Shobi University Academic Repository / 尚美学園大学学術情報リポジトリ
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Income Distribution and Asset-Based Policies : With Special Reference to the Kuznets Curves (新井久爾夫教授・小山忠男教授・下森定教授・関口進教授・田中亮三教授・中森強教授 退職記念号)
Get PDF1, In this paper I have tried to show possible theoretical explanations of short-term and long-term behaviour in the share of wages. Simon Kuznets suggested that there are inverted-U relationships between economic growth and income distribution; specifically, income distribution deteriorates at the earlier stage of economic development when an economy grows and per capita income increases rapidly However, after a turning point, the relative income share of the low-income class begins to increase again. Since the beginning of the 1960s, I have suggested a similar hypothesis with regard to the share of wages. In the present paper I will explain the possible reasons for relative share behaviour. 2, At the highly developed economic stage, the value of national assets tends to become larger relative to national income The role of asset-based policies, therefore, has become more central with regard to economic stabilization and economic distribution than in previous periods. The higher the ratio of assets to income, the higher the share of asset income to labour income tends to become. This means that the relative share of a worker's income becomes smaller in the absence of any active asset policies to increase workers' assets. The inequality in asset and income distribution is likely to become greater. 3, .As a result of changes in the relative value of assets and their global movements, income and asset distribution across nations causes inequality between nations. Behaviour patterns of income distribution must be reformulated taking assets and global factors into account. As a result of the liberalization in financial and asset markets, the inequality in asset and income distribution within and between countries will increase. 4, Several recent studies have identified an inverted-U relationship between pollution and economic growth. The inverted-U relationship is sometimes called the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). It is interesting to note that there are common factors behind EKC and the Kuznets curve, especially the behaviour of relative wage shares (WKC). Both curves are influenced by (1) per capita income and the economic growth rate or investment ratio, (2) the labour market situation, (3) the industrial structure, (4) peoples' priorities (5) international factors, and (6) economic policies and systems. 5, The share of wages plays a dual role in deciding wages. In the short run the higher share of wages leads to an increase in wages, but in the long run the high share of wages in this sense decreases the growth rate of total income. An optimum share of wages is the share that maximizes the wages in the long run. Assuming that all investment is financed by profits of the company, the optimum share of wages approaches 50% as the period of service is assumed longer and the propensity to save profit becomes higher. 6, This simplified model neglects the fact that workers have assets as long as their propensity to save is positive. If we assume that the workers accumulate assets and, therefore, receive asset incomes, the above model is modified. A revised two-class model a la Kaldor suggests that there is a possibility that equalization of asset ownership will proceed as a result of a high relative share of labour combined with the high propensity to save on the part of workers. This means that there is a possibility that an inverted-U relationship will be formed in respect of the behaviour of asset ownership..3KJ00004909826論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
Standard of account settlement in corporate tax law : Looking for the future of triangle system
No full text2KJ00004912160論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
The role of university in special support education
Get PDF日本の障害児教育は「特殊教育」から「特別支援教育」へと大きく転換しようとしている。特別支援教育の特色は、従来の特殊教育の対象の障害だけではなく、学習障害、注意欠陥/多動性障害、高機能自閉症等の軽度発達障害も対象に含めることと、教育の場を障害種にとらわれない特別支援学校(仮称)の創設である。本稿ではまず、このような特別支援教育への転換の推移と各報告書の重要点を整理した。その後、高等教育機関としての大学が特別支援教育にどのように貢献できるかを検討した。そこでは、地域における特別支援教育のセンター機能をもつ特別支援学校への専門的知識の提供や演奏指導と障害に応じた音楽授業プログラムの共同開発などを提案した。また、大学の社会貢献の重要性についても言及した。In Japan, the education for physically and mentally handicapped children is going to turn greatly to "special support education" from "special education." The features of special support education are including not only the handicap as an object of the conventional special education but light developmental disorders, such as Learning Disabilities, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and High-Functioning Autism and the foundation of special support school (tentative name) which is not caught by an handicap kind specially. In this paper, the transition of turn to special support education and the important point of each report are arranged. Then, it is examined how the university as an institution of higher education can contribute to the special support education. There, the professional expertises to the special support school with the center function of special support education in an area, joint development of the music lesson program according to the handicap, etc. are proposed. Moreover, a reference was made also about the importance of social contribution of university.8KJ00004919565研究ノートResearch Notedepartmental bulletin pape
An Introduction to the Theory of Political Balance
No full text3KJ00004912163論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
Pluralism, Deliberation, Public Sphere : On Rationality and Justification of Political Decision
Get PDF本稿の目的は、公共圏における討議の条件を論理的・認知的に考察することにある。本稿ではとくにユルゲン・ハーバーマスの理論を取り上げる。公共圏における討議が何を意味するか。このことが討議デモクラシー論の妥当性を決定する。討議に高い質を求めるならば、多数の市民を排除することになる。しかし逆に、討議の条件を緩やかにしすぎれば、現代社会の課題にほとんど何も答えることができないだろう。In this paper, the logical and cognitive conditions of deliberation in the public sphere are examined. Specially, we examine Jurgen Habermas' theory of democracy. What is the meaning of the public deliberation? This question tests the validity of the theory of deliberation democracy. Many citizens will be excluded if the deliberation is imposed more rigid requirements for membership. By contrast, if the conditions of the deliberation are made in a muddle, the theory of deliberation democracy will hardly be able to handle many subjects in contemporary society.4KJ00004909827論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
Reflecting on the Scotland's Child Sports Policy : A Focus on 'Active Schools'
No full text現代社会において子どもの運動不足と太りすぎや肥満の問題は日本のみならず先進諸国に共通する問題であり、特にスコットランドでは深刻な問題となっている。スコットランドでスポーツ行政を実質的に担っているスポーツ・スコットランドは国民が健康な生活を送ることを目的とした政策を1998年から展開しているが、その中でも特に子どもに関しては、既に1996年から開始されていた「学校スポーツ・コーディネーター」制度の成果を踏まえ、その対象を初等学校へと拡大・発展させた「アクティブ・スクール計画」を2003年から開始している。アクティブ・スクール計画の中心は初等学校や中等学校において、子どもたちの運動やスポーツ活動を援助し、その充実を図ることを目的とする「アクティブ・スクール・コーディネーター」制度である。アクティブ・スクール計画とアクティブ・スクール・コーディネーターの活動は子どもたちの運動やスポーツへの参加の促進に対して積極的な効果があるということが、評価レポートによって示されている。その結果スコットランド政府から追加予算を得て継続され、今後も子どもたちに学校内外でより良い運動・スポーツの環境を提供することが期待されている。It has been widely noted that in this day and age most developed nations, including Japan, are experiencing problems regarding the health of children and their general lack of physical activity and participation in sports. A general trend has seen that children now have decreased opportunity for physical activity, but are consuming a greater number of confectionaries and foods high in BTU. This is a serious issue for the United Kingdom, but in particular, Scotland. In Scotland, 'sportscotland'; a governing body which makes and implements policies for sport, released 'Sport21 2003-2007: The National Strategy for Sport Shaping Scotland's Future', which made reference to the health of the nation and amount of participation in physical activity and sports. 'Sport21 2003-2007' made special mention for the necessity of encouraging children to play more sports and become physically active, and proposed the policy 'Active Schools' as a solution to the current inactivity of children throughout Scotland. For the long-term and firm success of the program, sportscotland put a pilot-program in place, which was then evaluated. Based on these results, sportscotland began the 'Active Schools' program throughout Scotland's schools in 2003. The 'Active Schools' program consists of 'Active School Co-ordinator (Primary/Secondary)' and 'Active School Manager'. The 'School Sport Cooridinator' was first initiated, which provided support for sports and physical activity in the secondary school level. The 'Active Schools' program includes the 'School Sport Coordinator' and expands the Coordinator system to primary schools. Co-ordinators play an important role in the promotion of sports and physical activity to children, by providing such support as working with teachers in Physical Education classes and training volunteers who work with sports for children in after school programs.2KJ00004909862論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
A Study on the Creation and the Transformation of Executions in TV Documentaries : 'A Narrative Documentary' and 'A Non-Narrative Documentary'
Get PDF現実あるいは架空の出来事や事態を時系列および因果関係に従って、一定のまとまりをもって記していくものが「物語」である。ドキュメンタリーも出来事を時系列、因果関係を意味づけ、解釈し、解明するという点では「物語」である。しかし、ドキュメンタリーの「物語」に対し「反物語」が突きつけられた。本稿は、環境化したテレビにおいて「ドキュメンタリー」が、どのように「物語るドキュメンタリー」として生成され、どのように「物語らないドキュメンタリー」へ変容していくかを考察する。考察の中心となるのは、テレビ草創期の1950年代半ばから変容が顕在化てくる1960年代後半までである。テレビド・ドキュメンタリーが、他の番組と同じように演出的変容は、当然演出家の問題として顕在化する。が、機器の開発・導入によっても演出に変容をうながし顕在化させる。本稿では、この点についても言及する。A story consists of the description of incidents or situations - whether they are real or fictional - in a chronological order or based on a causal relationship. A documentary may be considered a story in a sense that it gives a meaning to incidents by describing them in a chronological order, adding causal relationship, interpreting and explicating them. Anti-story, however, now confronts stories in documentaries. This essay examines how a documentary has been created as a 'narrative documentary' and how it transformed into a 'non-narrative documentary'. This essay focuses on the period between the mid-1950s, TV's early period, and the late-1960s, during which such transformation manifested. Similar to other TV programs, dramatization of TV documentaries has become an obvious problem among directors. Development and introduction of new recording equipment also contribute to the transformation (of documentaries) and the manifestation of dramatization. This essay refers to this issue also.2KJ00004919559論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
Analysis on Speech Development : How to Draw Interests from Listeners
Get PDF本論はスピーチでどのような表現方法が聞き手の興味を引くのかを考察するために失言を分析し、同時に失言が発生する原因を究明する。特に本論では話者のメッセージの描写方法に対する聞き手と第三者間での視点と解釈という観点を重視する。分析方法に関してはボーマンのファンタシー理論を応用し説明する。Through analyzing a slip of tongue, the paper attempts to clarify effective development of descriptions in speech style communication and also sheds light to the reason that causes a slip of tongue. Specially, analysis focuses on interaction between listeners and their acquaintances along with speaker's message.3KJ00004919560論文Articledepartmental bulletin pape
Documents sur l'egalite professionnelle entre les hommes et les femmes en France
No full text5KJ00004912152資料Documentdepartmental bulletin pape