Jurnal Puslitbang tekMira (Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara)
Not a member yet
1014 research outputs found
Sort by
TOXICOLOGY TEST ON COAL ASH FROM ASAM-ASAM COAL FIRED POWER PLANT, TANAH LAUT - SOUTH KALIMANTAN
No full textThe utilization of coal at Asam-asam Coal Fired Power Plant produces a by-product of ash waste that consists of either coal ash or bottom ash. The power plant produces 720 tons of coal ash each year that threatens the environment due to pollution to surrounding waters. Based on the Government Regulation No. 85/1999, coal produces hazardous and toxic wastes. Due to that situation, toxicology test has been con- ducted on coal ash using Cyprinus carpio L. The research also analyzed chemical composition of the ash, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TLCP) test as well as determined the acute characteristic by setting Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50). Chemical analysis shows that the almost 90% of coal ash and bottom ash are comprise SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. The TCLP test using atomic absorption spectrophotometer shows that heavy metals with in the coal ash filtrate were Pb (3.1 ppm), Zn (4.3 ppm), Cd (0.2 ppm), Cu (2.2 ppm), but As and Cr were not detected; in the bottom ash. there were Zn (3.1 ppm), Cu (0.2 ppm), while Pb, Cd, As and Cr were not detected. It suggests that the power plant heavy metals with in the coal ash was still the quality standard as regulated by the Government Decree No. 85/1999 and US EPA. Therefore the coal ash is not categorized as hazardous and poisonous waste. Moreover, the result of acute toxicity test conducted by examining the number of dead fish, shows that the LC concentration values of fly ash and bottom ash are 20.564% (205,640 ppm) and 11.637% (116,370 ppm). Referring to the Association of Australian Petroleum Energy criteria of LC50 toxicity, the coal ash from Asam-asam is a non toxic waste
PRETREATMENT OF KAOLIN INTO METAKAOLIN
No full textMost of metakaolin is used in portland cement industries as an additive to improve the compressive strength of the cement. Using Cicalengka and Bangka kaolin as metakaolin raw material, R & D Center for Mineral and Coal Technology found that Bangka kaolin was more suitable in metakaolin preparation because its initial Al2O3 content (32.80%) rises up to 37.50% after decantation, meanwhile Cicalengka one can not fulfill the requirements. The non-decanted Bangka kaolin (37.50% Al2O3) exceeds the Al2O3 content of metakaolin that has been produced commercially by Asian Ceratec Corporation. Calcination processing follows the decantation one. The decanted Bangka kaolin was then pelletized to have calcining burnt did well. The pellet was burnt in 1 x 0.5 m static laboratory furnace at some tempera- tures and holding times. Burning temperature of 9000 C and 20 minutes holding time showed common calcined kaolin characteristic; sheet-like structure, but at some parts it has developed into unregularly thicker sheet structure due to amorphous (non-reactive phase) formation. This phenomenon signs that recrystallization temperature has been achieved and many hydroxil ions has been lost
PETROGRAPHIC STUDY ON GENESIS OF SELECTED INERTINITE-RICH COALS FROM JAMBI SUBBASIN
No full textGenesis of the coal macerals in the studied area depends particularly on the tectonic and geologic setting. The coals formed in the Jambi Subbasin, which is the back-arc basin associated with the fluvial to deltaic environment results in both rich in vitrinite and inertinite contents. The vitrinite content is associated with the bright lithotype deposited in the wet-swampy area; whereas the inertinite is associated with the dull lithotype deposited in the dry-swampy area. The presence of mineral matter causes the dull lithotype as well. The presence of the liptinite maceral cannot be correlated with the lithotypes. This maceral composition is the extreme phenomenon, because most of the Sumateran coals contain very low inertinite content (<5%) with very high vitrinite content (>80%). The coals contain low ash and low (0.1-0.4%) to medium sulphur (1.3- 1.6%) contents. The above evidence is the answer of the extreme evidence, and this is the objective of presenting this paper. Methods applied in this study include in-situ coal sampling for microscopic analyses, which are petrographic determination and reflectance examination. The samples were also analysed for their proximate according to ASTM (2002)
GEOLOGIC FACTORS CONTROLLING MINERAL CONTENT IN SELECTED TERTIARY COALS - SOUTHERN KALIMANTAN
No full textGeologic aspects, particularly geologic history and depositional environment, have a main role in the distri- bution of mineral matter in association with maceral composition in coal. The Asem-Asem coals include Miocene and Eocene coals, which are associated with clay minerals, quartz, pyrite and carbonate. The average mean mineral content of the Miocene coals (3.9%) is lower than that of the Eocene coals (6.7%). This indicates that the lower content reflects the balance of the subsidence rate and the peat accumulation rate during the Miocene was absolutely different from those during the Eocene. Consequently, this influ- enced the mineral input to the respective peats. The lower mineral content of the Miocene coals is associated with the bright lithotypes or the vitrinite-rich coals. Otherwise, the higher one of the Eocene coals is associ- ated with dull lithotypes or the vitrinite-poor coals. Methods applied in this study include optical microscopy (reflected-white light and fluorescence mode), X- ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Clay minerals dominated by kaolinite were deposited in a fresh water environment during peat formation. Most of the minerals are syngenetic in origin. However, some of them are considered to be epigenetic (these clays are in fissures). Quartz is mostly syngenetic, although epigenetic quartz is present. Pyrite takes place as grains and a replacement mineral in organic matter. Calcite is mostly epigenetic occurring in fractures and fissures
DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLONE COAL BURNER FOR FUEL OIL BURNER SUBSTITUTION IN INDUSTRIES
No full textThe high fuel oil price forces the industries to seek cheaper alternative energy. Coal is the most promising alternative energy in Indonesia. To face this situation, R & D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology (tekMIRA) has developed a cyclone burner. This burner has the combustion characteris- tics nearly the same as the fuel oil burner that this burner may alter the fuel oil burner in various industrial facilities, such as steam boiler, oil heater, rotary dryer, metal smelter and heat exchanger. The cyclone burner combusting coal powder of -30 mesh may match the energy output of the former altered fuel oil burner. The burning of coal emits long flame and the combustion rate may be con- trolled by a variable feeder. It may be shut of and then put on instantaneously as it is practiced in oil burner. Fine adjustment of the coal and air supply were performed and this burner was set up in vertical and horizontal position. In this substitution 1 litre fuel oil was substituted by 1.5 up to 1.8 kg of coal of 5700 kcal/kg
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ON DEVELOPMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION PLANT IN INDONESIA USING BROWN COAL LIQUEFACTION (BCL) TECHNOLOGY
No full textFinancial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction plant has been conducted in the year 2002 and up dated in the year 2007. However, the increase of coal price, currently, has promoted coal companies to export their coal rather than to allocate it as raw material for coal liquefaction. To maintain the stability of coal supply in a liquefaction plant, the use of stranded mining coal as raw material for the plant should be studied. This study was aimed to conduct financial analysis of stranded coal from South Sumatera (Pendopo Coal) and to update the financial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction. Discounted cash flow was used as the method for the analysis. The result indicates that with the oil price higher than US 25/ton, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of Pendopo coal liquefaction plant achieved value higher than 10%. Reducing corporate tax from 30% to 15% in- creased IRR value of approximately 1%. Meanwhile, by enlarging the plant scale from 3,000t/d to 12,000 t/d will increase the IRR value as much as 5%. On the other hand, the IRR of Mulia coal liquefaction plant was less than 9% when the oil price was lower than US 55/ton
