E-Jurnal Universitas Tunas Husada Tasikmalaya
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Changing Priorities, Shifting Narratives: Remapping Rural Livelihoods in Africa’s Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector
No full textThis paper presents fresh ideas on why, in sub-Saharan Africa, people choose to engage in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech, labour-intensive mineral extraction and processing – for lengthy periods. It nuances claims that ASM is largely ‘poverty-driven’ by weighing in more closely on the fates of individuals in the region who turn to the sector for income out of desperation. A closer inspection of the livelihood trajectories of these people reveals that many have managed to overcome challenging work conditions and position themselves to use ASM as a ‘platform for wealth creation’. An analysis of these experiences reveals a more comprehensive picture of ASM’s complexities, as well as illuminates further the sector’s economic importance in sub-Saharan Africa. A case study of the gold-rich locality of Prestea, one of Ghana’s most strategic ASM corridors and where numerous people who initially pursued work in the sector have managed to accumulate income and open their own businesses and/or invest in the community, is used to reinforce these points. A more complete picture of ASM livelihood trajectories would go a long way towards fortifying the case for formalizing and supporting the sector, and, more generally, making it more of a focal point of rural poverty alleviation and development strategy in sub-Saharan Africa.</p
Iodine status of pregnant women from the Republic of Cyprus
No full textIodine supply is crucial during pregnancy to ensure the proper thyroid function of mother and baby and support fetal brain development. Little is known about iodine status or its dietary determinants in pregnant women in the Republic of Cyprus. We therefore recruited 128 pregnant women at their first-trimester ultrasound scan to a cross-sectional study. We collected spot-urine samples for the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC, µg/L), and creatinine concentration (Creat, g/L), the latter of which allows us to correct for urine dilution and to compute the iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat). Women completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and a general questionnaire. We used a General Linear model to explore associations between maternal and dietary characteristics with UI/Creat. The median UIC (105 µg/L) indicated iodine deficiency according to the World Health Organisation criterion (threshold for adequacy=150 µg/L) and the UI/Creat was also low at 107 µg/g. Only 32% (n=45) of women reported the use of iodine-containing supplements; users had a higher UI/Creat than non-users (131 µg/g vs. 118 µg/g), though this difference was not significant in the adjusted analysis (P=0.37). Of the dietary components, only egg intake was significantly associated with a higher UI/Creat in adjusted analyses (P=0.018); there was no significant association with milk, dairy products, or fish intake. Our results suggest that pregnant women in Cyprus have inadequate iodine status and are at risk of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. Further research on dietary sources in this population is required
" The Pedestrian next to the Lamppost " Adaptive Object Graphs for Better Instantaneous Mapping
No full textEstimating a semantically segmented bird's-eye-view (BEV) map from a single image has become a popular technique for autonomous control and navigation. However, they show an increase in localization error with distance from the camera. While such an increase in error is entirely expected – localization is harder at distance – much of the drop in performance can be attributed to the cues used by current texture-based models, in particular, they make heavy use of object-ground intersections (such as shadows) [9], which become increasingly sparse and uncertain for distant objects. In this work, we address these shortcomings in BEV-mapping by learning the spatial relationship between objects in a scene. We propose a graph neural network which predicts BEV objects from a monocular image by spatially reasoning about an object within the context of other objects. Our approach sets a new state-of-the-art in BEV estimation from monocular images across three large-scale datasets, including a 50% relative improvement for objects on nuScenes
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of face-to-face and electronic brief interventions versus screening alone to reduce alcohol consumption among high-risk adolescents presenting to Emergency Departments: three-arm pragmatic randomised trial (SIPS Junior High Risk Trial)
No full textFlow-mediated dilation reference values for evaluation of endothelial function and cardiovascular health
No full textAims: Endothelial function is essential for cardiovascular health, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is an established technique to measure it. This paper is to assess FMD values in apparently healthy individuals and provide reference values to facilitate wider clinical use.Methods and Results: In 1,579 apparently healthy individuals (aged 18-76), fasted FMD values (data from 44 studies, 6 institutions, 22 operators) were normally distributed and inversely univariately correlated with age, body-mass-index, glucose, cholesterol, blood pressure, and brachial artery diameter. Significant multivariate predictors of FMD were age (-0.4%/decade), BMI (0.04%/kg/m2), smoking (-0.7%), and brachial artery diameter (-0.44%/mm) that together explained 19% of the variability independent of operator, institution or ultrasound machine. Individuals in the high FMD tertile (>6.8%) were younger, had smaller brachial artery diameter, lower blood pressure and cholesterol. In individuals with low- and intermediate fatal cardiovascular risk (SCORE), 26% and 53% of individuals, respectively, had FMD values in the low tertile (c=0.841, p) showed that FMD of >6.5% excluded CAD (95% sensitivity; 60% specificity) and FMD I2=0.97) FMD in healthy individuals was on average 6.4% (95%CI: 6.2%, 6.7%) with no significant differences between countries but a significant age-dependent decline (-0.3%/decade, R2=0.13).Conclusions: We provide an age-adapted frame of FMD reference intervals in apparently healthy individuals for use as a biomarker of CV health. As the degree of vascular endothelial function integrates environmental and genetic factors with classical CV risk factors, FMD may more comprehensively classify individuals with and without standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and serve as a target for cardiovascular prevention.</p
Needleless administration of advanced therapies into the skin via the appendages using a hypobaric patch
No full textAdvanced therapies are commonly administered via injection even when they act within the skin tissue and this increases the chances of off-target effects. Here we report the use of a skin patch containing a hypobaric chamber that induces skin dome formation to enable needleless delivery of advanced therapies directly into porcine, rat, and mouse skin. Finite element method (FEM) modeling showed that the hypobaric chamber in the patch opened the skin appendages by 32%, thinned the skin, and compressed the appendage wall epithelia. These changes allowed direct delivery of an H1N1 vaccine antigen and a diclofenac nanotherapeutic into the skin. Fluorescence imaging and infrared mapping of the skin showed needleless delivery via the appendages. The in vivo utility of the patch was demonstrated by a superior IgG response to the vaccine antigen in mice compared to intramuscular injection and a 70% reduction in rat paw swelling in vivo over 5 h with diclofenac without skin histology changes. </p
Development of an SMR-induced environmental input-output analysis model – Application to Saskatchewan, Canada
No full textA track-wise ensemble event independent network for polyphonic sound event localization and detection
No full textPolyphonic sound event localization and detection (SELD) aims at detecting types of sound events with corresponding temporal activities and spatial locations. In this paper, a track-wise ensemble event independent network with a novel data augmentation method is proposed. The proposed model is based on our previous proposed Event-Independent Network V2 and is extended by conformer blocks and dense blocks. The track-wise ensemble model with track-wise output format is proposed to solve an ensemble model problem for track-wise output format that track permutation may occur among different models. The data augmentation approach contains several data augmentation chains, which are composed of random combinations of several data augmentation operations. The method also utilizes log-mel spectrograms, intensity vectors, and Spatial Cues-Augmented Log-Spectrogram (SALSA) for different models. We evaluate our proposed method in the Task of the L3DAS22 challenge and obtain the top ranking solution with a location-dependent F-score to be 0.699. Source code is released 1
Diurnal and circadian rhythmicity of the human blood transcriptome overlaps with organ and tissue specific expression of a non-human primate
No full textBACKGROUND: Twenty-four-hour rhythmicity in mammalian tissues and organs is driven by local circadian oscillators, systemic factors, the central circadian pacemaker, and light-dark cycles. At the physiological level, the neural and endocrine systems synchronize gene expression in peripheral tissues and organs to the twenty-four-hour day cycle, and disruption of such regulation has been shown to lead to pathological conditions. Thus, monitoring rhythmicity in tissues/organs holds promise for circadian medicine, however most tissues and organs are not easily accessible in humans and alternative approaches to quantify circadian rhythmicity are needed. We investigated the overlap between rhythmic transcripts in human blood and transcripts shown to be rhythmic in 64 tissues/organs of the baboon, how these rhythms are aligned with light-dark cycles and each other, and whether timing of tissue-specific rhythmicity can be predicted from a blood sample.RESULTS: We compared rhythmicity in transcriptomic time series collected from humans and baboons using set logic, circular cross-correlation, circular clustering, functional enrichment analyses and least squares regression. Of the 759 orthologous genes that were rhythmic in human blood, 652 (86%) were also rhythmic in at least one baboon tissue and most of these genes were associated with basic processes such as transcription and protein homeostasis. 109 (17%) of the 652 overlapping rhythmic genes were reported as rhythmic in only one baboon tissue or organ and several of these genes have tissue/organ-specific functions. The timing of human and baboon rhythmic transcripts displayed prominent ‘night’ and ‘day’ clusters, with genes in the dark cluster associated with translation. Alignment between baboon rhythmic transcriptomes and the overlapping human blood transcriptome was significantly closer when light onset, rather than midpoint of light, or end of light period, was used as phase reference point. The timing of overlapping human and baboon rhythmic transcriptomes was significantly correlated in 25 tissue/organs with an average earlier timing of 3.21 h (SD 2.47 h) in human blood.CONCLUSIONS: The human blood transcriptome contains sets of rhythmic genes that overlap with rhythmic genes of tissues/organs in baboon. The rhythmic sets vary across tissues/organs, but the timing of most rhythmic genes is similar in human blood and baboon tissues/organs. These results have implications for development of blood transcriptome-based biomarkers for circadian rhythmicity in tissues and organs
Human B Cell Responses to Dominant and Subdominant Antigens Induced by a Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine in a Phase I Trial
No full textNeisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines are safe and provide strain-specific protection against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) primarily by inducing serum bactericidal antibodies against the outer membrane proteins (OMP). To design broader coverage vaccines, knowledge of the immunogenicity of all the antigens contained in OMVs is needed. In a Phase I clinical trial, an investigational meningococcal OMV vaccine, MenPF1, made from a meningococcus genetically modified to constitutively express the iron-regulated FetA induced bactericidal responses to both the PorA and the FetA antigen present in the OMP. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from this trial, we analyzed the kinetics of and relationships between IgG, IgA, and IgM B cell responses against recombinant PorA and FetA, including (i) antibody-secreting cells, (ii) memory B cells, and (iii) functional antibody responses (opsonophagocytic and bactericidal activities). Following MenPF1vaccination, PorA-specific IgG secreting cell responses were detected in up to 77% of participants and FetA-specific responses in up to 36%. Memory B cell responses to the vaccine were low or absent and mainly detected in participants who had evidence of preexisting immunity (= 0.0069). Similarly, FetA-specific antibody titers and bactericidal activity increased in participants with preexisting immunity and is consistent with the idea that immune responses are elicited to minor antigens during asymptomaticcarriage, which can be boosted by OMV vaccines.Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are a component of the capsular group B meningococcal vaccine 4CMenB (Bexsero) and have been shown to induce 30% efficacy against gonococcal infection. They are composed of multiple antigens and are considered an interesting delivery platform for vaccines against several bacterial diseases. However, the protective antibody response after two or three doses of OMV-based meningococcal vaccines appears short-lived. We explored the B cell response induced to a dominant and a subdominant antigen in a meningococcal OMV vaccine in a clinical trial and showed that immune responses are elicited to minor antigens. However, memory B cell responses to the OMV were low or absent and mainly detected in participants who had evidence of preexisting immunity against the antigens. Failure to induce a strong B cell response may be linked with the low persistence of protective responses