Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Забезпечення юридичної відповідальності держави – ключовий виклик правової реформи в сучасній Україні
Get PDFSpecial attention has been paid to the fact that the doctrine of legal liability of the state to a person is increasingly affirmed in Ukraine as a theoretical basis for the functioning of state power in general and all its agencies in particular. However, despite the large number of scientific developments, the national legal science still can not boast of an unambiguous and generally recognized understanding of the essence of the phenomenon of legal liability of the state.
It has been stressed that legal liability was interpreted for a long time as a kind of “continuation” of the state itself: in the context of the concept of state coercion means it was solely perceived as an instrument of state power for punishing offenders. However, such a concept denied the question about legal liability of the state itself as an equal personality of the subject of law.
It has been stated that the phenomenon of legal liability of the state one can consider a certain continuation of the political and legal strategy on self-limitation of the state by law. Such liability is naturally considered a characteristic feature of the legal type of statehood, and it directly concerns only the democratic type of states. Instead, undemocratic states do not bear or acknowledge (or only declare) any real legal liability to society. Therefore, in terms of a democracy, the state is a real subject of liability to society, which is guaranteed on the normative and institutional levels.
The current stage of development of the institution of legal liability of the state is characterized by the highest normative level of its institutionalization – constitutional one. This level ensures: 1) the irreversibility of the state’s course on the establishment of legal statehood; 2) fixing the starting, the main elements of the normative model of legal liability of the state; 3) completion of the registration of legal personality of the state in the modern world, which was incomplete without constitutional establishment of its legal liability; 4) the parity nature of the relations of the state with other subjects of law on the basis of a combination of dispositive and imperative, public and private components. The constitutional model of the state’s legal liability to a human being is based on the same principles in Ukraine. Such liability, in particular, is not limited to the political or moral liability of public authorities to society, but has the features of legal liability as applying measures of public and legal (constitutional or international) nature to the state and its agencies for the failure or improper performance of the duties.Визначено деякі особливості конституційної інституціалізації юридичної відповідальності держави в умовах докорінних правових змін, що відбуваються в Україні. Констатовано, що феномен юридичної відповідальності держави – це своєрідне продовження політико-правової стратегії із самообмеження держави правом. Така відповідальність вважається невід’ємною характерною ознакою правового типу державності, вона безпосередньо стосується лише держав демократичного типу. Наголошено, що в умовах демократії держава є реальним суб’єктом відповідальності перед суспільством, що забезпечується нормативно й інституційно
Принципи взаємодії Державної прикордонної служби України з іншими правоохоронними органами
Get PDFThe author has studied the essence of the principles of interaction of the State Border Service with other law enforcement agencies, which is conditioned by the importance of ensuring proper protection of the state border in the current conditions of the state development. The main method of the research was the method of critical analysis, which made it possible to analyze the provisions of the current national legislation and the approaches in the scientific doctrine to understanding the principles of interaction of the State Border Service of Ukraine with other law enforcement agencies. The content of the concept of “principles of interaction” has been clarified. The definition of the concept of “principles of interaction of the State Border Guard Service with other law enforcement agencies” has been formulated. The author has revealed the content of such principles of interaction of the Border Guard Service with other law enforcement agencies as: the rule of law, legality, respect and observance of human and citizen rights and freedoms, equality of the subjects of interaction, scientific nature, planning, personal responsibility of the management and employees of the subjects of interaction for its results, combination of open, secret and conspiratorial forms and methods of activity, promptness and professionalism of the employees of the subjects of interaction, coherence of actions of the subjects of interaction and independence of each of them within their powers. The author has offered to classify the principles of interaction of the Border Guard Service with other law enforcement agencies, by dividing them into general and special ones.Досліджено сутність принципів взаємодії Державної прикордонної служби України з іншими правоохоронними органами, що обумовлено важливістю забезпечення належної охорони державного кордону в сучасних умовах розвитку держави. Основним методом дослідження став метод критичного аналізу, що дозволив проаналізувати положення чинного національного законодавства та наявні в науковій доктрині підходи до розуміння принципів взаємодії Державної прикордонної служби України з іншими правоохоронними органами. Сформульовано поняття «принципи взаємодії Державної прикордонної служби України з іншими правоохоронними органами» та визначено їх перелік. Запропоновано класифікувати принципи взаємодії Державної прикордонної служби України з іншими правоохоронними органами, поділивши на загальні та спеціальні
Основні детермінанти насильницької злочинності військовослужбовців
Get PDFIt has been stated that violent crime of military personnel is conditioned both by general determinants for the whole crime and by special criminogenic factors.
The author of the article has highlighted the main determinants of such crime in details. They traditionally include the following determinants: economic, political, ideological, cultural, national, socio-biological, socio-psychological, organizational and administrative, legal, etc. Their specific features, causes, consequences and mutual influence at the present stage of Ukraine’s development have been determined; and certain ways of improving the situation have been specified.
Particular attention has been paid to determinants of violent crimes committed by military personnel during combat operations. The author has indicated on predominance of the socio-psychological nature of crimes in such conditions and the prevalence of certain manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorders among the participants of hostilities in Eastern Ukraine; the author has noted that such disorders have recently been identified by psychologists as “ATO syndrome”.
The author has expressed opinion that commission of violent, lucrative and violent crimes by military personnel during combat operations is in many cases a consequence of the influence of specific social and psychological determinants, where researchers name: weakening of social control factors; exacerbation of problems of meeting the needs for existence; increasing the level of nervousness of the population, increasing the conflict level in interpersonal relationships; weakening the morality, etc.
It has been emphasized that the elimination of these criminogenic determinants should be a priority in the prevention of violent crimes by military personnel.Зазначено, що насильницька злочинність військовослужбовців зумовлюється як загальними для всієї злочинності детермінантами, так і спеціальними криміногенними факторами. Висвітлено основні детермінанти такої злочинності до яких традиційно відносять економічні, політичні, ідеологічні, культурні, національні, соціально-біологічні, соціально-психологічні, організаційно-управлінські, правові тощо. Особливу увагу приділено детермінантам насильницьких злочинів військовослужбовців, які вчиняються під час ведення бойових дій. Зазначено, що усунення цих криміногенних детермінант повинно стати пріоритетним напрямком у запобіганні насильницьким злочинам військовослужбовців
Перспективи використання програмного підходу в діяльності правоохоронних органів України
Get PDFOn the basis of the analysis of the state of research of algorithms and programming of investigative activity in criminalistics, the author has grounded the expediency of applying a programmatic approach to solving typical tactical problems in other areas of law enforcement activities. Theoretical prerequisites for the development of procedural action programs by law enforcement entities in Ukraine (criminal and procedural, operative and search, administrative and jurisdictional) have been determined. The necessity of intensifying scientific researches in the direction of development of branch concepts of tactics of different types of law enforcement activities and their constituent elements (the concept of tactics, tactical situation, tactical task, tactical technique and system of tactical techniques and their situational predetermination) has been determined. In particular, the author has determined that the investigator is not the only possible subject of being armed with tactical recommendations in the form of algorithms and programs. The subject matter of the research of criminalistic tactics is not only investigative activity, but also operative and search, judicial and prosecutorial activity in criminal proceedings. Equally important is the tactical completion of administrative activities of law enforcement agencies and, on this basis, the establishment of programs of action by police officers, border guards, National Guard, customs service, etc. in exercising their administrative powers for the protection of public order and state border, actions in emergency situations, administrative cases, etc. The justification of the possibility of applying a programmatic approach within administrative activities of law enforcement agencies is the uniformity of administrative and jurisdictional, criminal and procedural activities, which are covered by a single concept of “law enforcement activity”. It has been established that the programmatic approach can be applied in any sphere of law enforcement activity, if: 1) such activity is situational in nature, and it is possible to perform the tasks arising during the implementation of this activity through consistent implementation of certain actions; 2) there is the need to streamline these activities by providing tactical recommendations in the modern form with the use of computer technologies and the ability to use them directly in the course of action, in “field conditions”; 3) the level of elaboration of theoretical bases of tactics of a specific type of law enforcement activity is sufficient (the concept of tactics, tactical situation, tactical task, tactical technique and system of tactical techniques has been elaborated).На підставі аналізу стану наукових досліджень алгоритмізації та програмування слідчої діяльності в криміналістиці обґрунтовано доцільність застосування програмного підходу до вирішення типових тактичних завдань в інших сферах правоохоронної діяльності. Визначено теоретичні передумови розробки програм здійснення процесуальних дій суб’єктами правоохоронної діяльності в Україні (кримінально-процесуальної, оперативно-розшукової та адміністративно-юрисдикційної). Визначено необхідність активізації наукових досліджень у напрямку розбудови галузевих концепцій тактики різних видів правоохоронної діяльності та їх складових елементів (поняття тактики, тактичної ситуації, тактичного завдання, тактичного прийому та системи тактичних прийомів і їх ситуаційної зумовленості)
Порівняльно-правовий метод дослідження: нова роль в умовах глобалізації
Get PDFParticular attention is paid to the issue of the growth of the role of the comparative legal method, the method of its conduct, as well as the factors that determine the growth of its role. First, it is noted that after the World War II the universally recognized principles of international law have been developed and consolidated in the UN Charter and in other fundamental international legal instruments. Speaking as a product of customary international law (that is the result of the practice of civilized nations in relations between themselves and with societies), they have become universal in character, which puts them “at the apex” of world order. Such principles as respect for human rights, state sovereignty, and territorial integrity of states have received generally accepted content. In many European countries they have “immediate effect”, gaining constitutional character. This means that within the framework of national legal systems a new phenomenon has been created, which is really a common archetype present in the constitutional system of every civilized state. Secondly, comparative law is used today as an instrument for judicial investigation of a legal case and, therefore, the argumentation of a court decision. This approach is widespread in the practice of higher courts of states and in particular the European Court of Human Rights.
Conclusions have been made that after the World War II there was no significant legislative project, which to one degree or another would not be accompanied by extensive comparative legal research. Such an approach should be reflected in the practice of reform in Ukraine. It is important to emphasize that the comparative approach is inherent not only for science, but also for law-making and law-enforcement bodies (courts). An adequate methodology of a comparative legal approach takes into account a comprehensive understanding of the law itself (written and unwritten), as well as its broad social context.
In addition, the change in the nature of international law, the development in the past three decades of full-fledged regional law-enforcement (for example, European rule of law), as well as the strengthening of their interplay with national legal orders, necessitates the use of so-called “vertical methods” of comparative research.Досліджено порівняльно-правовий метод в умовах глобалізації. Звернено увагу на нові ознаки сучасного світу, коли інтернет та інші фактори роблять його взаємопов’язаним, але при цьому різним. Проаналізовано методику застосування порівняльно-правового методу, а також фактори, які зумовлюють зростання його ролі. Окремо показано використання порівняльно-правового методу у практиці Європейського суду з прав людини
Актуальні проблеми впровадження міжнародних стандартів адміністративної відповідальності в національне законодавство України
Get PDFThe relevant problems of the implementation of international standards of administrative liability have been studied. It has been substantiated that the implementation of these standards into national administrative legislation is an important component of the development of a legal and democratic state.It has been noted that the adaptation of national legislation to the legislation of international organizations is carried out by the authorized agencies of state power through law-making, planning, coordination and control. It has been proved that the adaptation is an integral part of integration processes, a precondition for the harmonization of national legislation with the legislation of international organizations.The current legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of the adaptation to international documents has been analyzed; the necessity of the development and adoption of a new codified act focused on the issues of administrative liability, which would bring into accord the norms of this institution with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine and international legal standards in the field of administrative liability, has been substantiated. The author has established the necessity of the codification of the norms of administrative liability, which allow to provide a mechanism for the implementation of international standards of administrative liability into national administrative legislation. Herewith, in case of such systematization, there is a possibility to implement a single approach not only to the issues of the implementation of administrative liability, but also to the procedure of bringing to it and the application of coercive measures.On the basis of scientific research of the adaptation processes and harmonization of domestic legislation, the author has revealed the process of the implementation of international legal standards. The emphasis has been made that there is a number of problems in the implementation of international legal standards of administrative liability that should be resolved. It has been stressed that the existing unsystematic norms regulating the issue of administrative liability require the implementation of international legal standards into each regulatory act that provides administrative liability.Досліджено актуальні проблеми впровадження міжнародних стандартів адміністративної відповідальності, проаналізовано чинне законодавство України у сфері адаптації до міжнародних документів. На підставі наукових досліджень процесів адаптації та гармонізації вітчизняного законодавства розкрито процес упровадження міжнародно-правових стандартів. Звернено увагу на низку проблем з упровадження міжнародно-правових стандартів адміністративної відповідальності, які слід вирішити
Види житла
Get PDFThe urgency of the topic of establishing the types of housing is due to the fact that none of the regulatory act does not contain a clear definition of the types of housing, in particular, a complete classification of housing according to its possible types has not been established. The lack of a unified approach to the types of housing makes it impossible to establish the legal regime of a particular housing at the legislative level.
The author has offered the classification of housing according to the following criteria: 1) by designation; 2) according to planned and technical construction; 3) by the level of comfort and social orientation; 4) according to the type of housing stock. Housing by designation is divided into permanent and temporary. Permanent housing is a dwelling that is suitable and intended for permanent residence of a person. Temporary housing is a dwelling intended for a person to reside for a term up to one year and has minimum eligibility conditions that ensure the safe residence of a person. Housing according to planned and technical construction is divided into residential buildings, parts of residential buildings, apartments, residential premises. Commercial and social housing are called as types of housing according to the level of comfort and social orientation. Commercial housing is a dwelling with a high level of comfort, due to the size of the living space, housing design, location, infrastructure level. Social housing is a dwelling that meets architectural and planning, technical norms and sanitary-hygienic requirements established by the state building norms for such housing, and that is suitable for living. The types of housing have been also determined in accordance with the relevant classification of the housing stock.Запропоновано класифікацію житла за такими критеріями: 1) за призначенням (постійне, тимчасове проживання); 2) за планово-технічною конструкцією; 3) за рівнем комфорту та соціальної спрямованості; 4) за видами житлових фондів. Визначено також види житла згідно з відповідною класифікацією житлового фонду
Проблеми правозастосування поліцейських заходів під час нагляду за дорожнім рухом
Get PDFThe subject of the study is the regulatory basis and procedures of using administrative compulsion in the law enforcement activities of the modern Ukrainian police. The objective of the paper to analyze contemporary legal regulation of using police measures during the traffic control.
The relevance and scientific novelty of the generated results in the article are due to the presence of a number of inconsistencies and contradictions in the practice of using police measures that significantly affect the efficiency of the police activities and the state of guaranteeing basic human rights in the country, because nowadays there is an approbation of innovations of the legislation governing policing in Ukraine. The problems of imperfection of certain provisions of the law are mostly manifested in the relations between patrol police officers and drivers during the traffic control.
The author has stated that the Ukrainian system of police (preventive and special compulsory) measures is well-established that incorporate the necessary authorities to carry out the tasks of the National Police, in particular in the field of road safety. And exaggeration in the form of the implementation of excessive expansion of police rights can conversely lead to negative social consequences. However, in-depth analysis of certain legal relations in this area demonstrates the need for some improvement of the existing legislation and to outline one of the important issues of legal guaranteeing the rights of drivers and safety of police officers after the stopping (in certain cases under the law) the vehicle.
The author of the article has grounded in the conclusions the expediency of the balanced approach to the expansion of existing compulsory police powers and priorities for further improvement of legislation. The obtained results of the paper should contribute to the improvement of preventive policing in the sphere of road safety and combating offenses.Розглянуто особливості застосування поліцейських заходів у діяльності патрульної поліції під час нагляду за дорожнім рухом. На підставі аналізу національного законодавства та закордонного досвіду окреслено наявні вади у правовому регулюванні застосування поліцейських заходів, сформульовано пропозиції щодо їх законодавчого усунення
Суб’єкти формування та реалізації інвестиційної політики в Україні
Get PDFThe author has studied the modern system of public authorities, the main purpose of which is to form and implement the investment policy of the state, to promote individuals and legal entities of public and private law in attracting investments; has considered their powers.
The subjects of investment policy in Ukraine according to this position include the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine and other ministries, central executive authorities of Ukraine, local executive authorities and local self-governments, advisory agencies.
Special attention has been paid to the Office of attracting and supporting investments. The main issues that should be solved by this advisory agency and the role in these processes of the Government Agent for investments have been studied. Particular attention has been also paid to the activities of the National Investment Council. The author has assigned a special place to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine as the main subject of the formation and implementation of public investment policy; has revealed its tasks and authorities in this area.
The basic directions of investment policy, which should provide stability and transparency of the processes of formation of favorable investment climate in Ukraine, have been singled out.Зазначено, що від ефективності діяльності органів публічної влади, основним призначенням яких є формування та реалізація інвестиційної політики держави, сьогодні залежить добробут і економічне зростання України. Досліджено сучасну систему цих органів. Виокремлено основні напрямки інвестиційної політики, які повинні забезпечити стабільність і прозорість процесів формування сприятливого інвестиційного клімату в Україні
Напрями підвищення ефективності професійної психологічної підготовки поліцейських Національної поліції України
Get PDFReferring the works of domestic and foreign scholars, as well as own research the authors have revealed theoretical and psychological grounds of improving professional psychological training of police officers of the National Police of Ukraine. Domestic and foreign experience of organizing and conducting psychological training of police officers, the current regulatory basis of professional police training has been analyzed. Based on the conducted analysis the authors have indicated that nowadays the psychological provision of the National Police is neglected; important issues related to the need of police armament by the developed psychological skills to support emotional stability and countering stress, improving communications and establishing psychological contact with the public, optimizing socio-psychological climate in groups, counteracting official abuses and corruption in the police activities, are not adequately resolved.
The authors have provided suggestions to develop regulations that would have settled the organization and conduction of such police training. The authors have offered to supplement the list of professional training by professional psychological training of police officers, to develop the Comprehensive program of organization and conduction of professional psychological training of police officers and to approve Regulations on organization of the system of psychological provision of the National Police of Ukraine in the prescribed manner.Розглянуто питання вдосконалення професійної психологічної підготовки поліцейських Національної поліції України. Проаналізовано вітчизняний і зарубіжний досвід організації та проведення психологічної підготовки поліцейських, результатом якої має бути високий рівень мотивації професійної діяльності поліцейських, формування здатності успішно протидіяти стресовим чинникам, конфліктам та іншим факторам ризику, розвиток професійно важливих індивідуально-психологічних якостей. Надано пропозиції щодо розробки нормативних документів для організації та здійснення професійної психологічної підготовки поліцейських Національної поліції України