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The Washback Effect of Reformed CET 6 Listening Comprehension Test
Get PDFIn China, the English Test Band 6 (CET6) is a national test that is used to assess the English proficiency of test-takers by the state with unified questions, unified fees, and unified organization of tests. It is held twice a year. This test has had a great impact on college students and college teachers. It was introduced in 1978. In 2016, the Ministry of Education reformed CET-6, especially in listening tests. The reformed listening test not only brings scenes and dialogues closer to daily life but also emphasizes the examination of students' comprehensive English listening and speaking ability. From the perspective of learners, this paper draws on the theoretical models and empirical results of washback at home and abroad and studies the backwash of the reformed English CET-6 listening to learners' listening learning through a questionnaire. To do the survey, the paper was surveyed by quantitative research methods with 60 samples in several public universities. After the collection and analysis of data, the authors have affirmed and determined this test has a significant washback effect on student learning
Impact of the Aerobic Mesophilic Microorganisms on Black Sigatoka of Bananas According to the Cropping Systems in the Region of Kisangani (Case of the old secondary forest)
Get PDFThe microorganisms play crucial roles in the cycle of matter and damage the organic substances, sources of electrons, source of carbon, and source of energy for their biosynthesis. In this work, we studied the impact of the aerobic mesophiles microorganisms on the black sigatokaof banana in the old secondary forest. The objective was to count and to identify the microbial diversity of the forest ecosystems, as well as to study their impact on the development of the black sigatoka of banana. The assessment of the microbial populations has been done in an experimental field according to a device in blocks of Fischer by the method of successive dilutions of coloration of Gram and by the discharge of ascospores. The results showed that the rain season was lower in total microbial biomass (700, 7 colonies) than subdry season (840,3 colonies). The Bacillus genera have been more represented more than the Coccusgenera. The impact of black sigatoka of banana was raised at the cultivar LibangaLikale (40%) and low at Yangambi 5 Km (14%). The distribution of microorganisms in depth in the sub-dry season to the level of surface with vegetation was considerable either 3819, 3. 103 UFC( UNIT FORMAT COLONY) by gram of soil between 0 and 5 cm against 2754,5.103 UFC by gram of soil between 15 and 20 cm. This suggests that the raised number of microorganisms could have positive impact on soil fertility by decreasing the illnesses in this ecosystem
English Teachers' Views on the Use of Web 2.0 Tools in Educational Environments
Get PDFNew practices that support the use of technology in education are developed in order to create a modern education-training process within the framework of quality and efficiency standards throughout the world. Web 2.0 tools that help to make the most of technology in educational environments are one of these applications. It has been proven that Web 2.0 tools, which were used in education in Turkey in 2009, increase the motivation of students and increase their academic success. Teachers' professional development accelerates by producing new materials with these tools, and cooperation, communication and coordination among colleagues increase. The aim of the study is to reveal the opinions of English teachers working in Elazig about the use of Web 2.0 tools in educational environments. The study is based on the situation analysis technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The interview form developed by the researchers was used as the data collection tool. The working group consists of 30 English teachers working in Elazig province of Turkey. The responses of the participants to the questions in the interview form were subjected to content analysis, categories were created, and frequencies and percentages were determined. According to the results of the research, teachers generally have positive perceptions of Web 2.0 tools, they generally use these tools for content development, Web 2.0 tools provide positive contributions to classroom management and student development
Does Terms of Trade Matter for Economic Growth? A Focus on Natural Resource-Rich Sub-Saharan African Countries
Get PDFThe contention that deteriorating terms of trade exists in countries that rely heavily on the exploitation and export of natural resources motivated us in this study. We therefore sought to investigate the impact of terms of trade on economic growth in natural resource-rich sub-Saharan African countries. We carried out the study using annual series that span a period of 1990-2019 under the framework of panel Random and Fixed effects. Our findings indicate that a long run relationship exists between GDP and the explanatory variables used in the study. Results also show that, while cross-section random effects indicates that terms of trade positively impacts on GDP, period fixed effects shows that terms of trade negatively impacts on GDP even though it is not significant. Results of our study also show that in all the models, labour force total and FDI have positive impact on GDP, while trade openness impacts on GDP negatively. We therefore recommend that the SSA natural resource-rich countries should diversify their economies away from the traditional natural resources base. Also human capital should be improved through sound education and training, while all the bottlenecks that constrain the inflow of foreign direct investment should be dismantled
A Study into the Nature of Emotional Intelligence in Public and Private Institutions in Ghana
Get PDFThe purpose of the study is to examine the nature of emotional intelligence in a survey using respondents from both public and private institutions. The study design is quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional research. The sample size for the study was 140 sampled using the convenience sample method. The questionnaire for the collection of data was designed by the researchers using the Likert Scale format. The reliability of the scales and the dimensions of the scales were investigated using reliability, and factor analysis tests respectively. The data was analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The results show the responses were reliable and the scales were also unidimensional. Various dimensions of emotional intelligence were identified as awareness of own emotions; management of emotions; awareness of others’ emotions; and management of others’ emotions. Management of institutions should consider in their organisational strategies, the findings of the present research to ensure the efficient running of the institutions. The role of demographic features in emotional intelligence is a recommended direction for future studies
Empirical Investigation of Omni-channel Customer Behavior: Multiple Mediation Effects of Website and Mobile Interactivity
Get PDFWhile existing retail research has focused on retail channels in isolation from a single or multi-channel retailing perspective, there is a need to investigate shopping behavioral intention from an omni-channel and customer-centric retailing perspective. The main of this study is to analyze the customer omni-channel behavior under multiple mediating effects of website and mobile interactivity. Data collected from valid 287 respondents via both online and paper form. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and Smart-PLS software have been used to test proposed hypotheses. The result underlined the significant positive effects of technology literacy, attitude towards website interactivity and attitude towards mobile device interactivity on customer’s behavioral intention. Moreover, website interactivity and augmented reality have highest impact attitude towards website interactivity and attitude towards mobile device interactivity respectively
The Effects of Group Work on Interaction and Learning Outcomes in Non Face-to-Face Synchronous General English Classes in the EFL Setting
Get PDFThe effects of group work with assigned roles on learner-instructor interaction (LII), learner-learner interaction (LLI), and task achievement were investigated in non-face-to-face general English classes to determine implications for non-face-to-face online group work. The participants were 128 university students in South Korea. Zoom was employed for the synchronous classes (SC), and the university’s LMS (Learning Management System) was utilized for the asynchronous classes (AC). The participants were divided into three groups: Group A were assigned designated roles in SC, Group B were not assigned specific roles in SC, and Group C were assigned designated roles in AC. The students were required to produce two English presentation videos. The participants exchanged feedback and comments about the content and structure of the presentation script. The video production and editing through group work, a pre- and post-questionnaire, and task results were employed as analysis data. The results revealed that group work in which roles were assigned had a positive effect on LII and LLI. It should be noted that group work differs from face-to-face instruction. Thus, it is imperative that techers design detailed plans in advance and monitor student participation closely. Pedagogical implications and recommendations for future studies are outlined
Investigating the Dynamic Link between External Reserves and Monetary Variables in Nigeria
Get PDFNigeria is a country whose revenue base is woven around the oil sector. Consequently, any shock to the international price of oil definitely affects the reserve position of the country. Our major motivation for this study is therefore anchored on the volatile nature of the country’s reserves and how domestic monetary variables respond to shocks in the external reserves as well as possible reverse responses of external reserves to changes in monetary variables. Using monthly series over a period of 2007-2019 and under the framework of the VAR, our findings revealed a dynamic relationship that exists between external reserves and monetary variables in Nigeria. That is, as monetary variables responded to shocks in external reserves, a reverse response was also noticed running from external reserves to changes in monetary variables. The impact of oil to the economy was exhibited in the result as external reserves responded positively to oil price shocks; thus showing the importance of the oil sector to the country’s reserve position. We therefore recommend that a synergy should exist between monetary and fiscal authorities in order to neutralize the destabilizing effect of unsustainable increase in reserve inflows and to diversify the economy away from the oil sector to reduce volatility in reserves inflows
The Effect of E-Learning Sessions on the Development of Reading Comprehension: A Case of EFL Students’ Perceptions at Saudi Electronic University
Get PDFThis study investigated Saudi EFL university students’ perceptions toward the development of reading comprehension through e-learning sessions. A cross-sectional questionnaire was utilized and distributed to a sample of 140 participants at Saudi Electronic University. Descriptive statistics, independent sample paired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that EFL university students had positive perceptions of the use of online sessions to practice the reading comprehension skill. The majority agreed that reading comprehension strategies such as skimming and scanning were more appropriate to online sessions. E-learning helped these students to be more motivated and created an atmosphere conducive to independent learning. The participants appreciated the role of online sessions in enhancing their reading comprehension skills and facilitating the level of difficulty of any reading passage. Significant differences were identified relating to the respondents’ gender and academic year. Female students were more satisfied with e-learning than male students. It is recommended that in light of the rapid growth of e-learning in Saudi Arabia, educational institutions should provide online learning programs and develop well-structured courses for e-learning implementation
The Effects of Computer Anxiety and Self-Efficacy on L2 Learners’ Self-Perceived Digital Competence and Satisfaction in Higher Education
Get PDFLow computer anxiety (CA) and high computer self-efficacy (CSE) levels are important affective factors that promote students’ academic success in the current digital era. In an effort to understand their role in successful and effective participation in online learning environments for language learning purposes, the study investigated their effect on 331 undergraduate L2 learners’ self-reported assessments of their digital literacy skills and on the level of satisfaction they express with the online component of their English for Specific Purposes course in higher education in Greece. Data were gathered via four survey questionnaires that elicited relevant information on participants’ digital literacy level, learner satisfaction, computer anxiety and self-efficacy respectively. Statistical analysis of the results revealed an overall adequate level of students’ digital literacy skills and a high level of satisfaction with all aspects of the online module of the blended learning course. Females reported a lower level of CA and a higher level of CSE. CA was found to be the strongest predictor of learners’ digital literacy skills assessments and CSE of learner satisfaction perceptions, resulting in overall higher IT use and positive attitudes to the course