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Vom katholischen Deutschordensgebiet zum protestantischen Herzogtum Preußen
Get PDFThe secularisation of the domains of the Teutonic Order in Prussia led to the establishment of thefirst Lutheran territorial church in the world. This fact is almost forgotten today, and this is evidenteven in specialised literature on the Reformation. The article outlines the introduction of the Reformationin Prussia, considering it as an example of its smooth and successful entrenchment. In orderto show this, the late stage of the rule of the Teutonic Order is defined, showing that fundamentalreform was triggered by a multi-layered crisis characteristic of the Order’s domains in Prussia. Thearticle shows that, in coordination with Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchton, and assisted by hisbishops, after becoming the first Duke of Prussia in 1525, Albert, the Grand Master of the TeutonicOrder, implemented reforms in his domains that resembled the main problems raised by the Reformationin an almost exemplary way. But at the same time, it shows that the introduction of theReformation in Prussia was not a unidirectional process, for Duke Albert supported Andreas Osiander’sideas for some time, before he gradually entered the ranks of the confessors of Augsburg.KEY WORDS: Teutonic Order, Prussia, Reformation, Albert, Martin Luther, Andreas Osiander
VOLUNTARY PRIVATE INVESTMENTS ROLE IN PENSION SYSTEM IN LATVIA
Get PDFPension systems have become one of the main priorities for the national governments. Developed countries population is getting older by putting the pressure on the state budgets and work age people tax load. The current pension system in Latvia performs according to regulation of state compulsory unfunded pension scheme since 1996 and regulation of the state funded or accumulated pension scheme since 2001. The third pension system pillar is private voluntary pension schemes realized in form of people contributions into pension funds and life insurance policies. Aim of the research – deeper analyses of voluntary private investments as the pension system part and its development challenges in Latvia. Research methods: scientific publications and previous conducted research analysis; analysis of time series on private pension fund developments in Latvia and comparisons with the situation in other OECD countries. The authors were looking for answer on the question – can voluntary private investments cover the gap between pre-retirement and after-retirement income of population in Latvia and what are the pre-conditions for it.KEYWORDS: Pension system, voluntary savings, financial literacy, Bancassurance.JEL CODES: M10; M38DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v29i3.199
ETHNOGRAPHIC REGIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF CONTEMPORARY CHERKASY DISTRICT BY FEATURES OF RITUAL FOLK SONGS
Get PDFWe have to define at least three different regional folk singing traditions in the central part of Dnipro river localities in Ukraine. They are located in the territory of contemporary Cherkasy district. We have Podillia region with much more archaic folk songs genres and enough clear their musical stylistic features. We also have Naddniprianshchyna and Poltavshchyna regions with colourful and various way enriched polyphonic features of regional folk singing traditions. The main goal of our ethnomusicological activities we see here in recording continuity of such singing folklore traditions from all Cherkasy district followed by their scientific research studies in their style, genre, rhythmic and melodic typology aspects, as well as mapping of particular macro- and micro-zones in various mentioned above parameters.KEY WORDS: Ukrainian musical folklore, Cherkasy district, Middle Dnipro river ethnographic regions, Poltavshchyna, Naddniprianshchyna, Podillia
The information channels that matter: The case of social enterprise customers in Latvia
Get PDFSocial entrepreneurship is becoming more and more popular as there is a growing share of people who would like to contribute for social enterprises and are ready to become customers of the social enterprises and in this way participate in reduction of poverty in the country and support entrepreneurship development. For social enterprise marketing communications to be effective, an understanding is necessary not only of the information channels which are most effective but also of the preferences customers hold regarding the information channels that they would like to receive information from. Purpose of research: to investigate the preferences for different information channels among customers of Latvian social enterprises. Research methods: scientific publications analysis, analysis of previous conducted research results, social enterprise customers’ survey conducted by Kristīne Casno. Results of research have indicated that regular customers of social enterprises prefer such information channels as social networks, followed by television and radio.KEYWORDS: social enterprise, information channels, decision making, social entrepreneurship, surveyJEL CODES: M14; M31; M38DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v29i3.199
Foreword
Get PDFOn April 10 this year, for the first time in humanity’s history, a photo of a black hole (or black abyss) taken with the Event Horizon telescope was published. As if seen through an “out-of-focus camera lens”, a shadow (dark circle) of a massive black hole at the centre on the galaxy M87 surrounded by a mass of gas moving very fast can be seen. Sheperd Doeleman, Project Director of Event Horizon Telescope and Senior Research Fellow at Harvard University says that black holes are the most mysterious formations in the universe. In fact, it’s amazing that the whole world is “going crazy” for the first publicly published black hole image. But it is at these moments that we especially want to point out that there are still so many inexhaustible, mysterious, valuable, exploratory things on our small planet Earth. Here, in front of our eyes, every day, whole worlds of human consciousness open up, as if they were a kind of parallel reality. The other question is whether we want to see them, “take a picture”, and most importantly, recognize their value? Remembering the words of Carl Sagan, a well-known astronomer and science populariser, not anyone else but “We are a way for the cosmos to know itself”
PRENATALINIS MUZIKINIS UGDYMAS LIETUVOJE: POVEIKIO NĖŠČIOSIOMS EMOCINIS ASPEKTAS
Get PDFThe article focuses on the emotional aspects of programs performed by institutions of prenatal music education (PME) in Lithuania and reveals how the content of this education helps pregnant women to experience positive emotions, especially joy, and overcome the increased nervousness and fear of childbirth. We conducted a study where fourteen respondents were interviewed: six women who during their pregnancy attended music education classes for future mothers (the musical educational health promotion school “Sveikutis”, Vilnius; and the studio of music therapy and meditation “Dabartis”, Klaipėda) and eight women who practiced musicianship independently. The experiences of these fourteen respondents of different age (from 20 to 45 years old at the time of pregnancy) and from different cities (Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Panevėžys, Pasvalys and Šiauliai) has revealed that all women who during their pregnancy practiced musicianship had deep and significant experiences and felt the decrease of fear of childbirth. However, the women who attended music education classes had a larger spectrum of opportunities: they could play various instruments, perform additional and useful exercises, and receive more beneficial information, which allowed them to feel positive emotions more often. In addition, the women who attended PME classes claimed to achieve the connection with their unborn child faster and they rated their pregnancy with a higher grade concerning the smoothness of the period. It is significant that PME classes had a positive impact on the husbands of pregnant women as well – the received information encouraged soon to be fathers to communicate with their unborn children. The results of our study confirm that the PME classes in Lithuania promote the pregnant women’s positive emotions, especially experiencing joy, decrease the fear of childbirth, and also have a positive effect on couple’s relationships.KEYWORDS: Prenatal music education (PME), prenatal musical educational health (PMEH), emotional imitation method (EIM), emotions during pregnancy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v79i3.189
VOLUNTEERING IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS SOCIAL POLICY EXPRESSION
Get PDFStraipsnyje atskleidžiama savanorystės fenomeno raiška visuomenėje, akcentuojami savanoriškos veiklos ypatumai nevyriausybinėse organizacijoje (toliau – NVO), teikiant socialines paslaugas. Aptariant NVO veiklos turinį socialinės politikos kontekste pristatomos NVO ir savanorystės ištakos. Remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymais, aptariama NVO galia vertinant teisinio reguliavimo pokyčius vykdant savanorišką veiklą. Sąsajų tarp savanoriškos, socialinio darbo ir NVO veiklos išryškinimas leidžia modeliuoti įvairių socialinių problemų sprendimo strategijas, siekiant mažinti socialinę atskirtį ir puoselėti visuomenės bendruomeniškumą, rengiant socialinius darbuotojus. Teisinis savanorystės reguliavimas sudaro NVO veiklos profesionalizacijos ir veiksmingo socialinės politikos įgyvendinimo prielaidas.PAGRINDINIAI ŽODŽIAI: savanorystė, socialinė politika, socialinės paslaugos, nevyriausybinių organizacijų veiklos turinys, socialinis darbas, teisinis reguliavimas.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v79i3.189
DVASINGUMO VERTINIMAS: HUMANISTINIO DVASINGUMO APRAŠO KŪRIMAS IR VALIDAVIMAS
Get PDFSpirituality is a basic human drive with diverse forms of expression that make for unique patterns of thinking consonant with an advanced level of cognition and integration of information. The paper features the Humanistic Spirituality Model, which captures the essential dimensions of humanistic spirituality through three components: self-actualisation, transcendence and ultimate meaning in life. The Humanistic Spirituality Inventory (HSI), a measure of spirituality developed on the basis of the Humanistic Spirituality Model, contains three scales corresponding to the three model components. According to the results of the HSI validation study (N = 331), the instrument has good psychometric properties, i.e. adequate content and construct validity as well as satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities, which makes it a proper spirituality research measure.KEY WORDS: spirituality, Humanistic Spirituality Model, Humanistic Spirituality Inventory, self-actualisation, transcendence, meaning in life.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v79i3.188
