Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Mechanism for Committing Crimes in the Field of Professional Legal Assistance
No full textУ статті наголошено, що криміналізація правопорушень у сфері професійної правничої допомоги покликана забезпечити законність, незалежність адвокатури та довіру суспільства до цього інституту. Особливу увагу приділено механізму злочинної діяльності, розвиток уявлень про який пройшов шлях від опису способів учинення до сучасного розуміння його як складної динамічної системи. Встановлено, що цей механізм охоплює взаємодію суб’єкта, потерпілого, обстановки, способу дії та наслідків, посідаючи проміжну позицію між способом учинення та криміналістичною характеристикою. З’ясовано, що злочини проти адвокатів становлять окрему групу правопорушень високої суспільної небезпеки, а дослідження їх механізму є передумовою створення ефективних методик розслідування.The article emphasises that the legislative criminalisation of criminal offences in the field of professional legal assistance is necessitated by the need to protect the key values of the rule of law – compliance with the law, guaranteeing the independence of the legal profession and maintaining public trust in the legal profession as a self-governing human rights institution. It aims to ensure the stability of the legal aid institution and minimise the risks of external interference that undermines its functioning. In this context, the study of the mechanism of criminal activity is of particular importance, since it is precisely this knowledge that is a prerequisite for the formation of scientifically sound methodological recommendations for the effective investigation of such crimes.
It has been determined that the victim occupies a special place in the structure of the mechanism of criminal offences against lawyers, since their professional status, functional duties and behaviour directly determine the nature of the unlawful influence. Another important element is the circumstances of the crime, which form the spatial, temporal, and socio-psychological conditions that determine the specifics of the evidence picture. It is the circumstances and the manner of action that form the basis for constructing investigative versions and further evidence collection.
It has been established that, from a criminalistic point of view, offences committed in the field of professional legal assistance constitute a special group, as they affect not only the life, health or property of lawyers, but also the institutional guarantees of the independence of the legal profession and the very possibility of carrying out legal activities. They are characterised by a variety of perpetrators, multiple methods of implementation and a high level of public danger, which undermines not only the rights of the specific victim, but also the authority of the legal profession as a whole.
In general, the mechanism of criminal activity in the field of professional legal assistance should be viewed as a complex dynamic system that reflects the cause-and-effect relationships between all participants in the event and the conditions for its implementation. Its thorough study is a necessary prerequisite for the formation of a complete criminalistic characterisation of these offences and the development of specialised methods for their investigation
Narcotic Drugs as Objects of Forensic Investigation: Trends in the Context of the War in Ukraine
No full textВизначено основні тенденції у видовому розподілі наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин, які перебувають у незаконному обігу в Україні в умовах воєнного стану. Проаналізовано довоєнну ситуацію у сфері протидії незаконному обігу наркотиків, охарактеризовано сучасний стан наркозлочинності та поширеності окремих різновидів наркотиків в Україні. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз та окреслено тенденції змін у виявленні правоохоронними органами наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин як об’єктів криміналістичного дослідження.Amidst large-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine, there has been a steady trend towards an increase in drug-related crime, particularly due to the illegal manufacture and sale of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. There has been a gradual transformation in the types of drugs seized from illegal circulation. Cannabis remains the most common substance in the group of narcotic drugs. On the other hand, the volume of cocaine and heroin seizures and forensic examinations has decreased significantly, as has the amount of poppy straw and acetylated opium. At the same time, the number of detections of tramadol and other potent medicines has increased. Among psychotropic substances, the number of detected samples of LSD and synthetic cannabinoids is decreasing, while the frequency of detection of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and especially synthetic cathinones, the largest share of which is α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone, is increasing. It is evident that the war has led to a reconfiguration of the routes for the illicit trafficking of heroin and cocaine outside Ukraine. The demand for narcotics is mainly met by domestic production of cannabis, amphetamine, methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones, as well as abuse of pharmaceutical drugs (methadone, tramadol, etc.).
The priorities of law enforcement agencies are gradually shifting from focusing on minor arrests to identifying drug laboratories, drug dens and distribution channels, which can generally be seen as a positive trend.
It is likely that under martial law and after the end of hostilities, domestic demand for drugs will continue to grow, particularly among people who need treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder and pain syndrome, or as a result of addiction developed during the war. Given the low income levels of the population, demand will focus on cheap synthetic drugs. To minimise harm in such a situation, it is advisable to ensure orderly and controlled access for patients to potent drugs, develop substitution maintenance therapy programmes, legalise medical cannabis, and develop a rehabilitation system for military personnel returning to civilian life
Parties to a Contract for the Provision of Rehabilitation Services
No full textСтаттю присвячено характеристиці сторін договору про надання реабілітаційних послуг. Проаналізовано норми законодавчих актів і дослідження науковців, які вивчали правові засади надання реабілітаційної допомоги в Україні. Визначено вимоги до реабілітаційних закладів, які можуть бути виконавцями в договорі про надання реабілітаційних послуг. Встановлено права осіб, які можуть бути отримувачами реабілітаційних послуг. Запропоновано внесення змін до законодавства, що регулює надання реабілітаційних послуг.This article is devoted to the characteristics of the parties to a contract for the provision of rehabilitation services. An analysis of the regulatory and legal acts governing legal relations in the field of healthcare and the provision of rehabilitation services is conducted. The work of the scholars researching the legal basis for the provision of rehabilitation assistance in Ukraine, in particular the civil law regulation of this sphere, is considered separately.
The parties to the agreement on the provision of rehabilitation services, such as the customer and the contractor, are characterised. The requirements for rehabilitation institutions that can act as contractors under such an agreement are defined. It is emphasised that rehabilitation institutions must have the status of a legal entity and may operate on the basis of private, state or municipal ownership. It is noted that in order to carry out economic activities in the field of medical practice, rehabilitation institutions must obtain an appropriate licence. An important aspect is the availability of qualified rehabilitation specialists on the staff of such institutions.
It is clarified that a contract for the provision of rehabilitation assistance may be concluded both by adult individuals and by parents of minors who need rehabilitation assistance. The rights of patients under such an agreement are outlined. It is noted that a patient may also be a foreign citizen who does not permanently reside in Ukraine. It is emphasised that a citizen of Ukraine, on the basis of an agreement on the provision of rehabilitation services, may receive rehabilitation services that are not included in the programme of state guarantees for medical care for the population.
It is proposed to amend Article 22 of the Law of Ukraine “On Rehabilitation in the Field of Health Care”, in particular to provide for the right of a patient to conclude an agreement on the provision of rehabilitation services at their own expense. The prospects for further scientific research in the context of the article’s topic are outlined
Features of Establishing Circumstances Subject to Proof in Criminal Proceedings When Investigating Military Offences
No full textСтаттю присвячено особливостям встановлення обставин, що підлягають доказуванню у кримінальних провадженнях при розслідуванні військових правопорушень, та дослідженню особливостей досудового розслідування військових кримінальних правопорушень в умовах збройної агресії проти України. Акцентовано увагу на зростанні кількості таких злочинів у зв’язку зі збільшенням чисельності особового складу, високою інтенсивністю бойових дій і психологічними навантаженнями на військовослужбовців. Розкрито правову природу військових злочинів та їхню суспільну небезпеку, проаналізовано обставини, що підлягають встановленню під час розслідування військових злочинів, а також наголошено на складності з’ясування кола свідків і очевидців, мотивів та цілей протиправних дій, дослідження способу їх учинення і засобів використання. Акцентовано на необхідності використання експертних знань у сфері військової служби, кримінального процесу, криміналістики й судової експертизи, а також визначено важливість взаємодії між Національною поліцією та військовим командуванням, зокрема спільної діяльності щодо запобігання правопорушенням у військовому середовищі.The article is devoted to the peculiarities of establishing circumstances subject to proof in criminal proceedings when investigating military offences and examining the peculiarities of pre-trial investigation of military criminal offences in the context of armed aggression against Ukraine, in particular, unauthorised absence from a military unit or place of service and desertion. Attention is focused on the increase in the number of such offences in connection with the increase in personnel, the high intensity of combat operations and the psychological stress on military personnel. The legal nature of military crimes and their social danger, which manifests itself in an encroachment on the state\u27s defence capability and military order, is revealed.
The key circumstances to be established during the investigation of war crimes are analysed: type of service, unauthorised nature of leaving the unit, presence or absence of valid reasons for not reporting for duty, motive and purpose of the act, duration of absence, intent to evade service. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between short-term absence from duty and desertion as a crime with persistent intent. The importance of the testimony of fellow servicemen, analysis of military records and disciplinary materials is emphasised.
The competence of the State Bureau of Investigations and new wartime legislation regarding the determination of jurisdiction are disclosed. The requirements of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of the rights of military personnel even in wartime, in particular the prohibition of torture, violation of the right to life and the right to a fair trial, are highlighted. The need for specialised knowledge and coordinated cooperation between law enforcement agencies and military structures is outlined, and the key features of evidence in criminal proceedings concerning military offences are revealed.
The complexity of establishing the circle of witnesses and eyewitnesses, clarifying the motives and objectives of unlawful actions, as well as investigating the manner of their commission and the means of their use, and the need to use expert knowledge in the fields of military service, criminal procedure, criminalistics and forensic examination are emphasised. In particular, the importance of cooperation between the National Police and the military command is highlighted
The Essence of the Mechanism for Ensuring the Rights, Freedoms, and Legitimate Interests of Individuals at the Pre-trial Investigation Stage
No full textЗдійснено аналіз сутності механізму забезпечення прав, свобод і законних інтересів особи на стадії досудового розслідування. Обґрунтовано доцільність розширення традиційних підходів до розуміння цього механізму шляхом поєднання формальних (процедурних) гарантій із реальними інструментами їх практичного забезпечення, що дозволяє досягти високого рівня захисту прав людини. Встановлено, що ефективність механізму забезпечення прав і свобод особи на досудовому розслідуванні визначається дієвістю контролюючих і наглядових органів, здатністю системи реагувати на нові виклики та забезпечувати баланс між інтересами держави, суспільства й особи.An analysis of the essence of the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the stage of pre-trial investigation has been carried out, taking into account contemporary challenges, in particular the digitalisation of legal relations, the impact of extraordinary legal regimes (martial law) and the integration of international legal standards into national legislation. The author’s vision of the structure of the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals, which includes both preventive and restorative guarantees, is proposed. Emphasis is placed on the need for their flexible adaptation to the latest social and legal realities. The expediency of expanding traditional approaches to understanding this mechanism by combining formal (procedural) guarantees with real instruments for their practical implementation is substantiated, which allows for a high level of human rights protection to be achieved. It has been proven that the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the pre-trial investigation stage is a complex, multi-level system that requires a comprehensive approach to the protection of human rights. It has been established that the effectiveness of the mechanism for ensuring rights and freedoms at the stage of pre-trial investigation is determined not only by the existence of relevant norms, but also by the effectiveness of controlling and supervisory institutions, the ability of the system to respond to new challenges and ensure a balance between the interests of the state, society and the individual. The mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the pre-trial investigation stage has been defined as a comprehensive, multi-level system of interrelated regulatory, organisational, procedural, control and value elements that are integrated to ensure the effective guarantee, protection and defence of individual rights and freedoms, as well as to respond promptly to violations in criminal proceedings. It has been established that further improvement of the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the pre-trial investigation stage should be based on the interaction of legal, institutional and technological innovations, the formation of a culture of respect for human rights and the strengthening of the responsibility of state bodies for compliance with these standards
Становлення діяльності Ради Європи з питань захисту прав і свобод людини
Full text linkThe article is devoted to the process of the establishment of the Council of Europe\u27s activities in the field of human rights and freedoms protection. The historical context of the creation of this organisation after the Second World War is analysed, in particular, the prerequisites that led to international cooperation of European countries on this issue.
The founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, its basic principles enshrined in the Charter, as well as the stages of development of the organisation\u27s human rights mechanism are considered. Considerable attention is paid to the adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, its structure, fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by the document, as well as further amendments and additions adopted in the form of annexes. The author analyses the evolution of the human rights mechanism, including the adoption of additional protocols that expanded the list of guaranteed rights and improved the procedures for their protection.
The process of reforming the system of human rights monitoring, which culminated in the adoption of Protocol No. 11, which established the permanent European Court of Human Rights, providing it with supranational status and compulsory jurisdiction, is considered. The role of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Commission of Human Rights, their evolution and reforms, in particular the 1998 reform that led to the creation of a single permanent Court, are examined.
Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the system of control over the observance of human rights within the Council of Europe, its impact on the legal systems of member states and the development of European precedent. The study concludes that the activities of the Council of Europe have become a key element in the formation of the human rights protection system, and the European Convention on Human Rights has established international bodies for monitoring the observance of these rights and fundamental freedoms and empowered them to make decisions binding on member States, which has made it possible to achieve real restoration of human rights and freedoms in case of their violation. It is emphasised that the activities of the Council of Europe and its human rights mechanism have contributed to improving the level of human rights protection in Europe. The European Convention on Human Rights and its mechanisms have become an effective tool for ensuring democratic standards and the rule of law in the member states of the Council of Europe.Досліджено процес формування діяльності Ради Європи з питань захисту прав і свобод людини. Проаналізовано становлення та реформування інституцій Ради Європи, що займаються питаннями захисту прав і свобод людини, а саме Європейського суду з прав людини та Європейської комісії з прав людини. Розглянуто процес розроблення, обговорення, ухвалення та доповнення фундаментального правозахисного документа – Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод. Доведено її надважливе значення в розвитку європейського прецедентного права
Адміністративно-правове регулювання впровадження ризик-орієнтованого підходу в діяльність суб’єктів сектору безпеки та оборони України
Full text linkThe publication provides a scientific analysis of the concept and characteristics of the category of “risk”, as well as the procedure for applying the concept of “risk management” in the activities of state authorities that are part of the system of subjects of the security and defense sector of Ukraine. An analysis of the state of administrative and legal regulation of issues related to the implementation of risk-oriented approaches in the activities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and other subjects of the security and defense sector is carried out.
It is emphasized that the content of the risk-oriented approach in the activities of security and defense subjects can be considered from two positions. In the first case, it is related to increasing the efficiency of internal management processes in the relevant state body, and in the second – it is related to the sphere of public relations, where the mentioned subjects exercise their security and law enforcement powers, which are defined by the current legislation of Ukraine.
The author’s understanding of the risk-oriented approach in the activities of security and defense sector entities is proposed as the implementation of regulatory and regulated procedures for managing risks that arise during the intra-organizational activities of relevant state bodies, as well as during the exercise of their powers enshrined in law to protect the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and citizens, ensure the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the state, national security, and combat crime and other offenses.
The need to develop and adopt a framework order (methodology) to determine the standard procedure for applying a risk-oriented approach in the activities of security and defense sector entities both in the field of their intra-organizational activities and in the field of their subject competence, covering issues of ensuring the territorial integrity and protection of the state, ensuring national security, combating offenses, ensuring public order and safety, is substantiated.У публікації здійснено науковий аналіз поняття та ознак категорії «ризик», а також порядку застосування концепції «управління ризиками» в діяльності органів державної влади, що входять до системи суб’єктів сектору безпеки та оборони України. Проаналізовано стан адміністративно-правового регулювання питань, пов’язаних з упровадженням ризик-орієнтованих підходів у діяльність Міністерства оборони України, Міністерства внутрішніх справ України та інших суб’єктів сектору безпеки та оборони. Запропоновано авторське розуміння ризик-орієнтованого підходу в діяльності суб’єктів сектору безпеки та оборони як упровадження нормативно-врегульованих процедур управління ризиками, що виникають під час внутрішньоорганізаційної діяльності відповідних державних органів, а також під час виконання ними закріплених законодавством повноважень щодо захисту прав і законних інтересів людини й громадянина, забезпечення суверенітету, незалежності і територіальної цілісності держави, національної безпеки, боротьби зі злочинами та іншими правопорушеннями
Правові засади взаємодії суб’єктів владних повноважень щодо забезпечення реабілітаційної допомоги військовослужбовцям в Україні
Full text linkThe scientific research is devoted to establishing the peculiarities of interaction between various authorities to ensure the provision of rehabilitation assistance to military personnel in Ukraine. Legislative and subordinate acts regulating relations in the field of healthcare and the powers of individual authorities have been studied. The works of researchers devoted to the problems of providing rehabilitation assistance to military personnel in Ukraine have been studied.
It is noted that the legal regulation of the interaction of government authorities in providing rehabilitation assistance to military personnel in Ukraine involves establishing, in legislative and subordinate acts, the conditions for joint activities of government authorities in the field of medical rehabilitation, maintenance and material support of rehabilitation facilities, and the referral of military patients to healthcare institutions under other departmental subordination.
It is concluded that Ukrainian legislation provides for the following areas of interaction between different authorities in the process of providing rehabilitation assistance: interaction between local state authorities and local self-government bodies on issues related to the maintenance of rehabilitation facilities and the provision of rehabilitation services; cooperation between the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine with other authorities in the process of organising the work of rehabilitation facilities and providing persons with disabilities with rehabilitation aids; cooperation between militarised authorities in the process of providing rehabilitation assistance to military personnel in sanatorium and resort facilities of various subordination. It is noted that many militarised authorities have rehabilitation facilities under their jurisdiction, where military personnel can receive rehabilitation services.
It is proposed to develop joint orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the military authorities regarding the provision of rehabilitation services to military personnel in state-owned healthcare institutions.Наукове дослідження присвячено визначенню особливостей взаємодії різних органів влади для забезпечення надання реабілітаційної допомоги військовослужбовцям в Україні. Проаналізовано законодавчі та підзаконні акти, які регулюють відносини у сфері охорони здоров’я, а також повноваження окремих суб’єктів владних повноважень. Вивчено праці дослідників, присвячені проблемам надання реабілітаційної допомоги військовослужбовцям в Україні. Визначено напрями взаємодії органів влади під час надання реабілітаційної допомоги військовослужбовцям. Запропоновано зміни і доповнення до національного законодавства
Вплив фільтрування на обчислення акустичних характеристик корисного мовленнєвого сигналу
No full textIn criminal proceedings involving the use of audio recordings as evidence, it is particularly important to prepare audio materials correctly for expert analysis. In particular, it is important to comply with technical requirements for recording quality and source authenticity, as well as to document all stages of filtering, if it was used for preliminary listening.
An algorithm for the use of speech signal filtering in forensic analysis has been proposed, which provides for a clear distinction between the stages of primary processing and expert analysis in order to avoid violations of authenticity. The need to develop uniform methodological approaches to the application of digital filters and standards for the storage of processed and unprocessed copies of recordings has been identified.
Within the scope of the tasks set, the sequence of speech signal processing is considered, in particular, primary cleaning and segmentation, which justifies the expediency of applying filtering exclusively at the preparation stage. The influence of individual filter types is analysed: low-frequency filters effectively reduce hum, but can reduce the clarity of consonants; high-frequency filters improve perception, but reduce the strength of the fundamental tone; bandpass filters provide balance, increasing speech intelligibility in noisy environments, but cut off the extreme frequencies of the spectrum.
The results of the study are of practical importance, as they allow us to clearly define the acceptable limits of filtration use, which prevents potential errors in identifying the speaker or verifying the authenticity of the utterance.
Further research should focus on studying the effect of filtering on the identification characteristics of speech in multi-channel recordings, as well as on adapting methods to the analysis of speech of individuals with speech impediments or accented speech. This approach will help improve the accuracy of phonoscopic experts’ conclusions and the effectiveness of criminal investigations using audio and video evidence.У статті досліджено вплив фільтрування на акустичні характеристики мовленнєвих сигналів у контексті судової експертизи відео- та звукозапису. Проаналізовано етапи обробки сигналів, типи фільтрів та їхній вплив на такі параметри, як частота основного тону, форманти, спектральна структура й динаміка. Особливу увагу приділено специфіці судової практики, де фільтрування застосовується винятково для підготовчого прослуховування, а ідентифікація ґрунтується на необробленому сигналі. Визначено межі застосування різних типів фільтрів (низькочастотних, високочастотних, смугових) та їхній вплив на точність експертних висновків. Запропоновано алгоритм використання фільтрації з чітким розмежуванням між етапами первинної обробки та експертного аналізу з метою збереження автентичності доказів
Determination of Crime in the Field of Radioecological Safety in Ukraine: Measurement of Ordinary Criminal Practices
No full textСтаттю присвячено дослідженню детермінації ординарного сегмента злочинності у сфері радіоекологічної безпеки в Україні. Надано характеристику її соціально-економічним, культурно-психологічним та організаційно-управлінським чинникам. Встановлено основні джерела попиту на незаконний обіг радіоактивних матеріалів та надано їх пояснення. Обґрунтовано зв’язок злочинності у сфері радіоекологічної безпеки з погіршенням соціально-економічного становища населення, зростанням рівня споживчих цін, зниженням рівня життя, скороченням бюджетних асигнувань на підтримку малозабезпечених сімей та фактичним безробіттям. Окреслено культурно-психологічні фактори, що проявляються у деформаціях суспільної моралі, експлуататорському ставленні до довкілля й інших людей, соціальній деконсолідації та домінуванні споживацьких установок. Досліджено організаційно-управлінські чинники, які зумовлюють ординарну злочинність у сфері радіоекологічної безпеки.The article is devoted to the study of the determination of the ordinary segment of crime in the field of radioecological safety in Ukraine. Its socio-economic, cultural-psychological and organisational-managerial factors have been described. It provides a description and explanation of the main sources of demand for the illegal trafficking of radioactive materials: 1) nuclear terrorism; 2) illegal development of nuclear weapons; 3) illegal use of radioactive materials in scientific research; 4) corruption in the procurement of technical devices containing radioactive substances; 5) intentional killings using radioactive materials. A direct link has been established between crime in the field of radioecological safety and trends towards the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of the population, rising consumer prices, falling living standards, cuts in budget allocations to support low-income families, and the spread of de facto unemployment.
It has been proven that the cultural and psychological factors of crime in the field of radioecological safety are manifested in distortions of public morality concerning the establishment of relations in the “human-nature” system on a partnership basis, an exploitative attitude towards the environment and other people, as well as a state of anomie, which leads to social disintegration and the dominance of attitudes towards privacy over the common good. As a result, consumerism and selfishness take precedence over the common good within the value of Nature.
The organisational and managerial factors of ordinary crime in the field of radioecological safety have been characterised, including: 1) shortcomings in the organisation of storage, use, transportation and accounting of radioactive materials; 2) shortcomings in the organisation of storage, use, transportation and accounting of certain categories of military property and dual-use goods – technical devices containing radioactive materials; 3) shortcomings in the organisation of administrative activities of law enforcement agencies regarding: a) control over the integrity of the perimeter and prevention of uncontrolled entry into the exclusion zone and the zone of unconditional (mandatory) resettlement; b) phytosanitary and radiological control of food products on consumer markets, in particular berries, mushrooms, fish and game; c) radiological control of scrap metal at collection and transshipment points; d) combating illegal trade in food products (in particular, berries and mushrooms) along the motorways of the Kyiv, Zhytomyr and Chernihiv regions