Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Mechanism for Committing Crimes in the Field of Professional Legal Assistance
No full textУ статті наголошено, що криміналізація правопорушень у сфері професійної правничої допомоги покликана забезпечити законність, незалежність адвокатури та довіру суспільства до цього інституту. Особливу увагу приділено механізму злочинної діяльності, розвиток уявлень про який пройшов шлях від опису способів учинення до сучасного розуміння його як складної динамічної системи. Встановлено, що цей механізм охоплює взаємодію суб’єкта, потерпілого, обстановки, способу дії та наслідків, посідаючи проміжну позицію між способом учинення та криміналістичною характеристикою. З’ясовано, що злочини проти адвокатів становлять окрему групу правопорушень високої суспільної небезпеки, а дослідження їх механізму є передумовою створення ефективних методик розслідування.The article emphasises that the legislative criminalisation of criminal offences in the field of professional legal assistance is necessitated by the need to protect the key values of the rule of law – compliance with the law, guaranteeing the independence of the legal profession and maintaining public trust in the legal profession as a self-governing human rights institution. It aims to ensure the stability of the legal aid institution and minimise the risks of external interference that undermines its functioning. In this context, the study of the mechanism of criminal activity is of particular importance, since it is precisely this knowledge that is a prerequisite for the formation of scientifically sound methodological recommendations for the effective investigation of such crimes.
It has been determined that the victim occupies a special place in the structure of the mechanism of criminal offences against lawyers, since their professional status, functional duties and behaviour directly determine the nature of the unlawful influence. Another important element is the circumstances of the crime, which form the spatial, temporal, and socio-psychological conditions that determine the specifics of the evidence picture. It is the circumstances and the manner of action that form the basis for constructing investigative versions and further evidence collection.
It has been established that, from a criminalistic point of view, offences committed in the field of professional legal assistance constitute a special group, as they affect not only the life, health or property of lawyers, but also the institutional guarantees of the independence of the legal profession and the very possibility of carrying out legal activities. They are characterised by a variety of perpetrators, multiple methods of implementation and a high level of public danger, which undermines not only the rights of the specific victim, but also the authority of the legal profession as a whole.
In general, the mechanism of criminal activity in the field of professional legal assistance should be viewed as a complex dynamic system that reflects the cause-and-effect relationships between all participants in the event and the conditions for its implementation. Its thorough study is a necessary prerequisite for the formation of a complete criminalistic characterisation of these offences and the development of specialised methods for their investigation
Narcotic Drugs as Objects of Forensic Investigation: Trends in the Context of the War in Ukraine
No full textВизначено основні тенденції у видовому розподілі наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин, які перебувають у незаконному обігу в Україні в умовах воєнного стану. Проаналізовано довоєнну ситуацію у сфері протидії незаконному обігу наркотиків, охарактеризовано сучасний стан наркозлочинності та поширеності окремих різновидів наркотиків в Україні. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз та окреслено тенденції змін у виявленні правоохоронними органами наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин як об’єктів криміналістичного дослідження.Amidst large-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine, there has been a steady trend towards an increase in drug-related crime, particularly due to the illegal manufacture and sale of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. There has been a gradual transformation in the types of drugs seized from illegal circulation. Cannabis remains the most common substance in the group of narcotic drugs. On the other hand, the volume of cocaine and heroin seizures and forensic examinations has decreased significantly, as has the amount of poppy straw and acetylated opium. At the same time, the number of detections of tramadol and other potent medicines has increased. Among psychotropic substances, the number of detected samples of LSD and synthetic cannabinoids is decreasing, while the frequency of detection of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and especially synthetic cathinones, the largest share of which is α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone, is increasing. It is evident that the war has led to a reconfiguration of the routes for the illicit trafficking of heroin and cocaine outside Ukraine. The demand for narcotics is mainly met by domestic production of cannabis, amphetamine, methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones, as well as abuse of pharmaceutical drugs (methadone, tramadol, etc.).
The priorities of law enforcement agencies are gradually shifting from focusing on minor arrests to identifying drug laboratories, drug dens and distribution channels, which can generally be seen as a positive trend.
It is likely that under martial law and after the end of hostilities, domestic demand for drugs will continue to grow, particularly among people who need treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder and pain syndrome, or as a result of addiction developed during the war. Given the low income levels of the population, demand will focus on cheap synthetic drugs. To minimise harm in such a situation, it is advisable to ensure orderly and controlled access for patients to potent drugs, develop substitution maintenance therapy programmes, legalise medical cannabis, and develop a rehabilitation system for military personnel returning to civilian life
Parties to a Contract for the Provision of Rehabilitation Services
No full textСтаттю присвячено характеристиці сторін договору про надання реабілітаційних послуг. Проаналізовано норми законодавчих актів і дослідження науковців, які вивчали правові засади надання реабілітаційної допомоги в Україні. Визначено вимоги до реабілітаційних закладів, які можуть бути виконавцями в договорі про надання реабілітаційних послуг. Встановлено права осіб, які можуть бути отримувачами реабілітаційних послуг. Запропоновано внесення змін до законодавства, що регулює надання реабілітаційних послуг.This article is devoted to the characteristics of the parties to a contract for the provision of rehabilitation services. An analysis of the regulatory and legal acts governing legal relations in the field of healthcare and the provision of rehabilitation services is conducted. The work of the scholars researching the legal basis for the provision of rehabilitation assistance in Ukraine, in particular the civil law regulation of this sphere, is considered separately.
The parties to the agreement on the provision of rehabilitation services, such as the customer and the contractor, are characterised. The requirements for rehabilitation institutions that can act as contractors under such an agreement are defined. It is emphasised that rehabilitation institutions must have the status of a legal entity and may operate on the basis of private, state or municipal ownership. It is noted that in order to carry out economic activities in the field of medical practice, rehabilitation institutions must obtain an appropriate licence. An important aspect is the availability of qualified rehabilitation specialists on the staff of such institutions.
It is clarified that a contract for the provision of rehabilitation assistance may be concluded both by adult individuals and by parents of minors who need rehabilitation assistance. The rights of patients under such an agreement are outlined. It is noted that a patient may also be a foreign citizen who does not permanently reside in Ukraine. It is emphasised that a citizen of Ukraine, on the basis of an agreement on the provision of rehabilitation services, may receive rehabilitation services that are not included in the programme of state guarantees for medical care for the population.
It is proposed to amend Article 22 of the Law of Ukraine “On Rehabilitation in the Field of Health Care”, in particular to provide for the right of a patient to conclude an agreement on the provision of rehabilitation services at their own expense. The prospects for further scientific research in the context of the article’s topic are outlined
Features of Establishing Circumstances Subject to Proof in Criminal Proceedings When Investigating Military Offences
No full textСтаттю присвячено особливостям встановлення обставин, що підлягають доказуванню у кримінальних провадженнях при розслідуванні військових правопорушень, та дослідженню особливостей досудового розслідування військових кримінальних правопорушень в умовах збройної агресії проти України. Акцентовано увагу на зростанні кількості таких злочинів у зв’язку зі збільшенням чисельності особового складу, високою інтенсивністю бойових дій і психологічними навантаженнями на військовослужбовців. Розкрито правову природу військових злочинів та їхню суспільну небезпеку, проаналізовано обставини, що підлягають встановленню під час розслідування військових злочинів, а також наголошено на складності з’ясування кола свідків і очевидців, мотивів та цілей протиправних дій, дослідження способу їх учинення і засобів використання. Акцентовано на необхідності використання експертних знань у сфері військової служби, кримінального процесу, криміналістики й судової експертизи, а також визначено важливість взаємодії між Національною поліцією та військовим командуванням, зокрема спільної діяльності щодо запобігання правопорушенням у військовому середовищі.The article is devoted to the peculiarities of establishing circumstances subject to proof in criminal proceedings when investigating military offences and examining the peculiarities of pre-trial investigation of military criminal offences in the context of armed aggression against Ukraine, in particular, unauthorised absence from a military unit or place of service and desertion. Attention is focused on the increase in the number of such offences in connection with the increase in personnel, the high intensity of combat operations and the psychological stress on military personnel. The legal nature of military crimes and their social danger, which manifests itself in an encroachment on the state\u27s defence capability and military order, is revealed.
The key circumstances to be established during the investigation of war crimes are analysed: type of service, unauthorised nature of leaving the unit, presence or absence of valid reasons for not reporting for duty, motive and purpose of the act, duration of absence, intent to evade service. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between short-term absence from duty and desertion as a crime with persistent intent. The importance of the testimony of fellow servicemen, analysis of military records and disciplinary materials is emphasised.
The competence of the State Bureau of Investigations and new wartime legislation regarding the determination of jurisdiction are disclosed. The requirements of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of the rights of military personnel even in wartime, in particular the prohibition of torture, violation of the right to life and the right to a fair trial, are highlighted. The need for specialised knowledge and coordinated cooperation between law enforcement agencies and military structures is outlined, and the key features of evidence in criminal proceedings concerning military offences are revealed.
The complexity of establishing the circle of witnesses and eyewitnesses, clarifying the motives and objectives of unlawful actions, as well as investigating the manner of their commission and the means of their use, and the need to use expert knowledge in the fields of military service, criminal procedure, criminalistics and forensic examination are emphasised. In particular, the importance of cooperation between the National Police and the military command is highlighted
The Essence of the Mechanism for Ensuring the Rights, Freedoms, and Legitimate Interests of Individuals at the Pre-trial Investigation Stage
No full textЗдійснено аналіз сутності механізму забезпечення прав, свобод і законних інтересів особи на стадії досудового розслідування. Обґрунтовано доцільність розширення традиційних підходів до розуміння цього механізму шляхом поєднання формальних (процедурних) гарантій із реальними інструментами їх практичного забезпечення, що дозволяє досягти високого рівня захисту прав людини. Встановлено, що ефективність механізму забезпечення прав і свобод особи на досудовому розслідуванні визначається дієвістю контролюючих і наглядових органів, здатністю системи реагувати на нові виклики та забезпечувати баланс між інтересами держави, суспільства й особи.An analysis of the essence of the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the stage of pre-trial investigation has been carried out, taking into account contemporary challenges, in particular the digitalisation of legal relations, the impact of extraordinary legal regimes (martial law) and the integration of international legal standards into national legislation. The author’s vision of the structure of the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals, which includes both preventive and restorative guarantees, is proposed. Emphasis is placed on the need for their flexible adaptation to the latest social and legal realities. The expediency of expanding traditional approaches to understanding this mechanism by combining formal (procedural) guarantees with real instruments for their practical implementation is substantiated, which allows for a high level of human rights protection to be achieved. It has been proven that the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the pre-trial investigation stage is a complex, multi-level system that requires a comprehensive approach to the protection of human rights. It has been established that the effectiveness of the mechanism for ensuring rights and freedoms at the stage of pre-trial investigation is determined not only by the existence of relevant norms, but also by the effectiveness of controlling and supervisory institutions, the ability of the system to respond to new challenges and ensure a balance between the interests of the state, society and the individual. The mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the pre-trial investigation stage has been defined as a comprehensive, multi-level system of interrelated regulatory, organisational, procedural, control and value elements that are integrated to ensure the effective guarantee, protection and defence of individual rights and freedoms, as well as to respond promptly to violations in criminal proceedings. It has been established that further improvement of the mechanism for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals at the pre-trial investigation stage should be based on the interaction of legal, institutional and technological innovations, the formation of a culture of respect for human rights and the strengthening of the responsibility of state bodies for compliance with these standards
Механізми реалізації принципів соціального діалогу в діяльності Міжнародної організації праці
Get PDFThe article analyses the importance of social dialogue in the programme and standard-setting activities of the International Labour Organization. It is the only and universal international organisation that has been developing international labour standards for more than a century on the basis of full involvement of all participants in social and labour relations.
Based on the analysis of the ILO’s policy documents, it has been noted that social dialogue is given a prominent place in the fundamental principles and rights at work. Social dialogue also forms the basis for the implementation of other fundamental rights. This includes the prohibition of forced labour, non-discrimination in the workplace and in social and labour relations in general, and the prohibition of the worst forms of child labour. It is emphasised that the right to freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining play a dual role (both as a fundamental human right in the field of labour and as an important component of social and political processes). It is proved that social dialogue as interpreted by the International Labour Organization includes all types of negotiations, consultations and information exchange between the main participants of social and labour relations. Moreover, as emphasised in the latest developments of this organisation, the importance of social dialogue is not limited to tripartite communications and improvement of social and labour relations. It is a means of ensuring social justice and a necessary condition for consolidating democratic institutions and improving democratic governance. The author substantiates the possibility of applying the category of “comprehensive mechanism for ensuring and implementing the principles of social dialogue”. Such a mechanism should consist of legal, communicative, institutional and educational and legal mechanisms. Furthermore, a comprehensive mechanism is not reduced to the sum of specific targeted mechanisms, but rather includes a set of necessary means and measures for implementing the principles of social dialogue.Проаналізовано питання щодо значущості соціального діалогу в програмній та нормотворчій діяльності Міжнародної організації праці. На основі аналізу документів програмного значення цієї організації зауважено, що соціальному діалогу відводиться чільне місце в основоположних принципах і правах у сфері праці. Отже, і соціальний діалог у тлумаченні Міжнародної організації праці включає всі види переговорів, консультацій і обміну інформацією між основними учасниками соціально-трудових відносин. Обґрунтовано положення про можливість застосування категорії комплексного механізму забезпечення та реалізації принципів соціального діалогу, який складається з правового, комунікативного, інституційного та освітньо-правового механізмів
Аналіз практик кадрового забезпечення митних органів Польщі та Франції: адаптація до українських реалій
Get PDFThe article examines foreign experience in staffing customs authorities in the context of its adaptation to Ukrainian realities. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the practices of Poland and France, which have successfully reformed their customs services in accordance with European standards. The key stages of the reforms, including transformation of the legislative framework, improvement of administrative procedures and introduction of modern approaches to personnel selection, are highlighted.
The experience of Poland demonstrates the effectiveness of integration processes with the EU through changes in the organisational structure of customs authorities, reduction of the number of units and optimisation of staffing. Staff rotation, competitive procedures and the creation of conditions for professional training play an important role. Poland also actively uses administrative tools to assess the integrity of candidates and their qualifications. In France, on the other hand, the emphasis is on a multi-level competitive selection process that includes written tests, practical assessment, interviews, physical training and psychological assessment. Training in specialised institutions, such as the National Customs School in La Rochelle, plays an important role.
A comparative study of the requirements for candidates in Poland and France has been conducted. While in Poland these requirements are moderate, in France they are much stricter and include knowledge of foreign languages, a high level of professional training and compliance with ethical standards. The experience of France in implementing multi-stage competitive procedures to select the best specialists is particularly valuable for Ukraine.
In order to effectively reform the customs authorities of Ukraine, it is proposed to introduce a differentiated approach to recruitment, strengthen competition procedures, implement testing for knowledge of legislation and foreign languages, and thoroughly check the moral and ethical qualities of candidates. It is necessary to create a system of long-term professional training and internships that will allow new employees to effectively adapt to the specifics of the customs service. The comprehensive reform of Ukraine\u27s customs service, taking into account European experience, will contribute to the modernisation of the State Customs Service of Ukraine and the country\u27s integration into the European community.Досліджено зарубіжний досвід кадрового забезпечення митних органів, зокрема Польщі та Франції, у контексті його адаптації до українських реалій. Проаналізовано ключові етапи реформ, серед яких зміна організаційної структури, конкурсні процедури, професійне навчання та оцінювання доброчесності кандидатів. Особливу увагу приділено багаторівневому підходу Франції та інтеграційним процесам Польщі. Запропоновано запровадити диференційований підхід до добору кадрів, посилити конкурсні процедури та створити систему професійного навчання. Зазначено, що використання європейського досвіду сприятиме модернізації митної служби України та її інтеграції до ЄС
Особливості класифікації рослинних замінників м’яса під час проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи
Get PDFThe article deals with the peculiarities of classification of plant-based meat substitutes in the course of forensic commodity examination. The main attention is paid to determining the authenticity, quality and compliance of these products with regulatory requirements. The examination involves a sequence of studies, including composition analysis, identification of sources of protein components, assessment of textural and organoleptic characteristics, as well as identification of possible impurities and contaminants. These studies are aimed at ensuring the quality and safety of plant-based meat substitutes, which is important for consumer protection and product confidence. The methods of examination, including the use of gas and liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and solid-phase microextraction, are systematised. The article describes microbiological methods of analysis that allow assessing the microbiological safety of products and identifying the risks of their consumption. Particular attention is paid to the types of defects in plant-based meat substitutes that can occur due to process violations, improper storage or transportation conditions. The most common defects include the presence of mould, changes in texture, smell, taste, and signs of spoilage caused by fat oxidation or contamination with foreign substances. The article describes the sequence of actions performed during the examination: from the initial inspection of the sample, including visual assessment, analysis of texture, colour, smell, and ending with the comparison of the results with the established quality standards. The results of the study are of practical value for expert organisations, manufacturers and consumers. The material presented here contributes to the expansion of the methodological basis of forensic commodity expertise and the formation of criteria for evaluating innovative products.У статті розглянуто методичні підходи до проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи рослинних замінників м’яса, описано теоретичні та прикладні аспекти дослідження цієї продукції, а також виокремлено характерні товарознавчі аспекти можливих дефектів, що впливають на якість. Запропоновано систематизовані дані щодо особливостей виконання експертизи рослинних замінників м’яса, зокрема щодо їхніх відмінностей від м’ясних виробів. Представлено основні етапи проведення експертизи та розроблено рекомендації для оцінювання якості рослинних замінників м’яса, які можуть бути корисними як експертам, так і споживачам
Право людини на репродуктивне відтворення: постмортальне використання, зберігання кріоконсервованих матеріалів
Get PDFThe article analyses the current legislation of Ukraine and doctrinal approaches to the human right to reproduction in the context of the right to postmortem reproduction in terms of the right to use cryopreserved materials and their storage, taking into account changes in Ukrainian legislation and the experience of European countries. The author analyses the ways of regulating the right to postmortem reproduction, taking into account the experience of medical practice (drawing up an application-permission or an agreement with a healthcare facility on the storage and use of cryopreserved materials). The author concludes that it is necessary to establish a period of one calendar year from the date of death of a partner, during which post-mortem reproduction will not be possible; that assisted reproductive technologies may be used by partners; that the current legislation of Ukraine should enshrine the possibility of a man in the event of death or declaration of a partner’s death by a court and the possibility of a woman in the event of loss of reproductive function (the ability to bear and give birth to a child) in the presence of a cryopreserved embryo (zygote, blastula) and an application for permission or an agreement with a healthcare facility on the storage and use of cryopreserved materials – the right to use surrogacy (substitute) motherhood services, but taking into account the period of one calendar year from the date of death of the partner, during which postmortem reproduction will not be possible, as well as the possibility of storing cryopreserved embryos, if they are transferred for storage by a serviceman and his partner, also free of charge for three years from the date of death of such a person or declaration of death by a court, with the provision for further storage of cryopreserved embryos at the expense of the spouse or other person specified in the order (for storage of own cryopreserved embryos).Проведено аналіз чинного законодавства України та доктринальних підходів щодо права людини на репродуктивне відтворення в розрізі права на постмортальну репродукцію щодо правомочностей використання та зберігання кріоконсервованих матеріалів. Надано визначення терміна «постмортальна репродукція». Здійснено аналіз застосування постмортальної репродукції, сурогатного (замінного) материнства. Зроблено висновок щодо чіткої регламентації осіб, які можуть бути наділені правом на постмортальну репродукцію, визначено строк, протягом якого проведення постмортальної репродукції є неможливим
Особливості класифікації дитячих фарб для судової товарознавчої експертизи
Get PDFThe aspects of the classification of children’s paints in the context of forensic commodity examination are considered, in particular, their compliance with safety requirements and quality standards. Children’s paints are special products that must be tested for compliance, toxicity and other characteristics that ensure their safety for children’ health. One of the main problems considered in the article is the classification of children\u27s paints according to criteria such as the type of paint, composition, physicochemical properties and purpose for a specific age category. The authors analyze the methods used to determine the compliance of children’s paints with international and national safety standards, in particular, such as EN 71 and ASTM D-4236. The methods of expert examination of children’s paints are presented in detail, including spectroscopy, chromatographic methods, as well as organoleptic studies that interfere not only with the chemical composition, but also with physicochemical characteristics, such as resistance to temperature, humidity and mechanical damage. In addition, attention is paid to the study of the microbiological purity of the paint, which is an industrial aspect in assessing the safety of the product for children. Thanks to the introduction of chemometric instrumental methods of analysis, the examination of children’s paints can provide a more accurate classification and compliance of products with quality and safety standards. Determining compliance with the standards of the paint labeling is an important part of the process, as it ensures that consumers receive proper information about the composition, age restrictions and other important parameters. Defects of children\u27s paints that may arise due to violations of the manufacturing technology or storage conditions, such as changes in consistency, delamination, changes in color or odor, are studied. The assessment of such defects allows solving problems at an early stage, which contributes to increasing product safety and its compliance with standards.У статті висвітлено методичні аспекти проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи дитячих фарб, окреслено особливості їхньої класифікації залежно від складу, призначення та безпечності. Розглянуто сучасні методи перевірки відповідності маркування продукції чинним стандартам. Систематизовано підходи до визначення якісних показників, типових дефектів фарб і впливу порушень умов зберігання або транспортування на їхню якість. Наведено рекомендації для експертів і виробників щодо підвищення якості продукції та вдосконалення контролю