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Subcutaneous Insulin Use in Diabetic Ketoacidosis
No full textThis review evaluates the clinical application of subcutaneous (SQ) insulin, particularly rapid-acting insulin analogs (RAIAs), in managing mild to moderate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Standard treatment highlights fluid resuscitation, correcting electrolytes, and giving intravenous (IV) regular insulin at 0.1 units/kg per hour, often requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Evidence from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and multicenter cohort studies in adults indicates that SQ RAIAs have DKA resolution rates comparable to those of IV insulin, with similar total insulin needs and hospital length of stay. Rates of hypoglycemia were lower with SQ protocols, which also offered operational benefits like shorter emergency department stays and less ICU use. Meta-analyses support these results, indicating equal effectiveness and safety between SQ RAIAs and IV insulin in resolving DKA, with no differences in recurrence. The American Diabetes Association considers SQ RAIAs a safe and effective alternative for selected patients with mild to moderate DKA, as long as close monitoring and proper fluid management are maintained. Therefore, SQ insulin is a practical, resource-efficient option that could change practice in suitable clinical settings
The Bidirectional Relationship Between Nutrition and Mental Health in Adolescents and Young Adults
No full textNutrition plays a critical role in adolescent mental health, yet the bidirectional interactions between dietary patterns and psychological well-being remain underrecognized in primary care. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the relationship between nutrition and mental health among adolescents and young adults, highlight biological mechanisms linking the two, and discuss practical strategies for clinical integration. Recent evidence across cohort and interventional studies supports that dietary quality is associated with mood regulation and cognitive functioning. Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids are linked to reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms with small to moderate effect sizes across trials, whereas highly processed foods contribute to inflammation and poorer mental health outcomes. Mechanistic pathways such as the gut-brain axis, inflammation, and neurotransmitter synthesis illustrate how nutritional factors influence psychiatric health. The integration of nutritional psychiatry into adolescent care requires clinician education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and equitable access to nutritious foods. Addressing these factors may strengthen prevention and treatment strategies for mood and anxiety disorders in this population.
Keywords: Adolescent mental health, dietary patterns, inflammation and depression, primary care, nutritional psychiatr
Early Onset Colorectal Cancer: Incidence, Detection, and Disparities
No full textABSTRACT
This review investigates the rising incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) in individuals under 45—a demographic historically excluded from standard screening protocols. While colorectal cancer (CRC) rates have declined overall due to widespread screening among older adults, individuals under 45 now account for over 11% of colon and 18% of rectal cancers diagnosed annually. This concerning trend highlights an urgent need to re-evaluate current screening approaches and public health strategies.
A narrative review of PubMed-indexed literature (2014–2025) was conducted, focusing on EOCRC risk factors, diagnostic delays, and evolving detection strategies. Evidence reveals that younger adults frequently experience delayed diagnoses due to provider bias, under-recognition of symptoms, and systemic barriers such as limited access to care. These challenges often lead to advanced-stage detection and poorer clinical outcomes. Despite recent updates lowering the screening age to 45, many at-risk individuals remain unscreened, particularly those with atypical presentations or limited healthcare access.
Emerging non-invasive modalities—such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) blood tests, stool DNA assays, and gut microbiome profiling—offer promising avenues for earlier detection. These technologies could support personalized, risk-based screening strategies, potentially improving outcomes in younger populations. Current guidelines, however, may not adequately reflect the increasing burden of EOCRC and the need for targeted early detection strategies.
This review underscores the need to modify existing screening recommendations to better serve younger adults at risk for CRC. Expanding access to innovative diagnostic tools and lowering screening thresholds could reduce morbidity and mortality in this population. Furthermore, the paper identifies gaps in current research, particularly the reliance on retrospective data, and emphasizes the importance of future prospective studies focused on real-world implementation, cost-effectiveness, and equitable policy reform
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Dance Movements in Enhancing Activities of Daily Living for Geriatric Patients and Relevant Implications for Nursing Care
Get PDFWithin the healthcare industry, the geriatric population holds a unique set of patient-care needs due to a myriad of physical and cognitive challenges. The presentation of these challenges can negatively impact the quality of a patient’s life and overall independence. One specific challenge providers must account for when providing care to geriatric patients is a decreased range of mobility as age increases. Reasons as to why mobility decreases varies, and include but are not limited to degenerative musculoskeletal conditions, poor nutrition, poor physical mobility or lack thereof, and other comorbidities.
According to peer-reviewed resources, by engaging in frequent Dance Movement Therapy, geriatric patients experience increased function, mobility, balance, and coordination. As patients experience an increased level of independence, they are able to participate in their own self-care needs and provide individual care as appropriate. This in turn improves the delivery of patient-centered care by nursing staff, as they are able to provide further specialized care which will improve the patient’s overall recovery and decrease the recovery period.
Despite the fact that this is not a common topic in nursing-related practice, there is evidence that frequent inclusion of Dance Movement Therapy into a patient’s daily care plan improves their physical state and in turn, nursing care. This literature serves to argue this concept by synthesizing over 20 peer-reviewed research articles and literature reviews published from 2009 to 2024, which highlight positive findings towards the implementation of Dance Movement Therapy within patient care settings
Bankruptcy Unveiled: A Comparative Analysis of Risk Factors in Small vs. Large-Scale Businesses
No full textThis paper aims to identify the causes of small business bankruptcy and compare them to large business bankruptcy. The information gathered was taken from previous studies on bankruptcy and then used to compare the different reasons why small businesses and large businesses file for bankruptcy each year. While researching I found no articles comparing small and large so this study will help incorporate the small business factors and large business factors all into one. This study was conducted to help small and large businesses decrease the likelihood of bankruptcy each year. One of the main reasons behind why these businesses file for bankruptcy is due to a lack of knowledge and with this paper, the owners of these businesses can learn and not make the same mistakes others have previously made
Blood Flow Restriction Training: A Critically Appraised Topic
No full textClinical Scenario: In a clinical setting an Achilles Tendon rupture is amongst one of the most detrimental sports injuries an athlete may suffer during practice or competition. Therefore, clinicians are constantly experimenting with new methods to approach the rehabilitation protocols following a surgical intervention. Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a well researched training aid to assist in muscular growth through the uses of mechanical tension and metabolic stress. Summary of Key Findings: Three relevant randomized controlled trial studies were found and categorized based on the Hierarchy of Research Design in Evidence Based Sports Medicine. Based on the research, BFR has been reported to promote anabolic hormones, such as HGH and IGF-1. In essence, muscular hypertrophy is at a greater likelihood of occurrence when BFR is used during training than when it is not used. Therefore, in a clinical setting, BFR has a positive impact on patients following an Achilles Tendon repair in decreasing recovery time, signaling neural communication to the brain, redevelopment of movement patterns, and assisting in the alignment of tissue following surgical intervention. Overall, BFR allows the patient to experience the same effects of resistance training, but a lighter load, and a reduced chance of reinjury. Clinical Question: Will blood flow restriction training assist a patient in gaining muscle hypertrophy, while reducing the amount of time immobilized following reconstructive surgery after an Achilles tendon repair? Clinical Bottom Line: The importance of the study is to provide clinicians the baseline knowledge and understanding if BFR is beneficial to use when designing the rehabilitation protocol for an athlete following the occurrence of an achilles tendon rupture/repair. Through determining the muscular strength and hypertrophy adaptations gained or lost through data collection and data analysis we will be able to determine the reasoning behind the implication of blood flow restriction
Bee Venom Therapy for the Treatment of Lyme Disease
Get PDFLyme Disease is a tick borne illness, caused from a bacterial infection as a result of being bitten by a tick. Traditionally, lyme disease is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline and amoxicillin. However, there are so many patients who have long lasting symptoms from lyme disease whether they were treated with antibiotics or not. There is new research that suggests the use of bee venom for therapeutic use can be an effective form of antimicrobial treatment for B. burgdorferi, which is the pathogen responsible for lyme disease. By examining existing research from 2019 to 2024, this review synthesizes findings from various quantitative and qualitative studies, through systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The findings show that bee venom therapy, as opposed to traditional antibiotic therapy, contains Melittin, a strong anti-inflammatory that induces cortisol, Apamin, a mild neurotoxin that increases the production of cortisol within the adrenal gland, and Adolapin, which acts as an additional form of anti-inflammatory and an analgesic. As a result, bee venom therapy uses these pharmacological components to intensify the management of symptoms that come from long-lasting lyme disease pain. Through research the goal is to recommend that the use of bee venom can be an effective form of treatment for lymes disease symptom management, instead of the antibiotics that are typically ordered
BIOL 114: The Effect of Nitrogen on Arabidopsis thaliana growth and development
No full textNitrate is a critical nutrient for plant growth, affecting biomass accumulation and development. This study explores the impact of nitrate supplementation on leaf growth in wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana to determine whether genetic differences influence nitrate response. Plants were grown under both control and nitrate-treated conditions, and leaf number was documented and measured.
Mutant plants exhibited lower leaf counts overall, even before nitrate treatment. After nitrate treatment, the quantity of leaves seemed to even out across the board, leading to no significant difference between the treated plants. These results suggest that without any nitrate, the mutants had fewer leaves than the wild type. However, with the addition of nitrate, both the wild types and the mutants shared similar numbers of leaves.
These findings highlight the role of genetic factors in nitrate metabolism and introduce the opportunity for future experiments regarding the interaction between growth and nitrate. This may inform future studies on improving nitrogen use efficiency in crops