Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute
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Unprecedented “off-pathway” [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction between an unsymmetric alkyne and tetracyanoquinodimethane
No full textThe dataset that supports the findings of this study are archived in the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid data repository e‐cienciaDatos in https://doi.org/10.21950/6HATNCIn recent years, the [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) reaction between electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes has emerged as one of the most effective synthetic routes to prepare a large variety of molecular and polymeric electron donor–acceptor systems. Besides its simplicity, fast rate, and high yield, this reaction may also display complete and predictable regioselectivity, as in the case when tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is used in combination with unsymmetric, activated alkynes. Here, we report the first example of a [2+2] CA-RE reaction between TCNQ and an aniline-activated alkyne following an “inverted” regiochemistry, thus leading to the exclusive formation of an unexpected regioisomer in contrast to the expected one. A combined experimental and theoretical study helped us to unravel the peculiar reaction mechanism underlying the regioselectivity switchingT.T. and G. Bottari acknowledge financial support from the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (PID2020-116490GB-I00, TED2021-131255B-C43), MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE (PID2023-151167NB-I00), the Comunidad de Madrid and the Spanish State through the Recovery, Transformation, and Resilience Plan [“Materiales Disruptivos Bidimensionales (2D)” (MAD2D-CM) (UAM1)-MRR Materiales Avanzados], and the European Union through the Next Generation EU funds. G. Brancato acknowledges financial support from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR), funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU – Project AquaGreen – CUP E53D23015550001. IMDEA Nanociencia is appreciative of support from the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (CEX2020-001039-S
GPT on the wire: Towards realistic network traffic conversations generated with large language models
No full textRealistic network traffic generation is essential for evaluating the performance, security, and scalability of modern communication systems. Traditional methods, such as traffic replay systems and statistical models, while useful, often fall short in capturing the complexity and variability of real-world network scenarios. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, have introduced new approaches to synthetic traffic generation. This paper presents a novel architecture using OpenAI's GPT-3.5 Turbo to generate synthetic network traffic, with a focus on creating multi-protocol conversations that are indistinguishable from real-world interactions. Through fine-tuning and prompt engineering, the proposed system successfully generates packet- and conversation-level network traffic for ICMP, ARP, DNS, TCP and HTTP protocols. Additionally, by integrating a Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture, this model simulates real-world network conversations with high accuracy, being able to generate a conversation combining ARP, DNS, TCP and HTTP without packet or protocol errors. The results show how the application of LLMs in network traffic generation improves realism and adaptability, establishing this approach as a valuable tool for future security testing and network performance evaluation. In addition, the proposed methodology is easily adaptable to other LLMs available both through APIs and to be downloaded and executed on your own computerThis work was supported in part by the Spanish Research Agency under the project AgileMon (AEI PID2019-104451RB-C21), by the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain under the project RAMONES-CM (TEC2024/COM-504) and by the Comunidad de Madrid and the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid under the project LINO (SI4/PJI/2024-00221
How the EU Counters Disinformation: Journalistic and Regulatory Responses
No full textSocial media companies have strengthened their power—both discursive and political—during the last decade, a process that has disrupted the public spheres, contributing to shaping the way in which public discourse unfolds. In this process, it has empowered anti-democratic domestic and foreign actors, and challenged the business model of traditional media companies, substantially changing journalistic practices. This process has led policy-makers across the world, but more specifically in the EU, to conceive of disinformation as a “problem” (sometimes even a “threat to democracy”) that needs to be “solved.” The thematic issue critically contributes to the increasing literature on the topic by opening avenues that reorient the debate towards the relationship between Big Tech regulation, disinformation, journalism, politics, and democracy in the EU contextThe article is part of the Horizon Europe research project Reclaiming Liberal Democracy in Europe (RECLAIM, Grant agreement: 101061330), funded by the European Union, addressing the implications of the challenge of post‐truth politics for the future of liberal democracy in Europe; and the Jean Monnet action Future of Europe Communication in times of Pandemic Disinformation (FUTEUDISPAN, Ref: 101083334‐JMO‐2022‐CHAIR). Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Moreover, this study is also part of the 2022 call for “Knowledge generation projects” of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Project reference: PID2022–142755OB‐I00
Transformación de la Educación Inicial como aporte para la Justicia Social
Get PDFTesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Formación del Profesorado y Educación, Departamento de Pedagogía. Fecha de Lectura: 08-04-2025El presente estudio sitúa a la educación inicial como el espacio propicio para promover la justicia social. Mediante la revisión profunda de las investigaciones que abordan sus dimensiones tales como la redistribución, el reconocimiento y la participación se traza el camino de la presente tesis doctoral, la que avanza en la búsqueda de una educación más equitativa, democrática y crítica desde la infancia más temprana. Todo ello con la convicción de que su impacto es favorable no solo en los niños y las niñas, sino que, en las comunidades educativas y la sociedad en su conjunto. Es un estudio cualitativo que utiliza entrevistas semi estructuradas a las profesionales y técnicas de la educación inicial para el levantamiento del trabajo de campo y realiza su análisis en torno a categorías. Luego de un análisis exhaustivo de la información recopilada, se evidencia que la educación inicial promueve la equidad, poniendo el foco en la inclusión y en poblaciones más vulnerables aunque requiere de una mejora en las condiciones estructurales, además favorece la participación democrática de los equipos de aula, familias e infancias y precisa un fortalecimiento de una pedagogía crítica que permita un actuar consciente sobre las implementación curricular y el acompañamiento de los procesos pedagógicos, más allá de la descripción de los hechos y las demandas propias del sistema educativo. Todo lo anterior contribuye sustantivamente a un construir una educación inicial para la justicia socia
SS scoring system validity
No full textObjective To assess the construct validity of the novel Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) ultrasound (US) semiquantitative scoring system for morphological lesions in major salivary glands by comparing it with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and unstimulated whole salivary flow rates (U-WSFRs) in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS).
Methods Nine sonographers applied the OMERACT 0-3 grayscale scoring system for parotid (PGs) and submandibular glands (SMGs) in 11 patients with pSS who also had MRIs performed. These were evaluated by 2 radiologists using a semiquantitative 0-3 scoring system for morphological lesions. The agreement between US and MRI and the association between U-WSFRs and imaging structural lesions was determined. A score ≥ 2 for both US and MRI was defined as gland pathology.
Results The prevalence of US morphological lesions in 11 patients with a score ≥ 2 was 58% for PGs and 76% for SMGs, and 46% and 41% for PGs and SMGs, respectively, for MRI. The agreement between OMERACT US scores and MRI scores was 73-91% (median 82%) in the right PG and 73-91% (median 91%) in the left PG, 55-91% (median 55%) in the right SMG and 55-82% (median 55%) in the left SMG. When relations between the presence of hyposalivation and an US score ≥ 2 were examined, agreement was 91-100% (median 83%) in both PGs and 55-91% (median 67%) in both SMGs.
Conclusion There is moderate to strong agreement between the OMERACT US and MRI scores for major salivary glands in patients with pSS. Similar agreement ratios were observed between the higher OMERACT US scores and presence of hyposalivatio
Ancient Dance through the camera. Fin de Siècle between academic research and choreographic practice
No full textLas bailarinas Isadora Duncan y Loïe Fuller o el académico Maurice Emmanuel son
algunas de las figuras que, a finales del siglo XIX, deciden volver sus miradas hacia la danza
griega, bien como objeto de investigación, bien como inspiración en sus coreografías. A partir del
movimiento capturado en imágenes vasculares, bajorrelieves o en los velos de las esculturas de
Tanagra, tratan de poner de nuevo en acción estas figuras, buscando —o rechazando— reconstruir
cómo habría sido la danza. Estos tres casos comparten, además, un aspecto fundamental, los
vínculos que establecen con el mundo antiguo están mediados a través de las nuevas técnicas de
la imagen propias de la modernidad: la cronofotografía, la fotografía y el cine. En este contexto, la
confluencia entre la cámara y la danza genera usos específicos de la imagen, además de suponer
un gran cambio para el medio dancístico, pues permite fijar el movimiento y las coreografías
en el tiempo. Estos usos responden a reflexiones en torno al movimiento y el hieratismo, pero
también a cuestiones raciales y de construcción de modelos femeninos contrahegemónicos. En
definitiva, este trabajo busca escudriñar los temas mencionados, tratando de comprender de qué
manera y con qué objetivos se utilizan las nuevas tecnologías de la imagen en ese proceso de
acercamiento al pasado griego y su danzaThe dancers Isadora Duncan and Loïe Fuller and the composer and academic Maurice
Emmanuel are some of the figures who, at the end of the 19th century, decided to turn their gaze
towards Greek dance, either as an object of research or as inspiration for their choreographies.
Using the movement captured in vascular images, bas-reliefs or the veils of Tanagra sculptures,
they tried to put these figures back into action, seeking - or refusing - to reconstruct what the dance would have been like. These three cases also share a fundamental aspect, the links they
establish with the ancient world are mediated through the new image techniques of modernity:
chronophotography, photography and cinema. In this context, the confluence between the camera
and dance generates specific uses of the image, as well as representing a major change for the
dance medium, as it allows movement and choreography to be fixed in time. These uses respond
to reflections on movement and hieratism, but also to questions of race and the construction of
counter-hegemonic female models. In short, this work seeks to scrutinise the mentioned themes,
trying to understand in what way and with what objectives the new image technologies are used in
this process of approaching the Greek past and its danceEsta investigación ha sido financiada por la Ayuda FPU23/03190 y se enmarca en el proyecto
de investigación Marginalia Classica IV. Marginalidades clásicas y su recepción en la cultura de
masas contemporánea: escapismo y resistencias (PID2023-150513NB-I00
Between Loyalty to the King and the Hardships of the Battle. The Trajectory of Daniel Mahoni and his Regiment in the War of the Spanish Succession (1704-1708)
No full textLa integración de soldados irlandeses en el ejército de la monarquía de España ha sido puesta en valor por la historiografía reciente. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados, ciertos militares de relevancia adolecen de estudios sistemáticos que indaguen en su cursus honorum y su desempeño en el campo de batalla. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar la primera parte de la carrera de Daniel Mahoni, el oficial más renombrado entre los de su nación que combatieron en la guerra de Sucesión Española, y el regimiento a su cargo en el período 1704-1708. El estudio se centra en una aproximación desde tres aristas: las actuaciones más destacadas de Mahoni, su percepción tanto de los ascensos en el escalafón militar como de los reconocimientos reales y las dinámicas internas de los dragones irlandeses bajo su comandoThe integration of Irish soldiers in the army of the Spanish monarchy has been highlighted by recent historiography. Despite the efforts made, certain military men of relevance lack systematic studies that investigate their cursus honorum and their performance in the battlefield. The aim of the present article is to present the first part of the career of Daniel Mahoni, the most renowned officer among those of his nation who fought in the War of the Spanish Succession, and the regiment under his command in the period 1704-1708. The study focuses on a triple approach: Mahoni’s most outstanding performances, his perception of both promotion in the military ranks and royal acknowledgment and the internal dynamics of the Irish dragoons under his commandEste trabajo es resultado del proyecto «Una monarquía policéntrica de repúblicas urbanas ante la rivalidad europea en el Atlántico ibérico (1640-1713)» (PID2022-142501NB-I00), financiado por el MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, U
Puzzling Variation of Gamma Rays from the Sun over the Solar Cycle Revealed with Fermi-LAT
No full textArtículo escrito por un elevado número de autores. Solo se referencia el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMThe steady-state gamma-ray emission from the Sun is thought to consist of two emission components due to
interactions with Galactic cosmic rays: (1) a hadronic disk component, and (2) a leptonic extended component
peaking at the solar edge and extending into the heliosphere. The flux of these components is expected to vary
with the 11 yr solar cycle, being highest during solar minimum and lowest during solar maximum, as it varies with
the cosmic-ray flux. No study has yet analyzed the flux variation of each component over solar cycles. In this
work, we measure the temporal variations of the flux of each component over 15 yr of Fermi Large Area
Telescope observations and compare them with the sunspot number and Galactic cosmic-ray flux from AMS-02
near Earth. We find that the flux variation of the disk anticorrelates with the sunspot number and correlates with
cosmic-ray protons, as expected, confirming its emission mechanism. In contrast, the extended component
exhibits a more complex variation: despite an initial anticorrelation with the sunspot number, we find neither
anticorrelation with the sunspot number nor correlation with cosmic-ray electrons over the full 15 yr period. This
most likely suggests that cosmic-ray transport and modulation in the inner heliosphere are unexpectedly complex
and may differ for electrons and protons or, alternatively, that there is an additional, unknown component of
gamma rays or cosmic rays. These findings impact space weather research and emphasize the need for close
monitoring of Cycle 25 and the ongoing polarity reversalThe Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of theLAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in
Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto
Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales in France. This work was performed, in part,
under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. Also, partial support from NASA grant Nos. 80NSSC20K1558 and 80NSSC22K0495 is acknowledge
From self to co-regulation in the EU’s approach to disinformation: the framing power of Big Tech business lobbies in the lead to the Digital Services Act
No full textThe increasing political power of social media companies over the last two decades has sparked significant policy debates in the EU. We analyse the emerging regulatory struggle by focusing on one specific dimension: disinformation. The most influential initiative took place within the Digital Services Act (DSA), approved in 2022. This approach, characterised as ‘co-regulation’, breaks away from the EU’s previously dominant approach of self-regulation for digital platforms by trying to regulate with these platforms rather than leaving them to set their own policies. The best illustration of this approach is the second version of the Code of Practice on disinformation, which has been ultimately included within the DSA as a Code of Conduct in 2025. We ask: How did the European Commission come to adopt a co-regulatory approach to disinformation? Using data from public consultations, meetings with the Commission, and interviews, we conduct a process-tracing to uncover the genealogy of the EU's co-regulatory framework from the 2018 High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Disinformation (HLEG) until 2025. We conclude that preemptive cooperation by the platforms, as expressed in the HLEG and the Code of Conduct, has sidelined regulatory alternatives
The construction of the innovation-regulation dilemma in the Big Tech narrative: a critical reading of technological co-regulation
No full textEste artículo analiza cómo el modelo de corregulación adoptado por la Unión Europea en materia de gobernanza digital ha contribuido a reforzar el poder estructural de las grandes plataformas tecnológicas. A través de un enfoque de análisis de discursos y marcos, se examina cómo el discurso sobre la necesidad de equilibrar innovación y regulación ha sido moldeado por actores con fuerte capacidad económica, comunicativa y de lobby. Aunque la corregulación se presenta como un mecanismo inclusivo y flexible, en la práctica reproduce asimetrías que otorgan ventaja a los intereses del sector tecnológico, permitiéndoles influir activamente en la elaboración normativa. La narrativa dominante asocia innovación con desregulación y eficiencia, desplazando los debates sobre derechos fundamentales y control democrático. El artículo concluye que el dilema entre innovación y regulación, lejos de ser un conflicto técnico neutral, se ha convertido en una herramienta discursiva que legitima la hegemonía normativa de las big tech. Así, la Unión Europea corre el riesgo de institucionalizar un modelo de gobernanza digital que, en nombre de la competitividad y la innovación, debilita su capacidad para proteger el interés público y garantizar una regulación más democráticaThis article analyzes how the co-regulatory model adopted by the European Union in digital governance has reinforced the structural power of major technology platforms. Using a discourse analysis approach, it examines how the discourse around balancing
innovation and regulation has been shaped by actors with significant economic, communicative, and lobbying capacity. While co-regulation is officially presented as an inclusive and flexible mechanism, in practice it reproduces asymmetries that benefit the tech sector by allowing it to actively influence rule-making. The dominant narrative links innovation with deregulation and efficiency, displacing concerns about fundamental rights and democratic oversight. The analysis concludes that the innovation–regulation dilemma, rather than being a neutral technical conflict, has become a strategic discursive tool that legitimizes the normative dominance of big tech. As a result, the European Union risks institutionalizing a model of digital governance that, in the name of competitiveness and innovation, undermines its ability to protect the public interest and ensure genuinely democratic regulatio