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Effect of Thinning in Different Years on Yield and Canopy Structure in Erianthus Populations
Get PDF石油枯渇や地球温暖化の対策の1つとして，バイオマスエネルギーが注目されている。著者らは食料生産と競合しないセルロース系原料作物として，不良環境下でも高いバイオマス生産性を示すエリアンサス（Saccharum spp.）に着目し，群落構造の解析を通して物質生産の改善について検討を行っている。前報では定植1年目と2年目の群落構造を比較検討した結果，群落構造の変化に伴って光環境が悪化している可能性が認められた。そのため，間引きを行うことで群落内の光環境が改善されれば収量の向上に寄与する可能性が考えられる。そこで，本研究では，群落AおよびBを設定し，群落Aは定植2年目の収穫後，群落Bは定植1年目の収穫後に，それぞれ間引き，群落構造および収量に及ぼす影響について解析した。その結果，いずれの群落も間引きによって収量が増加した。また，両群落の定植2年目を比較すると群落Bの方が若干低かったが，定植後3年間の累積収量は群落Bの方が高かった。その要因について解析した結果，定植1年目の収穫後に間引くと2年目の茎数が増加したが，それに伴って3年目の群落の再生を担う分げつ芽も増加したと考えられる。そのため，早期に間引くと，単年度の収量が必ずしも高くなくても，数年に亘る群落の累積収量が多くなると考えられる。出穂期における生産構造図をみると，それぞれ前年よりも群落が大型化しており，高さ毎の同化・非同化器官量が多く，同時に同化器官の乾物重のピークや，重心の高さも高くなり，群落が上部に向かって発達していた。また，群落構造が規定する光環境の変化が物質生産にどのように影響するかを検討するために，群落物質生産指数（＝Σ（葉身乾物重×相対照度））を算出したところ，間引き年次に関係なく，それぞれ前年より高い値となり，間引きによって，群落の物質生産が改善したことが示唆された。以上のように，多年生作物の収量形成は単年度で検討するだけでは不十分であり，栽培期間の累積収量を増やすという観点から，間引きによって群落内の光環境を改善する栽培管理が必要と考えられる。Erianthus, a perennial C4 grass, has been the focus of attention as cellulosic raw material for bioethanol, because it shows high yield performance and high tolerance to environmental stresses. We examined canopy structure of one- and two-year Erianthus populations in the previous report. The result of our investigation showed that two-year population had much higher yield comparing with one-year population. At the same time analysis on the canopy structure of two-year population suggested light condition in the canopy might be worse, though this has not yet been verified. In this study, we examined effect of thinning from 1 m x 1 m to 2 m x 1 m in different years. A-population was thinned after the two-year harvesting, B-population thinned after the one-year harvesting, respectively. As a result, biomass production in the subsequent year was larger by decrease in the planting density by thinning, possibly because of improving light conditions in the canopy. Although the yield in the second year of B-population is less than that of A-population, total yield during the first three years of B-population is much more than that of A-population. Based on the analysis of yield of both populations, yield should depend on the number of tiller buds formed in the previous year and growth period of tillers. In conclusion it is considered better to control planting density to improve the light condition in the canopy to lead to better growth and development of tillers through increasing matter production to get greater total yield during growth period, where the thinning time should be determined depending on growth condition.E4P論文Articl
Molecular Biological Studies on Botulinum Toxin Complex
Get PDFボツリヌス菌（Clostridium botulinum）は，グラム陽性偏性嫌気性の大桿菌であり，土壌中などでは芽胞として存在する。これらの芽胞は，ごくまれに食品に混入することがあり，さらに嫌気性などの条件が整うと食品中で芽胞が発芽，増殖し，毒素を産生する。本菌が産生するボツリヌス神経毒素（neurotoxin ; BoNT）はボツリヌス中毒の原因であるタンパク質毒素である。ボツリヌス菌はBoNTの抗原性の相違からAからG型の7つの型に分類される。自然界において，BoNTは単独で存在することがなく，他の無毒成分と結合し，毒素複合体（toxin complex ; TC）を形成する。BoNTの作用機序は，ボツリヌス菌が増殖した食品に含まれるTCが経口摂取された後，胃を通過し，小腸上部から体内に吸収されることから始まる。本論文では，ボツリヌス中毒の歴史的背景，さらに著者らの研究成果を中心にボツリヌスTCに関する知見を述べ，最後に医療や美容分野におけるボツリヌスTCの利用に関する動向と著者らが考えるボツリヌスTCを応用した薬剤送達システムについて述べる。Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that produces spores in unstable conditions. The spores occasionally enter food, and furthermore, they germinate under anaerobic conditions, and produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). The BoNT is a protein toxin, which causes botulism. C. botulinum are classified into seven serotypes, A to G, based on the antigenicity of BoNT. In nature, BoNT does not exist alone, and it binds to the nontoxic proteins and forms a toxin complex (TC). The mechanism of action of BoNT begins with TC contained in the food in which the Clostridium botulinum is grown, orally ingested, then passes through the stomach and is absorbed into the body from the upper part of the small intestine. In this study, the historical background of investigation on botulism is reviewed, and findings on the botulinum TC focusing on the research results of the author’s group are presented. Finally, the author describes the trends concerning the use of botulinum TC in the medical and beauty fields and the application of botulinum TC in the drug delivery system.E1P綜説Revie
Comparison of Resistance to Overhead Flooding of Five Strains Belonging to Ophiopogonoideae (Liliaceae)
Get PDFヤブラン亜科の1栽培品種と4種,計5系統を供試植物として冠水抵抗性の違いについて比較した。冠水状態においた供試植物の生存率や葉数,根数,葉長,新芽数等の測定結果から,ジャノヒゲ,またはチャボリュウノヒゲ>ノシラン>オオバジャノヒゲ>ヤブランの順で冠水抵抗性があると判断できた。また冠水抵抗性に劣るヤブランやオオバジャノヒゲを冠水し,その水中に人為的に空気を送ると,枯死する個体が少なくなり,生育している個体の生体重や茎数,葉数の値が空気を送らない時に比べて大になった。これらの結果から冠水抵抗性の系統間差異の原因を考察した。It is known that Ophiopogon japonicus plants are able to survive in areas that remain flooded for long periods. In this study, we investigated differences in resistance to overhead flooding of five strains, all related species of Ophiopogonoideae in the Liliaeae, based on survival rate and measurements of number of leaves, roots, sprouts, and leaf length. Resistance to overhead flooding was shown to be in the following order : Ophiopogon japonicus, O. japonicus 'Nanus', O. jaburan, O. planiscapus and Liriope platyphylla. In O. planiscapus and L. platyphylla plants, their resistance to overhead flooding was lower, and they were found to survive better if the water was aerated. It has been suggested that the difference in resistance to overhead flooding is related to the morphology of the leaves or roots.E5KJ00003960125論文Article
Calculations of Farmland and Forest Areas for Small-scale-recycling-oriented Farms to Maintain Recommended Dietary Allowance
Get PDF小規模循環型農園においてヒトが継続的に生存していくために必要な要素と規模を明らかにすることを目的とし,資源循環シミュレーションモデルを作成した。モデル対象地を静岡県として,ヒト一人の栄養バランスを保つことを前提条件とした循環システムの構成要素を提示し,農作物の収量と農地・森林面積を試算した。結果は以下の通りとなった。1.構成要素 : ヒト,家禽,養魚,農作物,緑肥作物,水質浄化作物,淡水プランクトン,森林 2.農地面積 : 5.6a(5.6×10^2m^2)(ヒト住居,鶏舎,養殖池は除く) 3.森林面積 : 2.9a次に,正規分布による確率密度関数を用いて農作物の収量に対する信頼度を明確化し,農作物収量および農地面積を算出した。信頼度ごとに割り出した農地面積は以下の通りとなった。信頼度50% : 6.9a, 信頼度75% : 7.3a, 信頼度95% : 8.0aThe purpose of this study is to show the elements and amounts, which are required to maintain a man's life on a small-scale-recycling-oriented farm. A simulation was done to show how materials recycle in a system in Shizuoka, Japan. This simulation presumed that a man can maintain his own nutritional balance and showed the constituent elements of the system. After the necessary quantity of food was calculated, the necessary amount of yields for providing food was calculated. Then the farmland area and the amounts of manure for these crops were calculated. After that the forest area for providing manure was calculated. The following results were obtained : 1. Constituent elements : Man, Chicken, Fish, Crops, Green manure, Water purifying plants, Limnoplankton, Trees 2. The farmland area : 5.6×10^2m^2 (except for the man's house, henhouse and fishpond) 3. The forest area : 50% reliability : 2.9×10^2m^2 In addition, the reliability of the yields was made clear according to a probability density function and the farmland areas each were calculated according to the yields of each case, 50%, 75% and 95% reliability. The following results were obtained : 50% reliability : 6.9×10^2m^2, 75% reliability : 7.3×10^2m^2, 95% reliability : 8.0×10^2m^2E5KJ00004019101論文Articl
Agrobacterium-mediated Introduction of Coat Protein Gene of Tobacco leaf curl virus (TbLCV) to Tobacco Plants and Production of Homozygous Plants
Get PDFタバコNicotiana tabacum cv Burley21へAgrobacterium tumefaciensを用いてジェミニウイルス科(Geminiviridae)に属するtobacco leaf curl virus(TbLCV)の外被タンパク質遺伝子を導入した。外被タンパク質遺伝子を導入したタバコを自殖して後代系統を養成し,T1世代,T2世代における分離比を算定することにより,導入遺伝子のコピー数を推定した。分離比から1コピー,2コピー,3コピーと推定される形質転換タバコ系統を得た。1コピー,2コピーと考えられる形質転換植物については更に自殖を繰り返し,導入遺伝子をホモに持つ組換え系統を得た。Coat protein gene of Tobacco leaf curl virus was introduced to Nicotiana tabacum cv Burley21 by mediation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transgenic plants obtained were inbreed, offspring plants were harvested and then segregation ratios were computed of T1 generation plants using resistance for hygromycin as a marker trait. For results obtained, copy numbers of introduced coat protein gene were inferred. We obtained transgenic plants containing one copy, two copies and three copies of introduced coat protein gene. The homozygous lines were obtained by inbreeding of transgenic tobacco plants which contained one or two copies of introduced coat protein gene.E4KJ00004019116論文Articl
The Influence that Merger of Cities, Towns and Villages Gives Private Forest Management
Get PDF木材価格の低迷が続き林業経営の採算性の低下が続くなど林業を取り巻く環境が厳しいなかで森林所有者(特に小規模所有者)の森林管理意欲が低下し森林荒廃の問題を引き起こしている。我が国の森林管理においてその担い手と位置づけられる森林所有者の森林管理意欲の低下は今後さらなる問題を引き起こす可能性がある。他方,近年平成の大合併と呼ばれる市町村の合併・再編が多くみられ新たに発足した市町村では地域政策の転換が図られている。林業においてもこの動きは重要な問題であり特に森林所有者と近い関係にある市町村の森林管理に対する施策の変更や継続は森林所有者の森林経営および管理意欲に大きな影響を与えるものと考えられる。そこで本論では市町村合併が林業に及ぼす影響を考察するとともにアンケート調査を基に市町村合併前の森林所有者の森林管理意識について明らかにした。Influential factors on the will of forest owners (particularly small owners) to managing forest include the continuing slump of wood price and profit of forestry management-related activities, while conditions of surrounds forestry are severe enough to cause forest dilapidation. A fall of forest management will of the forest owner who are a leading figures of forest management may cause problems in the future. On the other hand, in recent years changes in policy in the cities, towns and villages are leading to the merger of cities, towns and villages. This is a new phenomenon and should be closely observed. This movement is an important problem in forest management. The change and continuation of measures for forest management in cities, towns and villages in particular have a big influence on forest management and management will of forests. The main focus of this paper is the influence that merger of cities, towns and villages have on forestry. I investigated the forest management awareness of forest owners before merger of cities, towns and villages, based on questionnaire survey.E5KJ00004361525論文Articl
A Study of Economic evaluation of a Slope Green of High-rise Housing Residence in Pusan
Get PDF本研究は,高層住宅化が急速に進み斜面都市として知られる釜山市を対象に,集合住宅の価値の創出に影響する公園緑地の経済的評価性を究明するものである。斜面地に近接して立地した高層集合住宅の居住者に斜面緑地に対する客観的な価値評価を得るためロジットモデルの仮想評価法(CVM)を用いた分析をすることによって,斜面緑地の価値評価に及ぼす要因を究明した。その結果,斜面緑地に近接している居住者より,そうではない居住者の方が支払意志の評価額が高い傾向にあった。また,住戸の南方向に斜面緑地が存在している場合,その斜面緑地に対する支払意志は低いことが判った。さらに,斜面緑地が都市公園として整備されている場合の方がそうでない斜面緑地より価値評価が高い傾向にあった。Pusan is the second biggest city in Korea, with a population of 3,680,000 and an area of 763km2. Pusan is known for being a slope city, and the slope green tract of land forms a rich natural environment. On the other hand, development of high-rise housing, in recent years, has been rapidly advancing towards the green slope lands because flat ground of residential area is limited. Therefore, the importance of slope green is now beyond our recognition. This research investigates the economic evaluation of the influence of greenery-gardening on the pricing of a housing complex in Pusan, which is known as a slope city where high-rise buildings are rapidly emerging. In order to obtain the objective value evaluation of the slope green by the residents of high-rise housings located near the slope ground, the factors governing the value evaluation of a slope greenery land were investigated by conducting the analysis using the logit model of CVM (Contingent Valuation Method). It was found that the people living far away from the slope greens have more tendencies to pay for the greenery slopes as a result of high evaluation than those staying close to them. Again, when the slope green is located in the southern part of the housing unit, the will to pay for the greenery slope tended to be low. Moreover, when the slope green has been maintained as a city park, the evaluation tended to be higher than otherwise.E2KJ00004397811論文Articl
Study on the Evaluation Method of Road Profiling in Farm Road Considering the Damage of Agricultural Products
Get PDF農道舗装の整備の目的の一つとして,農産物の品質を下げず,安全に輸送することがあげられる。しかし,農道整備における舗装の平たん性の低下は,車両の荷台に振動を発生させ,これによる農産物の荷傷み被害が報告されている。京都府をはじめとする高級野菜の産地などでは,荷傷みによる損失の試算が行われていることから,農産物の荷傷みに考慮した農道舗装の平たん性評価指標を検討する必要がある。そこで本研究では,福島県下における広域農道において実車両による荷台の振動測定と3mプロフィロメータによる平たん性測定を実施した。車両の振動測定からは荷傷み解析を行い,平たん性測定からはσとIRIに着目し,荷傷み解析との関係性を検証した。その結果,IRIはσと比べて,荷傷みを適切に評価できる可能性があるということが示された。One of the purposes of farm road maintenance is to keep quality of agricultural products and to carry them safely. But the damage of agricultural products by vibration of vehicle due to by deterioration of the roughness of farm road has been reported. A trial calculation of financial loss by the damage of agricultural products was carried out in Kyoto. Therefore, we need to examine the evaluation method of road roughness considered to cause damage of agricultural products on farm roads. In this research, we measured the vibration of vehicles and roughness of pavement by 3m profilometer on farm road. The analysis of damage of agricultural products is performed from measurement of vibration, and the roughness index σand IRI are calculated from measured road profile, and verified between the analytical results of agricultural products damage and the roughness index of road. From these results, it was shown that the roughness index of IRI can properly estimate the damage of agricultural products compared with σ.E3KJ00004484565論文Articl
Utilization and Potentiality of Volunteer Plant Resources as Special Products on the Southwest Islands of Japan Nutritive Evaluation of Chemical Components from Maana (Brassica campestris L.)
Get PDF本研究は,南西諸島のような物理的・環境的条件の限定された地域における在来的な自生植物資源の有用性に関する研究である。沖縄県伊江村(伊江島)では,アブラナ科のハマカブラBrassica campestris L.を,マーナと称し,島の人々はかねてから利用してきた。この植物は日本全国で確認されているが,沖縄県においては自生地が限られ,またこれを日常的に食しているのは伊江島だけといわれている。雑草であるがゆえに,この植物の生産に取り組んでいる農家は,2戸に過ぎない。われわれはこのマーナに関する一般的特性に関する聞き取り調査をおこない,さらに栄養分析をおこなった。その結果,特にマーナのポリフェノール含有量は比較的高い数値で,一般的な野菜の10倍程度であった。日常的に利用されながら雑草的な扱いにとどまっているが,成分的には機能性に加え,栄養学的な面でも優れていることが示され,今後食用化が進められるべき素材であることが示唆された。伊江島では製糖工場が閉鎖され,農家の高齢化も伴って耕作放棄が目立ちつつある中で,ラッカセイ,トウガン,花卉につぐ,マーナの特産化が模索されるべきであろう。The purpose of this study is to suggest utilizing volunteer plant resources in the region such as the southwest islands, where growth is limited by physical and environmental conditions. Brassica campestris L. also known in dialect as "maana", is a kind of weed found all over Japan. In particular, people of Ie-island in the Okinawa Prefecture use them frequently. It is treated as a "weed", but there are two farmers who produce it on economic base. We researched the general growing conditions and nutritional value of Brassica campestris L.. To determine the effective use of Brassica campestris L., we studied its chemical components and nutritive values. In particular, Brassica campestris L. contains a large amount of dietary fiber. Mineral content, particularly iron, and vitamin content such as beta carotene and vitamin C were high in comparison with other vegetables. Furthermore, polyphenol content was comparatively high. Thus, its chemical component was similar to that of a green vegetable. We suggest changing Brassica campestris L.'s status as a "mere weed" and further capitalizing on the utilization of these volunteer plant resources. To promote maana as a special product, we should first recognize the utilization of volunteer plant resources at first, secondly analyze the habits of such volunteer plant, and develop the agricultural technology for a farming system.E6KJ00004867528論文Articl
Effect of Temperature on Growth and Quality of Rocket Salad
Get PDF昼温/夜温を20/15℃,25/20℃および30/25℃に制御した人工光ファイトロン内で,近年サラダ用として我が国で生産が開始されたロケット(Eruca sativa, ロケットサラダ,ルッコラ,ガルギール,アルーグラなどとも呼ばれる。和名はキバナスズシロ)を育て,サラダ野菜としての生育と品質に及ぼす温度の影響を検討した。50日後の地上部新鮮重は20/15℃区で最も大きく,高温ほど劣る傾向にあった。葉色については,明度L*値は25/20℃区および30/25℃区,色度a*値は20/15℃区,色度b*値は30/25℃区で高く,20/15℃区は緑色が濃く,30/25℃区は黄色味を帯びていた。官能検査の結果,外観の評点は30/25℃区で低く,香りおよび辛味の評点は30/25℃区で高かった。総合的評価であるサラダとしての好みの評点は20/15℃区で高く,温度が高いほど低下する傾向にあった。辛味成分イソチオシアネートの葉における濃度は高温ほど高かった。以上のように,サラダ用野菜としての生育および品質に対しては20/15℃が最適であった。Japanese growers recently began to produce rocket (Eruca sativa, referred to as rocket salad, rucola, arugula, or gargeer in English and kibanasuzushiro in Japanese) as a salad vegetable. Rocket was grown in artificially lit phytotrons with day/night temperatures controlled at 20℃/15℃, 25℃/20℃, or 30℃/25℃ to study the effects of temperature on the growth and quality of the salad vegetable. The fresh above-ground weight after 50 days was largest in the 20℃/15℃ plot and tended to decrease with temperature increase. The leaf color measurements were high in the 25℃/20℃ and 30℃/25℃ plots for L*value, in the 20℃/15℃ plot for a* value, and in the 30℃/25℃ plot for b* value ; leaves were greenest in the 20℃/15℃ plot and yellowish in the 30℃/25℃ plot. A sensory evaluation gave a low score to the 30℃/25℃ plot in appearance but high scores in aroma and pungency. The 20℃/15℃ plot was given a high overall score with respect to preference as a salad vegetable, which tended decrease with temperature increase. The leaf concentration of isothiocyanate, which imparts pungency, increased with temperature increase. As described above, the optimal day/night temperatures were 20℃/15℃ for the growth and quality of rocket as a salad vegetable.E1KJ00004919569論文Article