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The criteria for selection of sites for bridges
Full text linkBridge is a structure which provides a passage to people, vehicles, railways or pipelines to cross various obstacles to travel. Engineers build bridges over obstacles such as lakes, rivers, canyons, and dangerous roads and railway tracks. Without bridges, people would need boats to cross waterways and would have to travel around canyons and ravines. The first bridges were made by nature itself — as simple as a log fallen across a stream or stones in the river. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. A common form of lashing sticks, logs, and deciduous branches together involved the use of long reeds or other harvested fibers woven together to form a connective rope which was capable of binding and holding in place materials used in early bridges
Data mining classification problem of clustering is improved with the help of K-Mean++ Algorithm
Full text linkThe goal of data mining is to extract or “mine" knowledge from large amounts of data. Knowledge and understanding of a problem is always the first step in identifying effective solutions. However, data is often collected by several different sites. Privacy, legal and commercial concerns restrict centralized access to this data .KDD process assumes that all the data is easily accessible at a central location or through centralized access mechanisms such as federated databases and virtual ware houses .The application of data mining techniques on official data has great potential in supporting good public policy. It’s a technique can be used to detect errors in data collection, cluster, classify, make prediction, and generate interesting association patterns of survey databases.Recommender systems based on automated collaborative filtering predict new items of interest for a user based on predictive relationships discovered between that user and other participants of a community. Mostof the successful research and commercial systems in collaborative filtering use a nearest-neighbor model Process of semi-automatically analyzing large databases to find interesting and useful patterns. Overlapsfor generating predictions. Automated collaborative filtering systems based on the nearest-neighbor method work in three simple phase
Various pyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives acts as new trends in development of antimycobacterial agents
Full text linkPyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives are important antimicrobial agents. Some pyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives are under investigation for the treatment of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. In this article, study the pyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives with anti-mycobacterial properties, mode of action and structure activity relationship studies of the pyrrole derivatives. Furthermore, we update the synthesis and activity of pyrrole and pyrrolidine derivatives as a new class of potent anti-mycobacterial agents. Furthermore, particularly interesting is their activity against MDR-TB
Surgeon’s perspective on rare yet potentially fatal complication of GI perforation following endoscopy
Full text linkGastrointestinal endoscopy plays an essential role in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of pathologies of the GI tract. New-generation endoscopes, advanced imaging technologies, the introduction of new therapeutic devices into clinical practice, and modification of old techniques have expanded both the diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium of the endoscopist. complications are rare with a rate of less than 1 per 5000 cases. perforations are either due to therapeutic dilatation, coagulation or passage of side viewing instrument into the duodenum. Here we present a case of 56 yr old male who underwent diagnostic endoscopy for peptic ulcer. I t lead to endoscope induced large duodenal perforation of about 10 cms in its long axis recognized at laparotomy 10 days after the intervention.it is important to mention the perforation was repaired surgically and patient developed no post operative complications. Undesired complications though rare, are potentially fatal and risks need to be evaluated before performing all endoscopic procedure
Mount Malinao (Albay, Philippines) Revisited: Diversity and Ethnomedicinal Studies
Full text linkIntroduction: This study provides information as to the diversity of plants in Mt. Malinao (Albay, Philippines) and their ethnomedicinal values. Methods: Plants were collected by random sampling from three vegetation types, identified and measured for diversity indices. The use reports and dosage preparations of medicinal plants sampled were confirmed by interview of local residents and forest guides. Results: The montane secondary dipterocarp forest gave the greatest plant diversity but recorded the lowest tree statistics. Ethnomedicinal survey of the 70 plants collected have been qualified by generating information such as use values, fidelity levels, informant consensus factor and the modes by which dosage forms are prepared from these plants for use in various ailments. Conclusion: This study gave important data on medicinal plants in Mt. Malinao which includes diversity, ethnomedicinal uses and dosage preparations.   Â
Insecticidal Activities of Azadirachta indica A.J (Meliaceae) leaf and Seed on Stored Grain Weevils and Toxicological Studies of Pesticide-protected Stored Grains in Nigeria
Full text linkIntroduction: Azadirachta indica has been used in Nigeria for decades in traditional medicine for managing various diseases notably are fever, aches, common cold, as well as  urinary tract infections.Methods: A. indica  leaves and seeds were prepared after air drying into powder forms(PF), aqueous extract(AE) and ethanol extract(EE). Two kilograms of dried leaves and seeds were each prepared by grinding with electronic blender into fine powder, fresh leaves and seeds were each macerated in 1000mL of water in a basin while 2000g of the other powdered parts were extracted using cold maceration techniques in 1.5 litres of absolute ethanol and concentrated using rotary evaporator. The grains tested were maize, bean, millet and guinea corn; each bagged in 25Kg storage bags and arranged in randomized block design in the laboratory for 8 weeks. Various preparations of A. indica PF, AE, and EE were used to store the grains for the period. % Mortality of weevils, as well as oviposition deterrence were determined in each bag and for each preparation. Results: The result showed that AE of leaf and seed exhibited 100% insecticidal and oviposition deterrence on Acanthoscelides obtestus (bean weevil) than maize and guinea corn weevil(Sitophilus spp.). Insecticidal activities increases with increased storage time. These results were comparable to the standard pesticide DD force at p≤0.05 (ANOVA). Acute toxicity determination showed that LD50 value were 363.10 mg/Kg and 977.10 mg/Kg for beans and maize respectively
Technique for crossing and advancing multiple generations for mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)
Full text linkMungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Wilczek (2n=2×=22) is an important grain legume cultivated in South-east Asia, Africa, South America and Australia (Shanmugasundram 2007). About 90% of mungbean production occurs in South Asia, where India is the largest producer. It is consumed in various forms like, seed as a good source of easily digested dietary proteins and amino acids. Young pods and sprouts are consumed as vegetable for vitamin and mineral supplement (Engel 1977). Its plant parts are used as fodder for animal and green manure to improve soil health in rice-wheat cropping system (Sharma et al. 1995; Bhuiyan et al. 2009; Yaqub et al. 2010). It is grown as a sole crop as well as a major component in various cropping systems owing to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, rapid growth, and early maturity. Mungbean being a photo insensitive crop is grown in a wide range of climatic variations (Tiwari and Ramanujam 1976) and ideal for catch, inter and relay cropping in many countries (Ali et al. 2000). Because of wide adoptability at various temperature ranges, this crop is likely to be most suitable under currently rising global temperatur
Zero order and area under curve spectrophotometric methods for determination of aspirin in pharmaceutical formulation
Full text linkObjective: - A simple, accurate, precise and specific zero order and area under curve spectrophotometric methods has been developed for determination of Aspirin in its tablet dosage form by using methanol as a solvent.  Methods: - (1) Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods: - The amplitudes in the zero order derivative of the resultant spectra at 224 nm was selected to find out Aspirin in its tablet dosage form by using methanol as a solvent.(2) Area under curve (Area calculation): -The proposed area under curve method involves measurement of area at selected wavelength ranges. Two wavelength ranges were selected 218-227 nm for estimation of Aspirin.Result & Discussion: -The linearity was found to be 5-25 μg/ml for Aspirin. The mean % recoveries were found to be 99.47% and 100.43% of zero order derivative and area under curve method of Aspirin. For Repeatability, Intraday precision, Interday precision, % RSD were found to be 0.6416, 0.0046 and 0.9819, 0.8112 for zero order and 0.7257, 0.8731 and 0.7528, 1.7943 for area under curve method respectively. Limit of Detection and Quantitation were found to be 0.4823μg/ml and 1.5182μg/ml for zero order and 0.8272μg/ml and 2.5351μg/ml for area under curve method respectively. Assay results of market formulation were found to be 100.54% for zero order and 100.89% area under curve method respectively. The proposed method has been validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied to the estimation of Aspirin in its Tablet dosage form.Conclusion: - The developed methods can be concluded as accurate, sensitive and precise and can be easily applied to the pharmaceutical formulation
A review of the microbial quality of potable water sources in Nigeria
Full text linkMicrobes are ubiquitous and are known to contaminate materials including food and water. Â This study reviews the microbial quality of potable water sources in Nigeria. The study found that the microbial quality often exceed World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization allowable limit of 1.0 x 102cfu/ml for potable water and Standard Organization of Nigeria maximum permissible level of 10cfu/ml (total coliform) and 0 cfu/100ml (Thermo tolerant Coliform or E. coli, Faecal streptococcus and Clostridium perfringens spore). However, surface water has high microbial load than the ground water. In packaged water, bottled water has lower microbial diversity and density than the sachet water. The high microbial isolates and load may have contaminated the water from the environment. These microbes found in the drinking water sources are known to cause several diseases conditions. The paper suggests drinking water sources should be properly treated prior to consumption using appropriate method; so as to reduce the occurrence of waterborne disease
Study of Some Analogue of Currently Cilinically used Pyrazinamide Compounds
Full text linkThere has been considerable interest in the development of new compounds with anti mycobacterial activity particularly against multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) because mycobacterium species have developed resistant against currently used drugs. The currently use anti-TB agents having toxic effect and long period of therapy. Therefore, many researchers have synthesized various analougues of currently used anti-TB agents for antiTB activity. These observations have been guiding for the development of new agents that possess potent antiTB activity with minimum side effects or effective against MDR, XDR mycobacterium, and also in patient co-infected with HIV/AIDS