Tokyo University of Agriculture Repository / 東京農業大学リポジトリ
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A Trial Environmental an Educational Program for Children ─Case Study at the Isehara Farmland of Tokyo University of Agriculture─
Get PDF本研究では，東京農業大学農学分野の教員・技術員と幼稚園教諭とが連携し，野菜や果樹栽培の教育研究を活かした環境教育プログラムを試みた。本研究では，プログラムのねらいに応じて伊勢原農場内で教育素材を選定し，環境教育プログラムを実施した。環境教育プログラムでは，ステビア，レモングラス，コキアを五感で体験し植物の用途や効用を学ぶ環境教育プログラムを実施した。加えて，幼児が日常生活で親しんでいる野菜・果樹としてブトウ，ブルーベリー，ミニトマトの栽培技術や品種の違いを学ぶ環境教育プログラムを実施した。本プログラムの教育効果として，伊勢原農場の多様な果樹・野菜とその栽培技術は幼児たちに身近な野菜や果樹への発見，楽しさ，感動を与え，観察した物事を記録できる観察力や理解力の向上を確認できた。In this research, faculty members and technical engineers from Tokyo University of Agriculture have conducted a trial environmental education program in cooperation with the teachers of the Seijo Kindergarten utilizing vegetable and fruit cultivation related educational research. Specifically, the objectives besides holding the actual educational event was to clarify the purpose of the educational program and to select the education materials for future use. As part of the environmental education program, children learned about the uses and effects of the plants Sevia, Lemongrass and Bassia Scoparia using their five senses. In addition, children were able to learn about the different cultivation methods and varieties of everyday vegetables and fruits that they encounter on a daily basis such as grapes, blueberries and cherry tomatoes. As a result of the program children were evidently able to improve their observation skills and comprehension skills by taking notes of their new discoveries, joys and impressions of everyday vegetables, while they learned about the wide varieties of vegetables and fruits of the Isehara Farmland and their cultivation methods. Meanwhile, as for the provision of the Isehara Farmland as a sustainable venue of environmental education, the establishment of an acceptance system and the securing of human resources remain as potential issues.E5P短報Not
Development of Photogrammetric Method Using Vertical Image by UAV
Get PDF本研究ではUAV（Unmanned Aerial Vehicle）を用いた空中写真測量において，通常よりも少ない枚数の写真撮影および容易な飛行方法での手法を開発することとした。具体的には，対象地においてUAVを垂直方向に上昇させ，異なる対地高度で撮影された少枚数の写真によって写真測量を可能とする手法である。開発した手法は，通常は平行撮影された2枚の写真に対して行う相互標定を，垂直方向に並んだ写真に対して適用できるよう変形し，さらに最終標定として各標定要素および計測点の3次元座標を全て未知量として標定を実施するものとした。本手法による計測精度の検証を行うために，日本写真測量学会UAVテストサイトにおいて70～90mの対地高度で5mおきに撮影を行い，計5枚の写真を用いて3次元座標の算出を実施した。その結果，平面精度が±0.093m, 高さ精度が±0.166mとなり，同じ写真を一般的な写真測量用ソフトウェアに取り込んで処理した場合よりも高精度となった。以上の成果より，本開発手法はUAVによる空中写真測量の効率化が見込まれるため，土工現場の測量や災害時の現況把握などにおいて，有用なツールとなることが期待される。In order to propose an efficient photogrammetric method for UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), a new method which requires only few images was developed is presented in this paper. The operation of the UAV for the method flown in a vertical direction, and few images could be taken from different altitudes. Therefore, the UAV can be operated more easily than general photogrammetric method. The developed method includes original relative orientation procedure which can be applied to vertical direction images. In addition, a final orientation which can perform absolute orientation for every parameter and calculate 3D coordinates of all measurement points simultaneously was included. In order to observe performance evaluation of the method, the checking accuracy of the measurement was performed using UAV test site by Japan Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. The UAV was operated in the test site, and the 5 vertical images were taken from 70-90m altitude respectively. Therefore, 3D coordinates of measurement points were calculated. As a result, the plane and height accuracy was ±0.093m and ±0.166m respectively. These values were of higher accuracy than the results of the usual photogrammetric software. Consequently, the developed method can be 3D measured efficiently, and it is expected that the method will become a useful tool in the field of construction, disaster and any surveying.E1P論文Articl
Changes in Aluminum and Manganese Concentrations in Aerosol over the Abashiri Area in East Hokkaido from 2012 to 2014
Get PDF北太平洋への大気からの鉄（Fe）の影響を見積もるためには，その近隣である北海道東部に飛来するエアロゾル中のFe濃度を計測することに意味がある。これまでにFe濃度を計測してきた結果，エアロゾル中の総Feに対する水溶性Feの比が増加していることがわかってきた。この変化の原因を明らかにすることを目的として，本研究はエアロゾル中のマンガン（Mn）とアルミニウム（Al）濃度を測定した。その結果，エアロゾル中のMn濃度が，2012年から2014年の3年間で増加していることがわかった。このためエアロゾル中の鉄とマンガンの比（Fe/Mn）は低下していた。また，季節変化をみると厳冬期にFe/Mnが低下していた。このことから，冬季の化石燃料燃焼の増加が短距離輸送，長距離輸送共にエアロゾル中のMnの増加に関係していると考えられる。Mnと水溶性Feの直接相関をとると，微小粒子のみに相関（r＝0.403）がみられた。このことから，長距離輸送による化石燃料などの増加によるMnの増加が水溶性Feの増加と関係していたことがみられた。また，短距離輸送の粗大粒子中のAlと水溶性Feの間にも弱い相関（r＝0.239）がみられた。粗大粒子は土壌の巻き上がりである可能性があるため，地域的なAlの増加は総Feの増加につながり，その結果水溶性Feも増加したと考えられる。一方，網走地域は農耕地であり土壌改良のためAlが人為的に施肥されることがあるが，これと水溶性Feに直接の関わりは見られなかった。以上のことから，エアロゾル中の水溶性Fe増加は，長距離輸送のMnの増加と起源を等しくするため，化石燃料燃焼に一因があると考えられる。In order to estimate the influence of iron flux from the atmospheric aerosol to the North Pacific, it is useful to measure the iron concentration in the aerosol transported over the east of Hokkaido close to the North Pacific. As a result of measuring the iron concentration in aerosol, to date, it has been found that the ratio of the water soluble iron to the total iron in the aerosol is increasing. For the purpose of elucidating the cause of this increase of water soluble iron concentration, this study measured the concentrations of manganese and aluminum in the aerosol. The result showed that the manganese concentration in the aerosol increased during the three years from 2012 to 2014, and the Fe/Mn ratio decreased. This increase in manganese seems to be related to the increase in manganese in aerosol which was transported over both long distance and short distance. Calculating the direct correlation between manganese concentration and water soluble iron, correlation (r＝0.403) was found only in the fine particles. From this manganese measurement, it was found that the increase of manganese due to the increase of fossil fuels etc. by long distance transport was related to the increase of the water soluble iron. On the other hand, there was a weak correlation (r＝0.239) between aluminum concentration in aerosol and water-soluble iron in coarse particles of short range transport. Since coarse particles are probably the winding up of the soil, increasing of aluminum concentration in local aerosol leads to be an increase in total iron concentration, resulting in an increase in water soluble iron concentration in it. Because the Abashiri area is farming land, aluminum may be artificially applied for soil improvement, but it will be not directly related to this and the water soluble iron in aerosol. To summarize the above, it is considered that the increase of water soluble iron in the aerosol is contributing to the combustion of fossil fuel in order to equalize the origin with the increase of the manganese of long distance transport.E2P論文Articl
Development of a Manually Locking Carriage System for the Light Cable Yarding
Get PDF我が国の人工林の多くが主伐期を迎えている。しかし，手入れが行き届かず，放置されている山林が多い。それらの山林の管理経営が地域NPOの森林ボランティアや自伐型林業者，自伐林家などによる小規模林業により行われるようになってきている。小規模林業において使用される集材方式には単線地引集材や主索式軽架線集材など様々な方式がある。主索式軽架線を用いた場合，作業索や搬器の形態，主索の傾斜により，搬器が係留されずに地引集材となったり，荷下ろしの際には吊り荷の滑落が生じたり，大きな危険が生じる。このような搬器が係留されないための危険性を排除し，安全かつ容易に作業できるよう軽架線用手動式係留搬器を開発した。There are various yarding systems used in small-scale forestry, such as ground skidding and skyline yarding. If the yarding distance is over 50 meters, skyline yarding is used to avoid obstacles. When skyline yarding is used, the log sometimes does not latch onto the carriage properly and this causes it to skid on the ground, depending on the form of operating line, carriage and the skyline slope. There is also further danger during the unloading process, such as the slippage of logs. We eliminated this danger for an unlocked carriage, and developed a manual locking carriage so that the light cable yarding can be operated safely and easily.E5P資料Research Dat
タンザニア北部における森林保全のための木質ブリケットの導入
Get PDFタンザニアでは，急速な森林消失問題に対応するため，現存する森林資源を保全し充実させることと，有効利用を促進することの 2 つの戦略が適応できる。本研究では森林資源の有効利用の 1 つとして，北部タンザニアにおけるブリケットの生産および利用状況の現状分析から，持続的な森林経営への可能性を検討した。森林に関する基本データや現地踏査，ブリケットの生産および消費に関連する基本情報の収集，そして，北部タンザニアのアルーシャ州およびキロマンジャロ地域の実地調査を実施した。その結果，ブリケットの生産および消費は，様々な導入者によって実施されていた。ブリケットの生産は，薪あるいは木炭の代替品として展開し，個人生産者，企業生産者（NGO），および事業会社などで実施され，それぞれ社会福祉，環境問題，経済発展を事業目的としていた。ブリケットの利用は，会社においては生産物販売による利益向上のため，学校や研修期間など政府関連団体では安定した生活など社会福祉のため，個人や協力団体では薪や炭などによる過度の依存を和らげるなど環境問題への対応を目的として行われていた。持続的な森林経営のためには，それぞれの事業の社会，環境，経済対策を連携させ，補助や基金など総合的な対応が必要であると結論づけた。In response to the continued loss of forests in Tanzania, two strategies are mainly applicable: enhancing the conservation of forest resources and developing ways to efficiently utilize the scarce resources. We carried out a study to establish the status of briquettes production and utilization, and analysed the conditions under which briquette projects have been implemented in the northern part of Tanzania. A field survey was implemented in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions whereby data were collected using a questionnaire with open and close-ended questions. Our results indicate that production and utilization of briquettes is implemented by various adopters, ranging from sole individuals to corporate organizations both from private and public sectors. We found that adoption of briquettes is linked to a multitude of factors, all of which are associated with the main objective of adoption and the type of end-use; that is whether firewood or charcoal is being substituted. Such factors are related to enhancing communities’ social welfare, economic gains and or environmental concerns. In our study, individual producers, corporate producers (NGOs), and business companies rely heavily on matters related to social welfare, environmental issues, and economic objectives respectively. At utilization level, business companies focus more on economic gains, government agencies (schools and training institutions) on social welfare, while individual and corporate consumers are more driven by environmental issues that are linked with the overdependence on charcoal and firewood. To achieve forest management objectives through development of alternative energy, briquettes in this case, subsidies and funding need to consider and intergrate all three aspects of sustainability to address social needs, economic perspectives and environmental concerns.論文Articl
Application of the SpCas9 inhibitor BRD0539 for CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic tools in Lacticaseibacillus paracasei
Get PDFAlthough the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas system has been extensively developed since its discovery for eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome editing and other genetic manipulations, there are still areas warranting improvement, especially regarding bacteria. In this study, BRD0539, a small-molecule inhibitor of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), was used to suppress the activity of the nuclease during genetic modification of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, as well as to regulate CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). First, we developed and validated a CRISPR-SpCas9 system targeting the sirA gene of L. paracasei. Then BRD0539 was used for CRISPR-dependent DNA cleavage in vivo. Our results suggested that the inhibitor worked partially in both Escherichia coli and L. paracasei Next, we designed a CRISPRi system in a L. paracasei strain by inserting an inactive SpCas9 gene into the chromosome and introducing a plasmid encoding for a single guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting the sirA gene. Expression of sirA was successfully inhibited in the recombinant strains, and CRISPRi was abolished in an inhibitor-dependent manner. Our findings may help expand the CRISPR toolbox for research on lactic acid bacteria and other microbes
Taxonomic Study of Lichens Used as Nesting Materials by Aegithalos caudatus
Get PDFエナガAegithalos caudatus は，主に平地から山地の林に生息する鳥類である。本種は，巣材にウメ ノキゴケParmotrema tinctorum Hale などの地衣類を利用することが知られているが，形体学的特徴と含有 される地衣成分を交えた地衣類の正確な同定に関する情報は少ない。そこで，埼玉県東松山市で採集された 巣を用いて，巣材に利用されている地衣類について厳密な分類を行った。その結果，巣材として利用されて いたのは，大部分がマツゲゴケP. clavuliferum （Räsänen） Streimann であり，ウメノキゴケP. tinctorum も少量混じっていた。これらは営巣地周辺で良く見られる種であり，巣の近場から材料を集めていることに よって営巣の時間を短くしていると考えられる。Aegithalos caudatus is a bird species that primarily inhabits forests from lowlands to mountainousareas. This species is known to use lichens such as Parmotrema tinctorum Hale as nesting material,but there is little information regarding the accurate species identification of these lichens, combiningmorphological characteristics and chemical components. Therefore, I conducted a rigorous identificationof the lichens used as nesting material using a nest collected in Higashimatsuyama City, Saitama Prefecture,JAPAN. As a result, it was found that the majority of the nesting material consisted of P. clavuliferum(Räsänen) Streimann, with a small amount of P. tinctorum also present. These are species commonlyfound around nesting sites, and it was suggested that they reduce the time spent on nest building bycollecting materials from locations near the nest.短報Not