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THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN LITHUANIA
Full text linkThe Early Bronze Age in Lithuania, and especially the final part, saw the most important changes in the structure of the production economy and society. Unlike in Central or Western Europe, the Neolithic Revolution, as Vere Gordon Childe understood it, was taking place in the east Baltic region at exactly that time, that is, the first half of the second millennium BC. The communities which inhabited individual regions in Lithuania in the Early Bronze Age gave rise to a unique method of economic management that to a large extent influenced the development of the structure of individual communities. In this article, on the basis of archaeological, palynological and zooarchaeological material, we discuss the economic and social structures of two distinct territorial community groups, one that lived at Šventoji on the Baltic coast, and one that lived inland by Lake Kretuonas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v18i0.64 Key words: Lithuania, Early Bronze Age, economy, society, Kretuonas, Šventoji
A Scenario to Acquaint with the Problem of Engineering Compliant Software
No full textSection 1 of this paper follows entirely a scenario from the article “Engineering Compliant Software: Advising Developers by Automating Legal Reasoning” by D. Oberle, F. Drefs, R. Wacker, C. Baumann and O. Raabe, SCRIPTed (2012) 9:3, 280–313, where it serves as a running example. It demonstrates that data transfer violates the law. This motivating scenario has added value in the education of software developers and is worth sharing with the computer communities of other countries including Lithuania. In the scenario, the continental law and EU law sways the particularities of the German law. The motivation for teaching the scenario can be compared with teaching concrete cases in the study of law. Legal reasoning is demonstrated by supplementing the provisions of the German Federal Data Protection Act (FDPA) with those of the Lithuanian Law on Legal Protection of Personal Data, which have the same meaning. In Section 3, we attempt to formulate the software compliance problem. Finally, we explain the notion of subsumption – a legal qualification of facts according to a norm’s circumstance. We consider subsumption to consist of two notions: terminological subsumption and normative subsumption
OF FRIENDS AND FOOD: DOGS IN MEDIEVAL NOVGOROD THE GREAT
Full text linkDogs are the earliest domesticated animals, which followed man for thousands of years. Their historical diversity and interaction with men is no less interesting than the problem of their origin. The present report covers the subject of canine diversity and interaction with men in Medieval Novgorod the Great (the tenth to the 14th centuries), one of the oldest and most important trading cities in Russia.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v17i0.57 Key words: dogs, morphometry, trauma, disease, Russia, Medieval Novgorod, pariah dog, luxury breeds, natural selection
HIIS-SITES IN NORTHERN ESTONIA: DISTINCTIVE HILLS AND PLAIN FIELDS
Full text linkIn this article, I analyse places with toponyms connected with hiis (meaning ‘holy place’, usually associated with ‘holy grove’ in Estonian) in northern Estonia. Geographically, it is possible to distinguish between three main types of landscape for places of which the names include the word hiis: distinctive hills, plain fields, and isolated, hidden places. Research into holy places tends to focus on naturally prominent or spectacular places, which have shaped the view that holy places are usually situated on hills; but plain fields and other visually less attractive sites have been neglected. Here, I will give examples of different types of Estonian hiis-sites, and discuss the links between these places and other monuments, graves and cemeteries dating from different periods, and settlements and churches. Finally, the article points to the favouring of different landscapes selected for hiis-sites, and argues that the claim that only attractive sites are regarded as ‘holy places’ is not valid. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v15i1.1
Preface
Full text linkVolume 16 of Archaeologia Baltica is dedicated to the 50th birthday of Associate Prof Dr Gintautas Zabiela. In the introductory article Albinas Kuncevičius describes the work of G. Zabiela and his contribution to the research into Lithuania’s Middle Ages, and especially to hill-forts.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v16i0.3