Jurnal Puslitbang tekMira (Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara)
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VITRINITE REFLECTANCE VARIATION OF OMBILIN COAL ACCORDING TO ITS PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
No full textRank and type variations of the Ombilin coals were studied by petrographic examination of thirty-six samples. The coals are mainly dominated by vitrinite and rare exinite, inertinite and mineral matter. Vitrinite macerals are dominated by detro- and telovitrinite. Cutinite, liptodetrinite and suberinite are the dominant exinite macerals in the coals. Inertinite macerals in the coals include sclerotinite, inertodetrinite and semifusinite. Mineral matter is rare in the coals consisting of clay and pyrite. The type differences largely reflect climatic influence and differences in peat conditions. The higher vitrinite reflectance of some of the coals is a result of igneous intrusion. The thermally affected coal has vitrinite reflectances between 3.39% and 4.69% indi- cating a coalification stage of anthracite; whereas the thermally unaffected coal is between 0.55% and 0.77% with ranks of sub-bituminous to high volatile bituminous, as classified by the Australian classifica- tion. The thermal effect has also an impact to the vitrinite content in the coals. The thermally affected coals contain 86-99% vitrinite, whereas the thermally unaffected coals contain 80-96% vitrinite. This is because in the thermally affected coals, exinite cannot be distinguished from vitrinite, and it appears to contain high proportion of vitrinite
THE OPTIMALIZATION OF LUBRICANT WASTE RECYCLING WITH LOW RANK COAL AS CONTAMINANT ABSORBANCE
No full textThe research of lubricant waste recycling by means of low rank coal as absorbent is one of the ways to render efficient the oil consumption also to maximize the value of low rank coal. This research is a continuation research with a fixed variable, in which the amount of coal is increased to 20% from the amount of the lubricating oil and the heating time which took 2 hours was variated with the heating temperature variable from 150°C to 350°C, the size of coal granule –8+10, -12+14 and –20+24 mesh. The research output shows that the optimum temperature of the lubricating oil recycling by means of coal as absorbent is reached in the temperature of 300°C for the coal with the size –12+14 mesh. In this condition Ca content reduce from 1447 to 150 ppm, Zn reduce from 887 to 17,4 ppm, Fe reduce from 47,1 to 43,5 ppm, Ni reduce from 15,4 to 6,2 ppm and Cr and Cu are all absorbed. The coal resulted from the recycling process can be used as a direct fuel with the calorific value between 5000 to 6500 cal/g and the colour of the lubricating oil resulted from separation (base oil) is yellowish dark
MINERALIZATION OF THE SELECTED BASE METAL DEPOSITS IN THE BARISAN RANGE, SUMATERA, INDONESIA (CASE STUDY AT LOKOP, DAIRI, LATONG, TANJUNG BALIT AND TUBOH)
No full textThree types of base metal occurrences discovered along the Barisan Range, Sumatera are skarn, sedex and hydrothermal styles. The skarn styles include Lokop, Latong and Tuboh, while Dairi and Tanjung Balit belong to sedex and hydrothermal deposits, respectively. The Lokop deposit is dominated by galena with minor pyrite and is hosted within interbedded meta-sandstone, slate, phyllite, hornfels and quartzite of the Kluet Forma- tion. The Skarn Latong deposit consists of galena with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite with skarn minerals of magnetite, garnet and calcite. It is hosted within the meta-limestone of the Kuantan Formation. The Skarn Tuboh deposit is dominated by sphalerite with minor galena, pyrite, manganese, hematite and magnetite. It is hosted within interbedded meta-sandstone and meta-limestone of the Rawas Formation. The Dairi deposit belongs to the sedimentary exhalative (sedex) type. It is hosted within the sedimentary sequence of the Kluet Formation. Two ore types known are Julu and Jehe mineralization. The Julu mineralization referring to as sediment exhalative (sedex), was formed syngenetically with carbonaceous shale. Ore mineralogies consist of galena, sphalerite and pyrite. The deposit was formed within the temperature range of 236-375°C with salinity ranges from 9,3-23% wt.NaCl. The Jehe mineralization which belongs to the Mississippi Valley-Type, is hosted within dolostone of the Jehe Member. Ores comprise galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and tenantite. The deposit was formed at temperature range from 193-400°C with salinity up to 38.2% wt.NaCl. The Tanjung Balit deposit belongs to the hydrothermal mineralization. The deposit is hosted within the sedimentary sequence of the Silungkang Formation. Ores consist of chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite with minor gold and silver. Hydrothermal minerals such as silica, illite, montmorillonite, pyropilite, muskovite, siderite, diaspor, dickite, magnesite, chlorite, carbonate, rhodochrosite, analcime, alunite, smectite, ankrite, calcite, dolomite, sericite and zeolite are common found. The Tanjung Balit mineralization is formed at the temperature range from 185-350°C and belongs to meso-epithermal type
the behavior of heavy metals content in coal combustion products (ccps) and its leachate from indonesia coal power plants
No full textThe development of many coal power plants in Indonesia has been creating Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) in a huge amount. The generating coal power plant will increase dramatically from 50 to 320 TWh in 2020. It is predicted that the total CCPs will be nearly 10.8 million tons in the same year. The large quantity of Indonesia CCPs will likely increase drastically and potentially will be a serious problem in the future. This research aims to measure heavy metals content in coal and CCPs, to assess their distribution in leachate and investigate the concentration level of heavy metals in leachate using TCLP method, and also to analyze the correlation between heavy metals content in coal, CCPs, and CCPs leachate using Pearson analysis.The analysis results show that the dominant element content in coal was boron. Moreover, the distribution of heavy metals tended to enrich fly ash. The concentration level of heavy metals fly ash and bottom ash leachates from all the power plants generally was much lower than the standard threshold. The significant level of concentration on fly ash and bottom ash was shown by boron. The concentration levels of heavy metals of coal ash leachates from two power plants were also much lower than the standard limit. The correlation between the heavy metals content of parent coal and CCPs pointed to no correlation between the variables. The heavy metals content of coal had no correlation with the concentration of heavy metals in CCPs leachate excluding nickel and chromium in bottom ash. Finally, it is recommended to assess other heavy metals concentration such as arsenic, mangan and selenium in CCPs leachate and further conduct a long-term study about the characteristics, leaching be- havior of heavy metal leachate and, their effects on the environment
A CHARACTERISTIC STUDY OF POPAY ZIRCON SAND USED FOR CERAMICS, REFRACTORY AND FOUNDRY RAW MATERIALS
No full textThe objective of this study is characterizing the zircon sand from Popay of Nanga Pinoh District, West Kalimantan as well as its performance when separated using physical method, i.e., tabling and magnetic separator in terms of obtaining zircon concentrate for making zircon flour. The satisfied requirement of zircon flour will be used for ceramics, refractory and foundry raw materials. Tabling followed by magnetic separator of Popay zircon sand increase zircon content from 43.54 to 65.50%. The content increases to 66.11% when reversing the process, namely started with magnetic separator and then tabling. Mineralogical analysis using optical microscope detected six minerals available within zircon sands. Those are zircon, ilmenite, magnetite, hematite, rutile and quartz while XRD analysis only identified five minerals. Hematite was not distinguished within Popay samples. Chemical analysis of the samples shows that the ZrO2 content within zircon flour is bigger than 65%. Such a figure is categorized as premium class for zircon flour to be used for refractory, ceramics and foundry
LEACHING THE LEAD FROM ANODE SLIME BY AMMONIUM ACETATE SOLUTION
No full textSelective leaching the lead from anode slime from PT. Smelting (PTS) was investigated. The presence of large amount of lead in electrometallurgical anode slime courses of extraction of precious metals (Au, Ag) and other valuable metals (Bi, Se, Te, Pt and Pd) from the slime is more difficult. A process for taking off lead content in anode slime was subjecting the latter to first and second-stage leaching in a medium of an ammonium acetate solution at temperature not exceeding 80°C. Whereby lead dissolution is maximized and other metals are minimized. The effects of various parameters such as solvent concentration, leaching time, temperature, and solid/liquid ratio on the percent extraction of lead were studied. The highest recovery of lead is attained 94.9% Pb at the leaching temperature of 70°C, solvent concentration of 8 M and percent solid 20% after 120 minutes of leaching time. The leaching kinetics of lead sulfate in an ammonium acetate solution followed the ash diffusion control model and this further confirms that the activation energy of leaching is found to be 4.8 kcal/mol, to show that rate reaction can increased by mixing