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Religinių ženklų (ne)dermė XVII amžiaus krosnies puošyboje: Klaipėdos priemiesčio atvejis
Get PDFIn the Late Medieval and Early Modern period, tile stoves not only heated premises, but alsodecorated the homes of those who could afford them. The scenes and figures depicted on thetiles changed according to the broader changes that took place in culture. Images relevantto the Protestants appeared on tiles in the course of the development of the Reformation inEurope, in addition to religious motifs representing Catholic values. But what can the informationencoded in the decoration of private spaces tell us about the owners’ religious beliefs andmoral values? The article explores the issue by examining the case of a stove made of tiles withambiguous signs: some of them had a meaning in Catholic culture, others spread after theintroduction of Lutheranism, and one tile portrayed an authority relevant to the Anabaptists.Archaeologists have found all these tiles in a closed site on a single plot, a house in a formersuburb of Memel (Klaipėda), which itself (and hence the stove) dates back to the 17th century.Not only were contemporaneous tiles used to build the stove, but tiles with symbols fromprevious periods were also reused. The article provides an interpretation of the contradictoryreligious signs that appeared on a single stove built in a suburb of Memel.KEY WORDS: Reformation, stove tiles, tile decoration, Catholics, Lutherans, Anabaptists
DISCOVERING THE MEANING OF THE NARRATIVE THERAPY IN THE CARITATIVE SOCIAL WORK CONTEXT
Get PDFNaratyvinės terapijos, kaip tarpdisciplininio metodo, socialiniame darbe ir psichoterapijoje ištakos glūdi XX a. pradžioje. Jis svarbus karitatyviniame socialiniame darbe, kai siekiama padėti žmogui ištikus krizei, sprendžiant asmenybės ir socialines problemas. Straipsnyje pristatomas naratyvinės terapijos kontekstas, išryškinant dominuojantį ir alternatyvų naratyvus. Praktinis metodo pritaikymas aptariamas kompleksiškai atskleidžiant eksternalizacijos procesą, kurio metu klientas identifikuoja savo problemą, o terapeutas suvokia savo požiūrį. Naratyvinė terapija gali būti taikoma dirbant su individu, šeima, grupe. Karitatyvinio socialinio darbo praktikoje šis metodas įgalina geriau suvokti asmens tapatumo klausimus.PAGRINDINIAI ŽODŽIAI: klientas, terapija, dominuojantis naratyvas, tapatumo pokyčiai, kritiniai taškai, eksternalizacija.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v79i3.189
Sclavos, qui dicuntur abodriti, wilzi et surbi. Notes on the Tribal Organisation of the Polabian Slavs
Get PDFThe conception of the history of the Polabian Slavs, and the interpretation of tribal structures, has changed several times since the formation of critical historiography. The article set the goal of summarising and expanding on some of the crucial points in historical research into the development of Slavic society in the Polabian area. Since the 19th century, researchers have adhered to the division of Slavs into three groups, Obodrites, Veleti/Lutici and Sorbes, which corresponds with the quantitative use in surviving contemporary sources. These three groups, and the entire tribal organisation, must, however, be put into the context of the history of barbarian Europe. The segmental structure of the Polabian tribes showed some signs of a tribal democracy, and given the military character of individual federations, the whole system could be called a military democracy; but because of the strong ties with religion and religious rites, the current discourse rejects the strict division of military and sacral characters of tribal institutions. Therefore, it is not quite possible to determine whether the tribal organisation of the Polabian Slavs was an equal alternative to Medieval states, as we know from Bohemia, Poland and Hungary.Key words: Polabian Slavs, tribal structures, tribal union, military democracy, Obodrites, Veleti/Lutici, Sorbes, barbarian Europe
“Krestnoe Celovanie” as a Ritual in Making Agreements and Peace Treaties between the Princes of Rus’ and Members of the Livonian Community (until the End of the 13th Century)
Get PDFOne of the more interesting rituals that functioned in Old Rus’ for centuries is the custom of cross kissing (крестноe целованиe), accompanying legal processes, such as taking oaths, public obligations, writing legal deeds, or concluding peace treaties. The earliest records of this ritual are evidenced clearly by the earliest chronicles and references in documents from that era. Due to the chronological structure and character of this work, which is clearly defined in the title of the article, the author’s attention is focused on the initial period of its functioning, until the end of the 13th century, in relation to contacts between Old Rus’ (Ruthenia) and Livonia. From Livonia, the parties participating in this ritual were Catholic bishops, Teutonic Knights, councillors from Livonian towns (Riga, Viljandi, Tartu and others), and even ordinary merchants. From Old Rus’, they were also participants in governments, merchants and warriors. From the historical sources, it can be stated here that the ceremony of kissing the cross was used quite commonly in legal acts between Old Rus’ and Livonia.Key words: kissing the cross, ritual, peace treaty, Old Rus’, Livonia
Reviews
No full textBook reviews WEZEL, Katja. Geschichte als Politikum. Lettland und die Aufarbeitung nach der Diktatur (The Baltic Sea Region: Nordic Dimensions – European Perspectives, vol. 15). Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2016. – 324 S. ISBN 978-3-8305-3425-9 TÖNSMANN, Susanne. What is Citizenship for? Citizenships and Naturalization in Latvia (The Baltic Sea Region: Nordic Dimensions – European Perspectives, vol. 16). Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2017. – 218 pp. ISBN 978-3-8305-3595-
(Review) Apie naują prūsų religijos interpretaciją
No full textBook review KAWIŃSKI, Paweł. Sacrum w wyobrażeniach pogańskich Prusów. Próba interpretacji na pograniczu historii i etnologii religini (Monumenta Literaria Prussiae, Seria C: Monografie, nr. 8). Olsztyn: Oficyna Wydawnicza Towarzystwa Naukowego Pruthenia, 2018. – 386 s. ISBN 978-83-04-944431-4-
Lietuvos kariuomenės kovinė parengtis 1935–1940 metais
Get PDFCombat readiness is the state of the armed forces and their ability to carry out combat duties.Combat training was performed in the Lithuanian army during all the period of the existenceof the independent state. However, at the beginning of the 1930s, a qualitative change in combattraining could be noticed, and it was implemented even faster after the military modernisationof the army started in 1934–1935. Since the main indicator showing combat readinessis army exercises, this article aims to evaluate the Lithuanian army’s combat readiness afterthe 1934–1935 reorganisation. In order to achieve this aim, the joint field exercise that wasexecuted at the Gaižiūnai training ground in the summer, and the strategic-scale training exercisescarried out in the autumn, a large army field exercise, are analysed. The article discusseshow the army evaluated the training, the skills, and the abilities of the armed forces necessaryfor the execution of combat tasks that were revealed during the exercise.Key words: exercise, field exercise, training, combat training, combat readiness, Lithuanianarmy, armed forces
‘Power to the Family.’ The Military Obligations of Old Prussians in Warmia in the Context of their Family Ties (13th and 14th Centuries)
Get PDFThe article refers to the main types of social and military relations between the indigenous people and the new landlords that formed in the times of building and reinforcing the rule of the Teutonic Order in Warmia, a part of Prussia. These included military action and the military obligations of the indigenous people and their descendants in the 13th and 14th centuries. The issue is discussed in the context of the family ties of the Old Prussians. In the era of the conquest, and when building the territory of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, family rule over possessions was reinforced at the expense of other social relations. From the article, it is clear that the military potential of the Diocese of Warmia was supported mainly by the indigenous people, who received Chełmno and other privileges. It also seems that Old Prussians not only fought alongside the Order (knights of the Old Prussian origin, small freemen, equites Prutheni), but also led the army of the diocese as bishopric vogts.Key words: Old Prussians, Old Prussian warriors, equites Prutheni, Diocese of Warmia, Warmia, Teutonic Order in Prussia
DARNUMO PRINCIPŲ ĮGYVENDINIMO POVEIKIS LIETUVOS ĮMONIŲ VEIKLOS EFEKTYVUMUI
Get PDFStraipsnyje pateikiamas darnumo principų įgyvendinimo poveikio įmonių veiklos efektyvumui problematiką atskleidžiantis tyrimas. Atliktas tyrimas rodo nepakankamą darnumo principų įgyvendinimo poveikio įmonių veiklos efektyvumui suvokimą šalies ekonominės veiklos valdymo lygmeniu. Siekta ištirti darnumo principų įgyvendinimo ir poveikio veiklos efektyvumui problematikos aspektus. Šiam tikslui pasitelktas kokybinis tyrimas, apklausiant ekspertus, duomenims rinkti nuspręsta taikyti interviu metodą, jie apdoroti kokybinės turinio analizės metodu. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad darnumo principais pagrįsta veikla akivaizdžiai skatina įmonių veiklos efektyvumą. Darnumo principų įgyvendinimo procesus veikia šie veiksniai: darnus vadovavimas, darnios žinios, tinkami rodikliai, tinkamas valdymo modelis. Parodoma, kad bendras darnumo principų kompleksiškumo poveikis yra veiksmingiausias būdas formuoti ilgalaikius konkurencinio pranašumo pagrindus.PAGRINDINIAI ŽODŽIAI: darnumo principai, darni veikla, veiklos efektyvumas, konkurencinis pranašumas.JEL KLASIFIKACIJA: M10,O10,Q01DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v28i2.194
MONEY INVESTED ON SHOPPING ONLINE AND PAYMENT METHODS USED: FINDINGS BY RECENT SURVEY
Get PDFWithin development of telecommunication, e-commerce is rapidly replacing traditional shopping as well as offering new ways to pay for goods. Payment is one of the main phases of buying decision process and it is crucial to e-commerce, because there is a big possibility that consumer will abandon the shopping cart if preferred payment method is not available. Not only flexible payment options can help company to attract and retain customers, but it also can ensure that company get paid more quickly. The aim of the research is to find out how much money Latvian customers invest when shopping online and which payment methods they use to pay for the purchase on internet in Latvia. Research methods used in the study are scientific publication studies, studies of statistics on internet shopping development, survey realised in Latvia at the end of 2017 and beginning of 2018 on internet shopping in co-operation with company iMarketing, University of Latvia and Chamber of Trade and Commerce of Latvia. For many aspects in evaluation of opinion of respondents it was used evaluation scale 1–10, where do not agree with the statement; 10 – fully agree with statement. For data analysis there were used indicators of descriptive statistics, cross – tabulations, statistical tests of hypotheses, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis. Main results and findings of the study reveals that the most commonly used payment methods for online purchases in Latvia are paying with debit or credit card at the moment of purchase and paying at the store, but the least used payment methods for online purchase is cryptocurrency and at the pick-up box place. Also, there is no statistical difference between female and male customers on use of credit or debit card usage for online payments.KEYWORDS: internet marketing, payment methods, shopping online, survey.JEL CODES: L86, M31, M37DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v28i2.194