Jurnal Puslitbang tekMira (Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara)
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UPGRADING OF TAYAN’S CRUDE BAUXITE USING ROTARY DRUM SCRUBBER
No full textIndonesia has abundant bauxite resources at Tayan, West Kalimanatan, where the reserve is relied more than 800 million tons. There were two types of Tayan’s bauxite that have been used in the present research. One contains 34.63 % Al2O3 and 5.20 % reactive SiO2 which is known as low grade ore, while the second type contains 47.30 % Al2O3 and 5.79 % reactive SiO2 which is known as high grade ore. A Rotary Drum Scrubber (diameter 80 cm, length 200 cm, screen opening 2 mm) was applied to upgrade the crude bauxite ores. The research was started by crushing followed by scrubbing and screening. The scrubber is supported by water sprayer to achieve washed bauxite (+2mm of particle sizes) separated from tailing (-2mm of particle size). The researchs were conducted by varying the feed rate (300-2100 kg/hr), solid percentage (14-36%) and water flow rate (35-78 L/minute). The results show that feed rate and solid percentage have high impact to the quality of washed bauxite obtained. The higher is feed rate and solid percentage the lower is alumina content of the washed bauxite produced. An optimum condition is attained at1600 kg/hour of feeding rate, 25% solid and 8 minutes of residence time that is capable to produce washed bauxite with chemical composition of 45.25 % Al2O3 and 3.27 % reactive SiO2 (when the crude bauxite as the feed is low grade type). On the other hand, the washed bauxite obtained with chemical composition of 55.50 % Al2O3, 0.47 % reactive SiO2 and impurities content with particle sizes <2mm is approximately 2,1% (when the crude bauxite as the feed is typically high grade). The average increase of Al2O3 content in the washed bauxite is 6.63% and the average decrease of reactive SiO2 is 2.87%. The washed bauxite produced is reliable as feed material for Bayer process
A LITERATURE STUDY OF BENEFITING K-BEARING SILICATE ROCKS AS RAW MATERIALS FOR POTASSIUM FERTILIZER
No full textAs an agricultural country Indonesia requires NPK fertilizer up to 2.6 million tons per year. However, such a number is mostly fulfilled by imports, particularly potassium (K) fertilizer. Almost a 100% of K-fertilizer comes from Canada and Russia in the form of KCl (sylvite) salt. Indonesia does not have sylvite mineral, but retains some K-bearing minerals such as K-feldspar and leucite. Both are different in characteristics from sylvite. K-feldspar and leucite are the alumino-silicate minerals. They require special treatment to process them into K-fertilizer. Several techniques can be applied to process both minerals, such as by mechano-chemistry, leaching, alkali fusion and bioleaching. Research on the utilization of K-source minerals as a raw material for K fertilizer is rela- tively rare. The opportunity to conduct such a research is widely open, as currently conducted by the Research and Development Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology
A PROPOSED METHOD TO EVALUATE COUNTRY’S ENERGY UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY
No full textThe threat of global warming should be addressed by increasing energy effi ciency and reducing energy consump- tion, since the green house gas mainly comes from combustion of fossil fuel in energy sector. Unfortunately, the conventional energy effi ciency indicator in national level such as energy consumption per capita (ECPC), energy intensity (energy consumption: gross domestic product (GDP)) and energy elasticity frequently shows a contradictory result. Energy consumption depends on both number of populations and GDP. Therefore, the energy effi ciency indicator should also consider both parameters. The objective of this study is to develop a new energy effi ciency indicator using both GDP and energy consumption per capita as parameters. In this study, a new energy effi ciency indicator namely A/R energy is proposed. A/R energy (addition or reduction of energy) is calculated by subtracting the value of best practice ECPC with the value of actual ECPC. The value of best practice ECPC was derived from an equation correlated between ECPC and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Using the new indicator, it is revealed that some country with low ECPC in Africa, Asia and South America should increase their ECPC while all the developed country should reduce their ECPC. The best practice correlation between best practice ECPC and GDP per capita was also used to evaluate energy projection of Indonesia. Indonesia energy projection has been developed by IEA, Green Peace and Indonesian Government. Considering GDP and population growth ECPC, it is concluded that Indonesia energy projection developed by IEA is the most realistic, effi cient but achievable
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH MARMER DAN BATUKAPUR UNTUK PEMBUATAN BATA EKSPOSE BERBASIS BODI WOLASTONIT SINTETIS
No full textPercobaan pembuatan bata ekspose berbasis bodi wolastonit sintetis menggunakan bahan baku utama limbah marmer atau batukapur lolos ayakan standar Tyler 200 mesh telah dilakukan dengan komposisi optimum campuran bahan terdiri dari 55% serbuk marmer atau batukapur dan 45% silika dengan kadar air 8 %. Pembakaran dilakukan pada suhu 1100 oC, waktu penahanan selama 3 jam. Dengan menggunakan bahan utama limbah marmer diperoleh hasil uji fisis/mekanis sebagai berikut : warna bakar putih, densitas 1,47 g/cc, penyerapan air 35,72%, porositas 52,55%, kekerasan 4 (skala Moh׳s) dan kuat tekan 12,71 MPa. Sedangkan dengan menggunakan bahan utama batukapur diperoleh hasil uji fisis/mekanis sebagai berikut : warna bakar putih, densitas 1,50 g/cc, penyerapan air 31,79 %, porositas 47,80 %, kekerasan 4 - 5 (skala Mohs) dan kuat tekan 13,09 MPa. Hasil analisis XRD menunjukkan pertumbuhan fasa kristalin wolastonit untuk bodi MP I (bahan utama limbah marmer) mencapai 41,84 %. Sedangkan untuk bodi KP I (bahan utama batukapur) pertumbuhannya meningkat hampir 2 kali lipat yaitu sebesar 80,02 %. Hasil percobaan pembuatan bata ekspose berwarna spesifik putih ini dapat dikembangkan untuk pedestrian atau jalan taman yang mudah menyerap air, bata dinding bangunan atau bata tahan api isolasi
PENELITIAN AWAL EKSTRAKSI EMAS DAN LOGAM LAINNYA DARI TANAMAN AKAR WANGI (Vetiveria zizanioides) MENGGUNAKAN METODE KLORINASI BASAH
No full textEkstraksi emas (Au) dengan metode sianidasi berpotensi memberikan dampak buruk bagi lingkungan. Diperlukan alternatif lain untuk mengganti senyawa sianida. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan adalah klorinasi. Telah dilakukan ekstraksi Au dari jaringan tanaman Akar Wangi (Vetiveria zizanioides) dengan metode klorinasi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan HCl dan H2O2 sebagai oksidator Au. Kadar Au diukur dengan menggunakan Graphyte Furnace Atomic Absorption Analysis (GF-AAS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan Au dapat diekstrak dari percontoh abu jaringan tanaman. Kadar Au terukur pada percontoh berturut-turut 1,05; 1,29; dan 4,22 mg/kg.
RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMANTAUAN TERPADU KESELAMATAN KERJA TAMBANG BAWAH TANAH MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM KABEL DAN TELEMETRI
No full textSistem pemantauan terpadu keselamatan kerja tambang bawah tanah dirancang agar dapat menyediakan informasi kondisi di dalam tambang bawah tanah secara langsung (real time) dari permukaan tambang. Sistem pemantauan terdiri dari rangkaian perangkat keras, antara lain: datalogger sebagai penangkap data dari sensor; repeater sebagai penguat data; radio modem sebagai pengirim dan penerima data; dan perangkat lunak pemantauan tambang bawah tanah sebagai pembaca, pengolah dan penyimpan data dalam database. Beberapa sensor seperti sensor gas, sensor pergerakan batuan atap dan sensor temperatur batubara ditempatkan di dekat permuka kerja tambang sebagai alat pendeteksi kondisi di dalam tambang. Ujicoba peralatan dan sistem dilakukan pada salah satu tambang batubara bawah tanah. Perekaman dan penyimpanan data diatur setiap satu menit. Dari hasil ujicoba diperoleh konsentrasi hasil pemantauan kondisi di dalam tambang secara terpadu. Sistem dan peralatan pemantauan telah bekerja dengan baik