記』の音楽的構成,自然風景描写,演劇的想像力といった手法と,この作品のいくつかの主題,神話的世界観,差別されるものの世界,祖母おもかさま,生命のみなもとへの希求といったモチーフを例示しながら,石牟礼文学の美の世界の内実をしめす。それは他者のかなしみを自分の悲しみとして受け入れる彼女の共感能力に由来する,悲しみの美学である。不知火海沿岸に生きる無辜の民の苦しみかなしみや,狂女の不条理の世界を描く石牟礼は,背中あわせに人間社会の権力の支配構造の不条理をも照らし出す。社会から差別されるものが生きるもう一つの世界,それは海と空と大地に連なる根源的な魂の世界に通じる。その魂の世界に生きる弱者の逆転の生を,彼女はかなしみの中に咲く花として描くのである。The name of Michiko ISHIMURE is often connected with Minamata Disease, and her works are easy to be accepted as literature of accusation. This paper indicates, against such an assumption, that the true worth of Ishimure literature consists in its genuine poetic nature and lyricism, through analyzing Story of the Sea of Camellia. This autobiographical work depicts aspects of sorrow and agony of the people who lived along the seacoast of the southern Kyusyu. The innocent and acute eyes of the infant Michiko witnessed the absurdity and sadness of the world, and she kept them in the depth of her soul. The essence of the poet's aesthetics is depicted by the affectionate communion of the two souls, an infant girl and her blind and mad grandmother, which is the source of her creativity. In this paper I illustrate some methods taken by this work, such as musical construction, effects of nature description, and dramatic imagination, as well as the main motifs of this work, such as those of the people's mythological world, the world of the discriminated people, her grandmother named Omokasama, and of the infant's passionate longing to return to the primordial life. Through all of these illustrations I make my points that the beauty expressed in Ishimure literature is deeply engraved by the aesthetics of sorrow which is derived from the poet's acute capability of sympathizing with others' grief. Her aesthetics of sorrow reversely reveals the cruelty of the ruling structure of modern society. She wants another world to live, together with the depressed and the exploited, with her beloved grandmother. It is the world where the sad souls live in concord with nature, between the sea and the sky, surrounded by the spirits of the land. She sees there the rebirth and joy of the depressed, by way of depicting a beautiful flower unfolding amidst sorrow.E4KJ00005049278論文Articl
Sense of Keeping Companion Animals at Home
Get PDF大学生を対象に安楽死および動物虐待に関する意識調査を,四国および近畿の3つの中学に通う中学生を対象に家庭での動物飼育に関する意識調査をそれぞれ実施した。大学生への調査の結果,動物に身体的苦痛を伴う人の行為を主として動物虐待と認識している学生が多く見られ,およそ4分の3の学生は安楽死を場合によっては認めると回答した。一方,中学生に実施した動物飼育に関する調査結果では,動物への関心は動物飼育の有無で有意差がみられ,さらに,飼育動物種によっても影響されることが示された。飼育動物の中でもイヌおよびネコは飼育者にコミュニケーションへの意識を高めることも示唆された。Research was conducted on the acceptance of euthanasia and abuse against animals among college students, and the effects and actual home conditions for keeping companion animals among middle-high school students. Most of the college students recognized that animal abuse would include violence against animals, neglect of animal care, abandonment and unsanitary management of animals. Most of the students accepted euthanasia of animals under some conditions, for example when the animals suffered from an incurable disease. In the results of the research on middle-high school students, interest in animals was shown among animal-keeping students significantly more than among non-keeping students. And the interest differed by species of animals kept. Especially, dogs and cats induced a greater sense of communication among animal-keeping students than did other animals.E11KJ00005049270論文Articl