Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute
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Defining journalistic autonomy in the wake of disinformation in Spain
No full textThis article is part of the issue “Electoral Communication: European Elections in Times of (Poly)Crises” edited by Adriana Ștefănel (University of Bucharest) and Maria Romana Allegri (Sapienza University of Roma), fully open access at https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.i497This article analyses the escalating tensions between political actors and the media in Spain, focusing on how structural weaknesses in the journalistic field facilitate the internalisation of disinformation and political polarisation. Using field theory and qualitative data from interviews with journalists, regulators, and media professionals, the study explores how Spain’s deregulated, economically precarious, and structurally fragmented media environment undermines journalistic autonomy. Recent challenges to media legitimacy illustrate declining professional standards, insufficient self‐regulation, and the blurred boundaries of journalistic identity. The analysis challenges the view that the prevalence of disinformation is mainly a byproduct of political polarisation, arguing instead that low institutional autonomy has made Spanish journalism structurally vulnerable to post‐truth dynamics. The article concludes that Spain’s regulatory model, while formally protecting press freedom, lacks the internal governance mechanisms needed to uphold professional ethics and ultimately professional authority. As the European Media Freedom Act promises regulatory change, the article calls for renewed public and professional debate on journalistic standards, legitimacy, and the democratic role of the press in the face of mounting epistemic and institutional crise
El norte de Birecik (Sureste de Turquía) durante el Bronce Medio. Los reinos de Uršu y Mamma en la ruta del Asirio Antiguo durante Kultepe Ib
No full textMiddle‑Upper Euphrates region, which connects with the Abarsal problem, more typical of the EB III/IV period
in the same area.
The Uršu (Ur‑šu) kingdom, cited in Ur III texts as an important kingdom, is traditionally placed in Samsat Höyük,
Kazane Höyük, and in the Gaziantep area, on the right bank of the river. That is, it is located within a 40‑50 km
stretch around the middle Euphrates, from Carchemish to further north. Right in the middle lies the pass between
Tilbes and Zeugma, where theories suggest there were two cities along the Anatolian route on either
bank: Abrum on the left bank and Zaqaria (Zuqarru).
The point about Kazane Höyük is that this site is associated with both Uršu and Abarsal, as well as the Amorite
leader Shamshi‑Adad (c. 1808‑1776 BC), who is thought to have conquered the area sometime during the Middle
Bronze Age (MB).
Materials from MB I and MB II north of Birecik modern town (in special two cylinder seals found at Tilbes Höyük)
do provide evidence of a link with the caravan route and its possible connection with the kingdom of Uršu
and specially the kingdom of Mamma, and suggest the hypothesis that Tilbes Höyük was a wabartum during
Kultepe Ib. The occupation of Tilbes Hoyuk during the Middle Bronze Age appears to be long‑lasting, but it is
interrupted before the Late Bronze Age, with no occupation until an early period of the Achaemenid presence
in the region, during the Late Iron Age.
One of the seals from Tilbes Höyük is anepigraphic and could well date between 19th and early 17th centuries BC,
connected to the karum of Kultepe, due to its style, and therefore prior to the time of Shamshi‑Adad I. The other
seal bears an inscription with Middle Babylonian ductus, characteristic of a period after the disappearance of
Shamshi‑Adad, that is, between the mid‑18th and 17th centuries BC, and characteristic of a Middle Bronze II contextEl reino de Uršu es una de las cuestiones arqueológicas más destacadas de la Edad del Bronce Medio I‑II en la
región del Éufrates Medio-Alto, que conecta con el problema de Abarsal, más propio del Bronce Antiguo III/IV
en la misma zona.
El reino de Uršu (Ur-šu), citado en los textos de Ur III como un reino importante, se ha ubicado en Samsat Höyük,
Kazane Höyük y, tradicionalmente, en la zona de Gaziantep, en la margen derecha del río. Es decir, se encuentra
en un tramo de 40 a 50 km alrededor del Éufrates Medio, desde Carchemish hacia el norte. Justo en medio
se encuentra el paso entre Tilbes y Zeugma, donde las teorías sugieren que había dos ciudades a lo largo
de la ruta de Anatolia, a cada orilla: Abrum, en la margen izquierda, y Zaqaria (Zuqarru).
La cuestión de Kazane Höyük reside en que este yacimiento está asociado tanto con Uršu como con Abarsal,
así como con el líder amorreo Shamshi-Adad (c. 1808-1776 a. C.), quien se cree que conquistó la zona durante
el Bronce Medio.
Materiales del Bronce Medio I y II al norte de la ciudad moderna de Birecik (en especial dos sellos cilíndros hallados
en Tilbes Hoyuk) sí evidencian un vínculo con la ruta de caravanas y su posible conexión con el reino de
Uršu y en particular con el reino de Mamma, lo que sugiere la hipótesis de que Tilbes Höyük fue un wabartum
durante Kultepe Ib. La ocupación de Tilbes Höyük durante la Edad del Bronce Medio parece ser duradera, pero
se interrumpe antes del Bronce Final, sin ocupación hasta una fase temprana de la presencia aqueménida
en la región, durante la Edad del Hierro Final.
Uno de los sellos de Tilbes Höyük es anepigráfico y bien podría datar entre los siglos XIX y principios del XVII a. C.,
vinculado al karum de Kultepe debido a su estilo y, por lo tanto, anterior a la época de Shamshi-Adad I. El otro
sello presenta una inscripción con un ductus babilónico medio, característico de un período posterior a la desaparición
de Shamshi-Adad, es decir, entre mediados de los siglos XVIII y XVII a. C., y característico de un contexto
del Bronce Medio I
Calcutta ou la cartographie mémorielle de l’entre-deux
No full textLauréate des prix des renoms, Shumona Sinha s’est fait une place de choix dans
le panorama littéraire de l’extrême contemporain. Sa plume engagée représente
l’enjeu phare d’un édifice romanesque où l’auteure imbrique l’expérience vécue
et la fiction, et Calcutta en est un exemple. En effet, Sinha illustre au fil des
pages une cartographie mémorielle créée par les éclats de vie d’ici et d’ailleurs
qui composent sa mosaïque identitaire, et ce depuis les réminiscences de son
enfance. Ce retour aux sources littéraire met également en lumière la question
des origines et de la quête identitaire d’une auteure qui née en Inde s’est installée
en France et est devenue l’un des exemples emblématiques d’un corpus d’écrivains
qui, appartenant aux xénographies féminines, dessinent le surgissement
d’un nouveau paradigme littéraire transnational dans la France d’aujourd’huiCe travail s’inscrit dans le cadre des objectifs du projet de recherche I+D+i
« Voces de mujer en las xenografías francófonas de l’extrême contemporain »
(SP3/PJI/2021-00521) financé par la Communauté de Madrid et l’Université
Autónoma de Madri
A mixed monarchy. Nations, marriage strategies and political society in the monarchy of Spain (16th-18th centuries)
No full textEl presente monográfico tiene por objetivo indagar en el impacto de la mezcla de
naciones en la configuración de la sociedad política de la monarquía de España. Se trata
de comprender la naturaleza mezclada de los grupos dirigentes en los distintos reinos de
la Monarquía en Europa y América. ¿Cómo fue el proceso de mezcla de naciones en las
oligarquías regnícolas? ¿Qué factores la favorecían o dificultaban? ¿Qué oportunidades
y derechos adquirían las nuevas élites mezcladas? ¿Cómo se presentaban a nivel
simbólico estos grupos que aunaban una pluralidad de naturalezas? ¿Existieron
diferencias en dichas mezclas y en los pactos entre naciones de los diferentes reinos y
culturas políticas de la Monarquía? En el monográfico se profundizará sobre estas
dimensiones y su proyección en el gobierno de la monarquía de España entre mediados
del siglo XVI y mediados del siglo XVIIIThe aim of this monograph is to investigate the impact that the mixing of nations had on
the configuration of the political society within the Spanish monarchy. The aim is to
understand the mixed nature of the ruling groups in the different kingdoms of the
Monarchy in Europe and America. What was the process of mixing nations in the royal oligarchies? What factors favoured or hindered it? What opportunities and rights did the
new mixed elites acquire? How did these groups that brought together a plurality of
natures present themselves symbolically? Were there differences among these mixtures
and among the pacts held between nations within the different kingdoms and political
cultures of the Monarchy? This monograph will examine these dimensions and their
projection in the government of the Spanish monarchy between the mid-sixteenth and
mid-eighteenth centurie
Trans memories: gender, orientalism, anarchism and Islam in Isabelle Eberhardt and Leda Rafanelli
No full textEl objetivo de este trabajo es problematizar el anarquismo transnacional de finales
del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX –estudiado principalmente desde un prima
masculino y occidental– con el fin de priorizar una mirada de género y poscolonial.
Para ello, indagamos en la vida y la obra de dos intelectuales anarquistas europeas: la
sueca Isabelle Eberhardt (1877-1904) y la italiana Leda Rafanelli (1880-1971). Ambas
escritoras recorrieron diversas geografías del sur del Mediterráneo y plasmaron estas
experiencias en sus memorias y escritos. En aquellos reflejaron sus inquietudes respecto
a la injusticia social, el colonialismo, el Islam, el anarquismo y el género, cuestiones
en las que mostraron posiciones, en ocasiones, ambivalentes. Nuestro objetivo
es realizar un estudio prosopográfico y literario a través de la lectura de sus memorias
y obras literarias. Concretamente, Diarios de una nómada apasionada (Eberhardt 2018
[1923]), País de arena. Relatos argelinos (Eberhardt, 1989 [1914]), Memorie d’una chiromante
(Rafanelli, 2010) y L’Oasi: Romanzo arabo (Rafanelli 2017). Todo ello con el fin de entender las intersecciones entre anarquismo, islam, orientalismo y género durante
la pasada centuria, en lo que consideramos como un recorrido trans, tanto en lo
narrativo –la idea de que sus memorias están entre la ficción y la autobiografía –como
lo transnacional– por sus periplos por el Mediterráneo, y su mirada fluida y transfronteriza
en su posicionamiento ideológico, anarquista y libertario– y, finalmente, respecto
a su relación con la religión y las cuestiones de género que permean sus trayectorias
vitales y su obra literariaThe aim of this article is to problematize the transnational anarchism of the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries – studied mainly from the masculine and Western
perspective – in order to prioritize a gendered and postcolonial gaze. To that end, we
delve into the life and work of two European anarchist intellectuals: the Swedish Isabelle
Eberhardt (1877-1904) and the Italian Leda Rafanelli (1880-1971). Both writers
travelled through various geographies of the southern Mediterranean and captured
these experiences in their memoirs and writings. In their memoirs and writings they
reflected their concerns about social injustice, colonialism, Islam, anarchism and gender,
issues on which they sometimes took ambivalent positions. Through the reading
of their memoirs and literary works, namely Diaries of a Passionate Nomad (Eberhardt
2018 [1923]), Country of Sand. Algerian stories (Eberhardt, 1989 [1914]), Memorie
d’una chiromante (Rafanelli, 2010) and L’Oasi: Romanzo arabo (Rafanelli 2017), our
aim is to conduct a prosoprographical and literary study to understand the intersections
between anarchism, Islam, Orientalism and gender during the past century,
in what we consider to be a trans journey, both in the narrative sense –where their
memoirs blur the lines between fiction and autobiography– transnational –due to
their travels across the Mediterranean– and in their fluid, cross-border perspective on
ideological, anarchist, and libertarian positions. This also applies to their relationship
with religion and gender issues, which deeply permeate both their life trajectories and
literary workEste trabajo se ha llevado a cabo en el marco del Proyecto de investigación
«Conceptos emancipadores en el Mediterráneo – Memorias, traducción y
tránsito en su diacronía CONEMED» (PID2022-142438NA-I00), financiado por el
programa Generación del Conocimiento de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación del
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovació
Quaternized phthalocyanines as a tool against melanoma and a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi
No full textPhotodynamic therapy can be a powerful tool to combat two of the greatest challenges of 21st-century medicine – antibiotic-resistant infections and cancer. Each of these factors claims millions of human lives annually. In the presented study, a wide variety of cationic phthalocyanines was tested against selected pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans. The compounds used in this study, which are functionalized with pyridyloxy substituents and in some cases bear bulky substituents (tert-butylphenyl or pyrenyl moieties) at the 5th position of the pyridyloxy ring, proved to be remarkably effective against all pathogens, allowing for a reduction in the number of microorganisms between 1.4 and 5.6 logs. Additionally, coaction with the commonly used antibiotic – doxycycline – was achieved in in vitro studies. The effectiveness of these macrocycles was also evaluated against melanoma cells (MICH2), showing a significant reduction in melanoma cell viability up to 85 %. Therefore, the investigated compounds can be considered as promising photosensitizers in modern photodynamic therapyThe research was funded by the FENG.02.02-IP.05-0257/23 grant from the Foundation for Polish Science, co-financed by the European Union funds under the European Funds for Smart Economy 2021-2027 (FENG). EAP acknowledges funding from the Research Council of Finland, project 341057. T.T. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/ PRTR (PID2020-116490GB-I00, MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 / FEDER, UE (PID2023-151167NB-I00), the Comunidad de Madrid and the Spanish State through the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan [“Materiales Disruptivos Bidimensionales (2D)” (MAD2D-CM) (UAM1)-MRR Materiales Avanzados], and the European Union through the Next Generation EU funds. IMDEA Nanociencia is appreciative of support from the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (CEX2020-001039-S). T. T. also acknowledges the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany) for the A. v. Humboldt - J. C. Mutis Research Award 2023 (Ref 3.3 - 1231125 - ESP-GSA
The carbon footprint of Antarctic tourism: an update of carbon emissions based on satellite Automatic Identification System (AIS) data
No full textCruise and aircraft operations constitute the primary transportationmodes for accessing Antarctica, and both are highly carbon-intensive.Since the first carbon calculations, the number of tourists hasincreased twentyfold; routes have expanded further south, involv-ing different modalities, activities, and itineraries. This study pres-ents an assessment and discussion of the carbon footprint ofAntarctic tourism based on a comprehensive methodology for cal-culating emissions. We used satellite data to reconstruct vessel itin-eraries, gathered individual vessels’ engine specifications, andintegrated multiple databases to improve accuracy. We analyzedemissions for four tourism modalities, also incorporating their corre-sponding aircraft emissions. We found that the Cruise-only modalityhas the lowest emissions, while the Seaborne Ross Sea & Continentmodality has the highest emissions per capita. Despite introducingmore efficient fuels and the near-total renovation of the Antarcticfleet, emissions have not decreased significantly. This may beattributed to extended journeys and a higher frequency of trips.The significant carbon footprint of Antarctic tourism poses a chal-lenge in the context of the global climate crisis, influencing percep-tions of the industry’s environmental image. We expect that thisresearch will contribute to debates on how to manage growth anddiversification of tourism if the aim is Antarctica’s conservationThis work was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Grantnumber NWA.1435.20.00
Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) reared on conventional and emerging agri-food by-products: the case of olive leaves, olive pomace, and quinoa husk
No full textBlack soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is one of the most popular edible insects authorized for feed and an excellent
bioconversor of agri-food by-products. Thus, the ability of BSFL to valorize by-products from olive oil production
(olive leaves, OL, or full-fat dry olive pomace, OP) and quinoa husk (QH) is explored.
OL up to 15 %, and OP or QH up to 50 %, allowed successful bioconversion of by-products, with larvae
performance comparable to control. These levels did not affect protein, lipid or ash content, though chitin
increased. Mainly OP feeding resulted in more unsaturated lipids of BSFL, with lauric acid decreasing from 43 %
in control larvae to 23 % in OP50 and 2.5 % in OP90, while oleic acid rose as the major one to 32 % and 55 %,
respectively. However, higher inclusion of OL (>15 %) and OP (>50 %) reduced protein and ash contents,
increasing lipids and chitin. QH-fed larvae showed similar composition to control. Correlation analysis suggested
that unbalanced diets at high levels of OL and OP influenced the results. Diets rich in carbohydrates and proteins
also correlated with the saturated profile of BSFL, while high lipids and fiber led to more unsaturated ones,
particularly with OP.
Therefore, BSFL can successfully valorise olive-oil and quinoa by-products when used at limited levels,
maintaining similar nutritive composition of the larvae but improving their fatty acid profileThis research is part of the ENTOMOTIVE project PID2022–136238OB-I00, funded by MICIU/AEI/ 10.13039/ 501,100,011,033/ and by ERDF/EU. We acknowledge the assistance of Diego Martín-Hernández and Raúl Hurtado-Ribeira in the preparation of the experimental substrates. We also express our gratitude to Entomo Agroindustrial for performing the feeding assays of the larvae, and to Natac Biotech, Troil Vegas Altas, and Naturquinoa for supplying the experimental by-produc
Search for pair production of heavy particles decaying to a top quark and a gluon in the lepton+jets final state in proton–proton collisions at √s=13TeV
No full text“Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores. Solo se referencia el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM”A search is presented for the pair production of new heavy resonances, each decaying into a top quark (t) or antiquark and a gluon (g). The analysis uses data recorded with the CMS detector from proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138fb-1. Events with one muon or electron, multiple jets, and missing transverse momentum are selected. After using a deep neural network to enrich the data sample with signal-like events, distributions in the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of all reconstructed objects are analyzed in the search for a signal. No significant deviations from the standard model prediction are found. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the product of cross section and branching fraction squared for the pair production of excited top quarks in the t∗→tg decay channel. The upper limits range from 120 to 0.8fb for a t∗with spin-1/2 and from 15 to 1.0fb for a t∗with spin-3/2. These correspond to mass exclusion limits up to 1050 and 1700GeV for spin-1/2 and spin-3/2 t∗particles, respectively. These are the most stringent limits to date on the existence of t∗→tg resonancesIndividuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture (FRIABelgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the “Excellence of Science – EOS” – be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR-22-985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), among others, under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 “Quantum Universe” – 390833306, and under project number 400140256 -GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program - ÚNKP, the NKFIH research grants K131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K146914,K147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC – National Research Cemter for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR – Future Artificial Intelligence Research, funded by the NextGenerationEU program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; theMinistry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF “a way of making Europe”, and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources&InstitutionalDevelopment, Research and Innovation, grant B39G670016 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-
1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA
Crossover frequencies in spermatocytes of Robertsonian homozygotes and heterozygotes of Mus musculus domesticus
No full textCrossovers (COs) generate genetic diversity and proper homologous chromosome segregation during meiosis. Mus musculus domesticus, with a diploid number of 2n=40, has 19 autosomal pairs plus one sex chromosome pair all of which are telocentric chromosomes. Frequently exhibits Robertsonian fusions (Rb), which create natural populations with reduced chromosome numbers according to the Rb chromosomes. We examined the number and distribution of COs in spermatocytes from standard homozygous 2n=40 individuals, compared to homozygous Rb 2n=24 and heterozygous Rb 2n=32 individuals carrying 8 trivalents. Spermatocyte nuclear spreads from homozygous and heterozygous were prepared, and immunocytochemistry was used to detect the MLH1 protein for crossover (CO) and the SYCP3 protein for synaptonemal complexes in bivalents or trivalents. We observed an average of 26 ± 2.1 COs in 2n=40, 20.1 ± 1.6 COs in 2n=24, and an intermediate value of 22.4 ± 2.0 COs in 2n=32 spermatocytes. The lower frequency of COs in 2n=24 and 2n=32 spermatocytes compared to 2n=40 may be due to interference from the pericentromeric heterochromatin present in the Rb bivalent or trivalent chromosomes. Additionally, we suggest that the spatial positioning and interactions of these derivative chromosomes in the nucleus could help explain the differences in COs between 2n=24, 2n=32, and 2n=40 spermatocyte