International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine
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Phytochemical screening by HR-LCMS and In-vitro Antidiarrhoeal activity of Gardenia arborea Roxb.
Full text linkObjectives: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and assess the in-vitro antidiarrhoeal activity of Gardenia arborea Roxb. leaves, specifically exploring the ethanolic extracts against common diarrhoea-causing pathogens, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Phytochemical profiling was conducted using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS), and the compounds were identified against the Metlin database. The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated through antibacterial assays, measuring zones of inhibition in millimetres, to determine the effectiveness of the extracts against the pathogens at various concentrations. Results: The HR-LCMS analysis identified several key compounds, including Isofraxidin, Arborinine, and Ustiloxin D, within the extracts. In vitro antidiarrhoeal tests demonstrated significant antibacterial activity. The ethanolic extract (GDET) at 500 µg/ml inhibited E. coli by 21.8±0.5 mm and S. aureus by 23.6±0.5 mm. The chloroform extract (GDCH) showed even greater efficacy, inhibiting E. coli by 24.2±0.6 mm and S. aureus by 25.7±0.7 mm, compared to the standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which inhibited E. coli by 25.8±0.3 mm and S. aureus by 26.4±0.6 mm at the same concentration. Conclusion: The findings confirm the potent antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial properties of Gardenia arborea Roxb., supporting its traditional use and potential development into a natural therapeutic agent for treating diarrhoea. The distinct phytochemical profile and the dose-dependent antibacterial activity emphasize the plant\u27s utility in pharmacological applications
Transforming Migraine Pain into Peace: An Ayurvedic Approach Using Marma Chikitsa, Nasya, and Panchakarma
Full text linkMigraine, characterized as a centrally-mediated pain disorder, signifies a dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS), encompassing the brain and spinal cord. This disorder involves the complex interaction of nerves and blood vessels, concluding in the display of pain and neurological symptoms associated with migraine. Key features include a unilateral location, often manifesting on one side of the head; a pulsating quality to the pain; moderate to severe intensity, which can significantly impair daily functioning; and exacerbation with routine physical activity. The management strategy involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating Snehana (Therapeutic Massage), Swedana(Sudation Therapy), Shashtika Shali Pinda Sweda(Swedana), Nasya (errhine therapy), Marma Chikitsa, and oral medication. After a single treatment session, a significant improvement in the patient\u27s health was evident as early as the second day of treatment, highlighting the prompt and positive response to the therapeutic interventions. This case serves as a compelling illustration of the crucial role played by Ayurveda in positively transforming the patient\u27s health. Ayurveda\u27s method provided a natural approach that addressed the root cause of patients\u27 symptoms, balanced doshas, and provided relief to the patient in a short period.
In-vitro Anti-adipocytic activity of Katuka (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth)
Full text linkWhen we look back at human evolution, we observe that humans are closely bonded with nature. We highly depend on resources derived from nature for our day-to-day lives. Whether in good health or disease, we greatly rely on plant, animal, and mineral extracts. With the advent of time, as humans evolved, we started using artificially prepared chemical formulations and modern drugs - for prevention and fighting against diseases. In Ayurveda, plants, animals, and minerals are used to treat diseases. Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth) is an ayurvedic herb that belongs to the Plantaginaceae family and is primarily found in the Himalayan region. Katuki has multi-factorial use in the treatment of various ailments. It is widely used as hepatoprotective, preventing and curing liver damage caused by hepatotoxic agents. Though Acharya Charak has mentioned Katuki in Lekhniya Mahakashaya, it is scarcely used for treating Sthoulya (Obesity). Hence, through a research study, here is an attempt, to prove the activity of Katuki in the inhibition of fat cell formation using the 3T3-L1 cell line. Material and Methods: Katuki Rhizomes was purchased from, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. A modern drug, Orlistat was used as a standard drug. The 3T3-L1 cell line was procured from NCCS, Pune. Cytotoxicity of Katuki was studied using XTT Assay. Oil Red O staining was used to study the anti-adipocytic activity of Katuki. Result: Katuki was found to be safe for 3T3-L1 cells. Katuki was tested in four different concentrations. After the test results, it was found that the fat cell formation on the differentiated 3T3-L1 cell line treated with Katuki was significantly inhibited. Discussion and Conclusion: The test drug Katuki has shown noteworthy anti-adipocytic activity on the 3T3-L1 cell line in all the studied concentrations. However, the anti-adipocytic effect of Katuki was not dose-dependent
Anti-microbial activity of Herbal Dhoopa on clinical isolates of common nosocomial pathogens – An invitro study
Full text linkTraditional practices such as Dhoopana (fumigation) are utilized to disinfect and reduce microbial levels within the environment. This study aims to create herbal Dhoopa sticks and test the antimicrobial activity against bacteria, which often cause nosocomial infections. Methods: Dhoopa sticks were made by blending Guggulu, Aguru, Sarjarasa, Vacha, Shweta Sarshap, Saindhav, Nimba, and Ghee with cow dung and milk. These sticks were then air-dried for five days at 45 degrees Celsius and stored. Antimicrobial activity for Dhoopa was tested on 10 clinical isolates namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, E Coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter spp and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Agar Plates prepared were exposed to Dhoopana for 2 hours, then incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. Efficacy of Dhoopana was assessed based on viability of organisms. Results: Visible growth was absent in 6 sub cultured plates and present in 4 plates after exposure to Dhoopana Conclusion: Study suggest that Dhoopana is effective as antibacterial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pneumoniae and using Dhoopa sticks for fumigation can effectively prevent and control nosocomial infections caused by these pathogens
Unveiling the Therapeutic Potentials of Ghee: Insights from Ayurvedic Texts and Contemporary Research
Full text linkBackground: Recent research has brought attention to the bioactive properties of dairy fats, leading to a shift in the scientific community’s perspective. Ghee, a clarified butter integral to Indian culture and cuisine, has been extensively documented in Ayurveda for its therapeutic benefits. Objective: To examine the health benefits of ghee as described in Ayurvedic texts and modern scientific literature, identifying areas of alignment and divergence. Methods: Ayurvedic Review: Analysis of 11 classical texts spanning 3000+ years, identifying 4000 references to milk derivatives, including 774 mentions of ghee. Benefits were categorised into 15 clusters. Modern Literature Review: Examination of studies published between 1990 and 2023, focusing on ghee’s therapeutic applications. Results: Ayurvedic Insights: Ghee is highlighted for cognitive enhancement, gastrointestinal health, and nourishment, with 2913 references to the benefits of milk derivatives. Modern Insights: Research primarily emphasises ghee’s role in wound healing, skin health, and cardiovascular benefits. Discussion: Ayurvedic and modern perspectives offer complementary insights. While modern science has explored ghee’s topical and cardiovascular applications, Ayurveda underscores its systemic benefits, including cognitive and digestive health. Conclusion: The integration of Ayurvedic knowledge and modern science could unlock ghee’s therapeutic potential, addressing chronic and age-related diseases. Future interdisciplinary research is crucial for validating traditional applications and discovering innovative treatments.
A Review study on mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of various Drugs and Ayurvedic formulations (Anti-inflammatory medications)
Full text linkInflammation is primarily a defensive and healing mechanism, to save the human body when challenged with trauma, infection, autoimmune, toxic and ischemic injuries. While chronic inflammation needs to be controlled almost in all pathological conditions like diabetes, cardio-vascular conditions, autoimmune diseases and carcinomas; most of the time even acute inflammation needs a control to certain extent like to control pain, swelling and fever for comfort and health. While a number of medications are available for same and newer formulations are still under work, various ayurvedic drugs are also well known to possess a significant anti-inflammatory effect with better adverse effect profile at times. Since there is a compulsion to move our efforts from curative to preventive aspects of healthcare, like the need of a diet with anti-inflammatory properties, it always is beneficial to understand how various plants and plant products possesses anti-inflammatory properties. An attempt is made to compile the mechanisms of action of various medicines and anti-inflammatory ayurvedic formulations, to give an overview of how all products come in the ambit of same group of biochemical interactions and pharmacological affects. This also emphasizes, why is it essential for every new formulation and conventionally used plant products to undergo studies to know exactly how it ensues its affects, herein anti-inflammatory actions. This also underlines how such knowledge helps to hypothesize newer mechanisms of action and novel drugs which may act by same or similar mechanisms of actions. This also provides the guidelines for approaches to develop newer medicines
An open clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of Kanka Taila Pratimarsha nasya in Vyanga with special reference to Melasma
Full text linkBrown to gray-brown patches on the face are a typical cause of melasma, a skin condition. It usually appears on the forehead, chin, nasal bridge, cheeks, and above the upper lip. Women are more likely than men to experience it. In India, 20–30% of women between the ages of 40 and 65 have facial melasma. 90% of women and 10% of men across all ethnic and racial groupings experience it, respectively. Melasma can be correlated to Vyanga It is One of the Kshudra Rogas that causes obvious cosmetic impairment and excessive mental tension. Niruja (Painless), Tanu (Thin), and Shyava Varnayukta Mandala (Brownish patch) over Mukha Pradesha (Face)are characteristics of Vyanga (Melasma). While considering the pathogenesis of Vyanga Pitta dosha is more predominant on the basis of Ashraya- ashryi bahava Rakta is also involved. Nasya is mainly indicated. By doing Nasya it removes vitiated Pitta and also helps in Varna prasadana. In this study Pratimarsha Nasya was administered for 30 days continuously. The assessment criteria noted before and after the treatment. Subjective parameters i.e Mukhamagatya Mandalam (Patches), Shyavavarna (Pigmenation), Kandu (Itching), Parusha Sparsha (Dry skin) are the chief complaints of Vyanga and objective parameters such as MASI (Melasma area severity index). Assessments are done before and after the treatment. Symptoms of Vyanga decreased and it shows clinical progressiveness of the treatment given. In our study we found significant improvement.
Development, pharmaceutical analysis and invitro evaluation of modified herbal fumigation formulation
Full text linkAyurveda is science of the life. Maintenance of health of healthy individual and Treatment of diseased are the main principles of ayurveda management. Acharya Sushruta, The Father of Surgery, explained different types of surgeries and documented procedures in sophisticated manner. He also explained Different types of instruments, dressing techniques etc. He clearly emphasized the importance of asepsis in his words Rakshakarma and different drugs he enlisted for it. Rakshakarma includes various karma (procedures) and dhoopan is an important karma among them. In modern, era sterilization and disinfection are the main weapons to deal with the different microbes present in the environment. The incidence of nosocomial infections increasing day by day, thus keeping environment and surfaces microbe free is imperative. Operation theatre is the heart of any surgical hospital and hence its sterilization is of utmost importance. Along with operation theatre complex, fumigation of in-patient and out-patient wards is also necessary. In ayurveda vranitaagar Dhoopan i.e. herbal fumigation of ward is explained by Acharya\u27s. Different ayurvedic herbal, mineral and animal origin drugs explained by acharyas for Dhoopan. To evaluate the efficacy of vranitaagar dhoopan, many researchers are taking efforts and few studies are already completed with promising results. Formaldehyde is most widely used chemical for OT complex fumigation but due to its carcinogenic, irritable properties many safer chemicals are emerging. Still cost effectiveness of these new chemicals is a great hurdle. Formalin is not preferred for routine fumigation of wards. Hence, an attempt is made to modify herbal fumigation formulation for Dhoopan to make ward fumigation effective and safe
Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of Shilajitvadi Rasayana: A polyherbo-mineral Ayurvedic formulation
Full text linkBackground: Ayurveda has a specialised branch to arrest/delay ageing and rejuvenate/revitalise the whole functional dynamics of the body system, known as the \u27Rasayan chikitsa\u27 (Rejuvenation therapy). According to modern science, excess free radical production originating from endogenous or exogenous sources might play a role in many diseases. Antioxidants prevent free radical-induced tissue damage by preventing the formation of radicals, scavenging them, or promoting their decomposition. Shilajitvadi Rasayana (SHR) is a polyherbal-mineral formulation mentioned in Rasaratnasamucchya under Rasayana chikitsa to treat ageing and age-associated diseases. Being an Anti-ageing drug, SHR may have antioxidants and free radical scavenging activity to minimise free radical-induced damage, a key cause of ageing. Methods: The SHR was evaluated in vitro for its antioxidant activity using free radical scavenging activity, such as DPPH assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) and nitric oxide reducing assay. Result: In DPPH assay, the IC50 of SHR was 3584±144µg/ml, compared to (ascorbic acid standards) 0.191±0.005 μg/ml. In the Nitric oxide assay, the IC50 of SHR was 3150±370 µg/ml, as compared to Sodium Nitrate standards of 5.58±0.08 μg/ml. Conclusion: In both assays, SHR shows nearly the same IC50 value as 3584±144µg/ml and 3150±370 µg/ml, whereas the values of standards were 0.191±0.005 μg/ml and 5.58±0.08 μg/ml. Shilajitvadi Rasayana possesses good antioxidant activity, and the scavenging effect increases with the concentration of test compounds. The results of this study suggest the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of SHR. This might explain its Rasayana effect and justify its use as a medicine for age-associated diseases
Comparative anti-microbial study of Nimbadi churna and Manikya rasa w.s.r to Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus
Full text linkBackground: Ayurvedic medicine utilizes both mineral-based and herbal formulations to promote healing through synergistic mechanisms. Manikya Rasa, a mineral formulation, is known for its potent bioactive properties that penetrate deeper tissues for rapid therapeutic action. In contrast, Nimbadi Churna, herbal formulation, supports long-term immunity and systemic detoxification. Infections caused by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are increasingly difficult to manage due to rising antimicrobial resistance. Objective: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of Manikya Rasa and Nimbadi Churna against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, and to assess their potential as alternative therapies in the management of microbial infections. Methods: A comparative in vitro study was conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of the Manikya Rasa and the herbal formulation Nimbadi Churna on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. The formulations were tested for their antimicrobial properties to determine their individual and potential combined efficacy. Results: Both Manikya Rasa and Nimbadi Churna demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity. Manikya Rasa showed rapid and strong inhibition of microbial growth, while Nimbadi Churna provided a gentler, sustained antimicrobial effect. Together, they offer complementary therapeutic benefits. Conclusion: Manikya Rasa and Nimbadi Churna show promise as effective Ayurvedic alternatives for managing infections caused by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Their combined use may offer enhanced outcomes by merging fast-acting mineral effects with the holistic benefits of herbal therapy. These findings highlight the relevance of traditional formulations in modern antimicrobial strategies