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La filosofia de Panecio de Rodas visitada desde la teoria de las cuatro personas
No full textThis article reviews select aspects of Panaetius’ philosophy in order to revisit certain propositions that were circulating and were accepted by many Romans in and around the 2nd century BC. Orienting this study is the theory of the four personae, traditionally attributed to Panaetius. This review will first show that the different theoretical elements of the Stoic philosophical system illuminate each other because they are interconnected and interdependent; and, second, it will lend further arguments in favour of ascribing the theory of the four personae to PanaetiusEste trabajo tiene el objetivo de pasar revista a algunos aspectos de la filosofía de Panecio con el fin de revisitar aquellas propuestas que en su momento fueron escuchadas y aceptadas por muchos romanos en el siglo II a.C. La brújula para hacer esa revisión será la teoría de las cuatro personas, la cual es usualmente atribuida a Panecio por los especialistas quienes siguen principalmente una costumbre o tradición. Esta revisión tendrá dos consecuencias. Primero mostrará algo sostenido por los estoicos, a saber, que los diferentes elementos teóricos de su sistema filosófico se pueden iluminar mutuamente por estar interconectados y ser interdependientes. Y segundo, ayudará a sostener que la teoría de las cuatro personas es de autoría de Panecio.Cet article a pour objectif de passer en revue certains aspects de la philosophie de Panétios afin de revisiter les propositions qui, à leur époque, ont été écoutées et acceptées par de nombreux Romains au IIe siècle av. J.-C. Le fil conducteur de cette relecture sera la théorie des quatre personae, généralement attribuée à Panétios par les spécialistes qui suivent principalement une coutume ou une tradition. Cette révision aura deux conséquences. Premièrement, elle montrera une idée défendue par les Stoïciens, à savoir que les différents éléments théoriques de leur système philosophique peuvent s’éclairer mutuellement car ils sont interconnectés et interdépendants. Deuxièmement, elle contribuera à soutenir que la théorie des quatre personae est l’oeuvre de Panétios.Questo articolo ha lo scopo di passare in rassegna alcuni aspetti della filosofia di Panezio al fine di riesaminare quelle proposte che all’epoca furono ascoltate e accettate da molti romani nel II secolo a.C. La bussola per effettuare tale revisione sarà la teoria delle quattro persone, che è solitamente attribuita a Panezio dagli studiosi che seguono principalmente una consuetudine o tradizione. Questa revisione avrà due conseguenze. In primo luogo, mostrerà un aspetto sostenuto dagli stoici, ovvero che i diversi elementi teorici del loro sistema filosofico possono illuminarsi a vicenda perché sono interconnessi e interdipendenti. In secondo luogo, contribuirà a sostenere che la teoria delle quattro persone è opera di Panezio
Recensione di Andree Hahmann, Michael Vasquez (eds.), Cicero as Philosopher. New Perspectives on His Philosophy and Its Legacy
No full textReview of Andree Hahmann, Michael Vasquez (eds.), Cicero as Philosopher. New Perspectives on His Philosophy and Its Legacy, De Gruyter, Berlin-Boston 2025, 412 pp., ISBN 9783111591179Compte-rendu de Andree Hahmann, Michael Vasquez (eds.), Cicero as Philosopher. New Perspectives on His Philosophy and Its Legacy, De Gruyter, Berlin-Boston 2025, 412 pp., ISBN 9783111591179Recensione di Andree Hahmann, Michael Vasquez (eds.), Cicero as Philosopher. New Perspectives on His Philosophy and Its Legacy, De Gruyter, Berlin-Boston 2025, 412 pp., ISBN 978311159117
Recensione di Francesca K. A. Martelli, Souvenirs of Cicero. Shaping Memory in the Epistulae ad Familiares
No full textReview of Francesca K. A. Martelli, Souvenirs of Cicero. Shaping Memory in the Epistulae ad Familiares, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2024, 256 pp., ISBN 9780197761960Compte-rendu de Francesca K. A. Martelli, Souvenirs of Cicero. Shaping Memory in the Epistulae ad Familiares, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2024, 256 pp., ISBN 9780197761960.Recensione di Francesca K. A. Martelli, Souvenirs of Cicero. Shaping Memory in the Epistulae ad Familiares, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2024, 256 pp., ISBN 978019776196
Recensione di Anna A. Novokhatko, A Guide to Classics and Cognitive Studies. Reviewing Findings and Results
No full textReview of Anna A. Novokhatko, A Guide to Classics and Cognitive Studies. Reviewing Findings and Results, De Gruyter, Berlin-Boston 2025, 209 pp., ISBN 9783111576961Compte-rendu de Anna A. Novokhatko, A Guide to Classics and Cognitive Studies. Reviewing Findings and Results, De Gruyter, Berlin-Boston 2025, 209 pp., ISBN 9783111576961Recensione di Anna A. Novokhatko, A Guide to Classics and Cognitive Studies. Reviewing Findings and Results, De Gruyter, Berlin-Boston 2025, 209 pp., ISBN 978311157696
Language Revival or Language Construction? A Discussion in Support of the Normannique Language Revival
No full textThe aim of this paper is to show that constructed languages provide rele-vant methods for the reconstruction and revitalization of natural languages. Iuse the example of Normannique, a reconstructed Scandinavian language de-rived from remnants of Old Norse found in Normandy’s place names (France)and currently the focus of a modest revitalization program. Since August2024, this language has had a website with resources (normannique.org) anda youtube channel featuring 114 subscribers (youtube.com/@normannique).First, I address the difference between constructed and natural languages.I argue that the languages classified in these categories sometimes have thesame degree of arbitrariness. It is therefore not so much the arbitrary aspectof language planning as the population’s attitude towards the language thatdefines its classification as a constructed or natural language. In a secondstep, I show that the arbitrary nature of language planning can lead to a po-sitive attitude among the population when it fulfils a function aimed in par-ticular at improving the feasibility of a revitalization process. Thus, despitebeing classified as natural, revived languages are not always distinguishablein practice from constructed languages. Finally, I show that conventional me-thods of linguistics, unlike the planning methods developed for constructedlanguages, struggle to take this feasibility criterion into account. I proposean example of a mixed method, which I illustrate using the Normanniquelanguage revival as an example
Usages and Translations of the Italian "tanto" in Spoken Language
No full textThis paper explores the meanings, usages in context and translations into English of several tanto constructions (e.g., tanto meno, tanto poi, così tanto che, perché tanto, tanto è vero, etc.). The phrasemes are searched for in a spoken Italian corpus, where frequencies, meanings and usages in context are accounted for and discussed. Translation options are then retrieved from Italian-English parallel corpora, where also occurrences and meanings are taken into consideration. Such translations are corroborated or challenged by consulting spoken American and spoken British English corpora. Relative frequencies, pragmatic meanings, and usages are compared across all corpora. The findings reveal that several translations of the tanto constructions are retrieved from the spoken American English corpus; some others are obtained from the British English corpus. Conversely, the parallel corpora sporadically give rise to infrequent or unnatural language samples, especially as far as idiomatic expressions are concerned. Hence, the paper findings bring to the fore different patterns and pragmatic meanings of the source and target expressions. In particular, the tanto expressions, their translations, frequencies, and language patterning may greatly differ in terms of content and context
Constraints on the Art and Craft of Constructing Languages: Lessons Learnt from Classic Interlinguistics
No full textIn the 21st century, constructed languages started to be normalized as an object of scientific study. Their construction has become increasingly popular thanks to the spread of the internet and, therefore, the availability of linguistic resources from the most ‘exotic’ human languages. The practice of constructing languages (in brief, conlanging) is often made by non-professional linguists with much enthusiasm and anecdotal experience but without a solid linguistic ground. Interlinguistics may be divided into four periods (prehistorical, classic, modern, postmodern), where conlanging is the postmodern part. From its history, contemporary conlangers can profit from the errors and successes of their predecessors of classic Interlinguistics. This period started with the publication of Volapük (1879) until the release by IALA of Interlingua (1951). Its protagonists were mainly involved in the quest for the optimal International Auxiliary Language (IAL); nonetheless, their lessons are still valid
The musk deer and its musk in classical Indian literature
No full textThe musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster Hodgson) is a small hornless animal, only 40–60 cm high. It lives in the Himalayas and Tibet between 2100 and 3300 m. The caudal musk gland of the adult male provides the famous aromatic black substance known as musk which is traditionally much used in perfumery.
After a short introduction about the animal and its habits, its role in Indian classical literature is discussed. It is missing in the Veda and epics (except one short mention in the Mahābhārata), but since the early first millennium it it rather often mentioned. It is variously called karāla, kastūrīmṛga, and mṛganābhi. Part of the accounts are rather fanciful.
The second part of the article concentrates on musk itself, Sankrit kastūrikā, also mṛgamada and kuraṅgamada. It was variously used perfuming the body, clothes, and even as a condiment added to drinks. Physicians mixed it in various medicines.
Finally, the role of musk in ancient international trade is discussed. In the Graeco-Roman world it became known in the fourth and fifth century and later on it was also much appreciated in the Islamic world. Its name, Greek μόσχος, Latin muscus, is probably borrowed from Persian (Middle and New Persian mušk ‘musk’) as muṣka in Sanskrit means ‘testicle.’ However, it seems that also in India the musk gland was occasionally confused with testicles
Nourishing the body and food for soul: The role of animals in the South Asian Sufi environment
No full textThis article investigates some aspects concerning the consumption of meat for food in Islam in general and in the South Asian cultural environment in particular. Starting out from a look at the primary sources of authority in Islam, i.e. the Koran and the prophetic Traditions (hadith), concerning legal prescriptions with regard to feeding on meat, the focus moves on to describe how muslims, especially Sufis, in the Indian subcontinent have adapted to the local culture and developed a particular attitude towards eating or refraining from eating meat in their daily diet and/or in the specific circumstances of their initiatory discipline. It argues in favor of a common stance among practitioners in different spiritual traditions, thereby creating a common understanding and attitude characteristic of the multi-cultural environment of India and Pakistan
From the bellowing cow to the cow’s soul: Remarks on the Old Indo-Āryan and Old Iranian animal sacrifice
No full textThis paper aims to draw parallels between the ancient Iranian or Avestan culture and the ancient Indo-Āryan or Vedic Sanskrit culture as regards animal sacrifices. As is well known, these two cultures share an ancient common cultural basin, that is the so-called Indo-Iranian culture located at least within the Andronovo cultural complex, during the Bronze Age, and within the Bactria-Margiana Acheological Complex (BMAC) in the first half of the second millennium BCE. However, the Iranian culture which we know from the Avestan textual corpus developed especially on the Iranian plateau, at least from the ninth century BCE onwards, whereas the Old Indo-Āryan culture we know from the Vedic textual corpus developed in the North-Western area of the Indian subcontinent, that is between Afghanistan and Pakistan earlier (1500-1300 BCE), and later in the area corresponding to today’s eastern Panjab, and Uttar Pradesh (1300-900 BCE). Therefore, despite a common cultural background, for centuries the Avestan and Vedic cultures developed independently of each other, each with its own characteristics. As regards the so-called ‘sacrifice,’ known as yasna in Old Iranian and yajña in Old Indo-Āryan, and in light of the afore-mentioned historical premise, there are nevertheless peculiar parallels that are anything but mere cultural coincidences, nor the mere remnants of an ancient Indo-Iranian cultural unit, but the result of the development of a common cultural heritage under similar historical conditions, despite the peculiarities of each culture. This article aims to highlight such developments, especially in relation to the performance of the animal sacrifice