Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Розбудова національної системи кібербезпеки України як необхідний елемент розвитку інформаційного суспільства
Get PDFThe article examines modern development problems of the national cybersecurity system of Ukraine. With the emergence of new challenges and threats in cyberspace, there is a need to find new methods and ways to combat cybercrime and cyberterrorism. The current state of the fight against cybercrime in Ukraine and the prospects for capacity building and reform of the main subjects in cybersecurity in Ukraine are outlined.
In the course of the research general philosophical, comparative and phenomenological methods were used. The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of building the national cybersecurity system of Ukraine in the context of information society development. Among cyber threats, special attention is paid to cyberattacks based on ransomware viruses.
The need to implement the provisions of the Convention on Cybercrime, in particular in the context of the draft Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime to strengthen cooperation and disclosure of electronic evidence, in particular on direct cooperation with service providers (Article 6) and domain names registration services (Article 7), for the disclosure of information for the identification of suspects, accelerated forms of cooperation between the Parties for the disclosure of subscriber information and traffic data (Article 8), acceleration of cooperation and disclosure of information in emergencies (Articles 9 and 10). Attention is drawn to the unconditional fulfillment of the tasks of the new Cyber Security Strategy of Ukraine, especially those related to cyber protection of critical infrastructure. It is noted that at the legislative level it is advisable to provide for cyber defense measures in peacetime and the functions of military cyber units during hostilities, as well as the possibility of preventive cyberattacks and procedures for bringing cyber defense troops to active hostilities.
The necessity of strengthening international cooperation and improving the current legislation in the conditions of growing number and complexity of cybercrimes is substantiated.У статті досліджено сучасні проблеми розбудови національної системи кібербезпеки України. У зв’язку з появою нових викликів та загроз у кіберпросторі виникає необхідність пошуку нових методів і способів протидії кіберзлочинності та кібертероризму. Обґрунтовано необхідність в умовах зростання кількості й складності кіберзлочинів посилення міжнародної співпраці та вдосконалення чинного законодавства
Місце історико-археологічних досліджень у системі судових експертиз
Get PDFThe theory of forensic science has long been supplemented by additional classifications, which differed in certain criteria and comprehensively reflected the essence of forensic science and expert research. The issue of forensic examinations classification in Ukraine according to the criteria existing in the doctrine and normative legal acts has been considered. The purpose of the study is the correct classification of historical and archaeological examination in the system of forensic science of Ukraine, to determine the main aspects and criteria for the classification of forensic science in Ukraine. To solve this goal, the scientific literature and regulatory support on the topic have been analyzed. It has been concluded that the historical and archaeological examination does not belong to the already existing types, as it has a unique subject, object and methods. It can be classified according to various criteria presented in the article.
Certain changes and transformations in the classifications of forensic examinations occur as a result of the emergence of a new type or kind of forensic examination, new objects and tasks of research. The development of a particular type of expertise can contribute to the formation of a new class. The most common is classification according to the field of special knowledge by types and subtypes, enshrined in the Instruction on the appointment and conduct of forensic examinations and expert research, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.
Historical and archaeological examination as a new type, which is currently in the process of formation and development, requires proper classification in expertise. Classifications are diverse depending on the criteria and have not only theoretical but also practical significance, allow to avoid errors in the appointment of forensic examinations and expert research, which, in turn, speeds up the study.Розглянуто питання класифікації судових експертиз в Україні відповідно до критеріїв, що існують у доктрині експертного забезпечення правосуддя та нормативно-правових актах. Метою дослідження є визначення місця історико-археологічної експертизи в коректній класифікації судових експертиз України та основних аспектів і критеріїв проведення класифікації. Для вирішення поставленої мети проаналізовано спеціальну літературу та нормативно-правове забезпечення із зазначеної тематики. Зроблено висновок, що історико-археологічна експертиза має свої предмет (завдання), об’єкт, суб’єкт і методи. Запропоновано класифікувати її за різними критеріями, наведеними у статті
Вимірювання ступеня реалізації верховенства права в суспільстві та державі
Get PDFThe subject of the research conducted in the article is the forms of measuring the rule of law in society and in the state. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of various forms of measuring the rule of law in society in order to identify areas for further improvement of implementing the rule of law in various aspects of public life. In the process of working on the research, various methods of scientific cognition were used, taking into account the goal, objectives of the research, its object and subject, namely: dialectical method, comparative method, structural logic method, method of system analysis. During the study a methodology for measuring the rule of law was developed, which is based on measuring the level of implementation of individual components, which together reflect the content of the rule of law. Such a comprehensive approach to the analysis of forms of measuring the rule of law is reflected for the first time in the scientific community. The article identifies the features of measuring the rule of law in Ukrainian society in view of the existing narrow conceptual reproduction of the principle of the rule of law in national law. It is concluded that one of the necessary favorable factors that is essential for the implementation of the rule of law is a democratic political regime. The possibility of measuring the rule of law in society through the prism of the overall goal to which it is aimed and through its functional purpose has been analyzed. It is established that in view of the new challenges caused by globalization and trends of deregulation, the implementation of the rule of law should be expanded. Proposals have been formulated on the need to expand the essence of the rule of law in the future as a guiding principle of organization of life so as to cover not only the relationship of the state with private entities, but also the activities of private entities whose opportunities to violate personal rights are the same as state power. The conclusions developed in the article can be used in law-making, law enforcement activities, as well as create a basis for further research in this area.Сформульовано авторський підхід до вимірювання верховенства права в суспільстві та державі через дослідження окремих елементів, що виражають змістовне наповнення верховенства права. Визначено особливості виміру верховенства права в українському суспільстві з огляду на існуюче в національному праві вузьке понятійне відтворення принципу верховенства права. Проаналізовано можливість виміру верховенства права в суспільстві крізь призму його загальної мети та функціонального призначення. Розроблено пропозиції розширення в майбутньому сутності верховенства права як керівного принципу організації життєдіяльності так, щоб охопити не лише взаємовідносини держави із приватними суб’єктами, а й діяльність гібридних (державно-приватних) та приватних суб’єктів
Види покарань у санкції ч. 1 ст. 296 чинного Кримінального кодексу України: неприховані хиби з прихованим змістом
Get PDFThe author has studied the problem of incorrect legislative definition of the types of punishments in the sanction of Part 1 of the Art. 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which establishes criminal liability for hooliganism, from the point of view of some constitutive provisions of the General Part of the specified regulatory legal act.
The emphasis has been placed on the non-observance by the domestic law-making agency of the principle of systematic formulation of certain provisions of the current Criminal Code. The author has demonstrated specific violations of logical and legal nature, the presence of which actually makes it impossible to correctly apply Part 1 of the Art. 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author has suggested possible ways to overcome the existing problem, including the consideration of the relevant experience of some European countries.
Thus, the substantive part of the article begins with the review of specific types of penalties prescribed in the sanction of Part 1 of the Art. 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, namely a fine, arrest and community service. We observe the gradual transition to a direct analysis of each of these punishments from the point of view of the relevant provisions of the General Part of the current Criminal Code, which determine the content and rules of their application in the norms of the Special Part. Undoubtedly, the possibility of the existence of the specified norm of the analyzed punishments in the sanction has argued the expediency of revision of their form and content, with substantiation of expediency of introducing the corresponding amendments both to Part 1 of the Art. 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and to the Articles 53, 56, 60, 61, 65, 99, 100, 101.
We note that the current wording of the sanction of Part 1 of the Art. 296 cannot properly perform the tasks of the criminal policy of Ukraine, because the norm is actually deprived of a flexible mechanism for its application in practice.
The incorrect combination of fines, arrest and community service as the main types of punishment for the so-called simple hooliganism is believed the reason for this situation, because the inclusion of such penalties in the sanction of Part 1 of the Art. 296 took place without taking into account some features of their purpose, prescribed in the relevant provisions of the General Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
Two main ways to solve this problem have been suggested. Relevant arguments of some domestic researchers have been provided; references to specific provisions of certain countries of the European Union, where the similar issue found the appropriate decision, have been used in detail.Розглянуто проблему некоректного законодавчого визначення видів покарань у санкції ч. 1 ст. 296 Кримінального кодексу України, якою встановлено кримінальну відповідальність за хуліганство, з погляду деяких конститутивних приписів Загальної частини зазначеного нормативно-правового акта. Акцентовано увагу на недотриманні вітчизняним правотворчим органом принципу системності формулювання окремих положень чинного Кримінального кодексу. Продемонстровано конкретні порушення логіко-юридичного характеру, наявність яких фактично унеможливлює коректне застосування ч. 1 ст. 296 КК України. Запропоновано можливі шляхи подолання наявної проблеми, серед іншого з урахуванням відповідного досвіду деяких країн Європи
Перспективи реформування кримінального процесуального законодавства щодо регламентації слідчих (розшукових) дій, що обмежують недоторканність житла чи іншого володіння особи
Get PDFThe author of the article identifies the main directions of reforming the criminal procedural legislation on investigative (search) actions that restrict the inviolability of housing or other personal possession.
In particular, the author emphasizes that it is necessary to offer: clarification of the content of the concept of "housing" and "other personal possession" stated in Part 2 of the Art. 233 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine; clear definition of the interpretation of the terms of "search of housing or other personal possession" and "inspection of housing or other personal possession" contained in Part 1 of the Art. 234 and Part 2 of the Art. 237 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine; clarification of the provisions of Part 2 of the Art. 237 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine on the grounds for inspection of housing or other personal possession; providing the possibility of conducting search of a vehicle, where the detainee was, in accordance with Part 3 of the Art. 208 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine; definitions in the Articles 234, 236, 237, 240 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine of the interrogator as a subject of search, inspection and investigative experiment.
It is emphasized that perspective areas for the development of criminal procedural legislation to regulate investigative (search) actions that restrict the inviolability of housing or other personal possession is to solve the problem of attracting free legal aid for a person who has no procedural status, but investigators continue investigative (search) actions against that person; determination of the procedural status of witnesses who are involved into investigative (search) actions; determination of the mechanism of addressing of the property’s owner with the petition to return the seized property during carrying out investigative (search) actions restricting inviolability of housing or other personal possession.
It is emphasized that the elimination of the above gaps in the criminal procedural legislation, in order to ensure the functioning of an effective mechanism to ensure respect for constitutional human and civil rights and freedoms during pre-trial investigation and court proceedings, is the primary and main task for reforming criminal procedural legislation regarding investigative (search) actions that restrict the inviolability of housing or other personal possession.Визначено основні напрями реформування кримінального процесуального законодавства щодо слідчих (розшукових) дій, що обмежують недоторканність житла чи іншого володіння особи. Зокрема, зосереджено увагу на тому, що необхідно запропонувати уточнення змісту понять «житло» та «інше володіння особи» в ч. 2 ст. 233 КПК України, дати чітке визначення в ч. 1 ст. 234 і ч. 2 ст. 237 КПК України термінів «обшук житла чи іншого володіння особи» та «огляд житла чи іншого володіння особи», уточнити положення у ч. 2 ст. 237 КПК України про підстави проведення огляду житла чи іншого володіння особи, передбачити можливість проведення обшуку транспортного засобу, в якому перебувала затримана особа, в порядку ч. 3 ст. 208 КПК України, й визначити у статтях 234, 236, 237, 240 КПК України дізнавача як суб’єкта проведення обшуку, огляду та слідчого експерименту
Комплектування кадрів міліції Української РСР у 1945 р.
Get PDFThe main aspects of the USSR militia staffing in 1945 are revealed. The main directions of personnel work were as follows: 1) completion of staffing of militia bodies; 2) consolidation of personnel, primarily management; 3) creation of an effective reserve of nomination; 4) organization of training, improving the quality of preventive and educational work among personnel; 5) completion of the collection and search of personal files and bringing them into order, completion of a special inspection of those who joined the militia. During 1945, the PCIA (people\u27s commissariat of internal affairs) of the Ukrainian SSR provided instructions on all these issues in the form of directives, reviews, written comments on the work and provided practical assistance on field trips. Specialists were trained in special courses in militia schools, whose activities were resumed in several cities of the republic. In 1945, 12,153 people came to recruit militia, and 5,906 people left and were released. A significant shortcoming in recruitment was staff turnover. The main reasons for the turnover in the police in 1945 were as follows: a) reduced admission requirements to the militia (recruited people without inspection by the medical commission, sometimes clearly disabled); b) insufficient verification of new recruits; c) weak educational work among the staff. Of the total number of those released in 1945: a) for illness, age and inadequacy – 4652 people; b) according to the materials of the special inspection – 1526 people; c) for moral and domestic decomposition, violation of labor discipline, personal desires and family circumstances – 9626 people. Among the militia, 3 % were those with higher and incomplete higher education, 13 % – secondary, 25 % – below secondary and 57 % – lower education. Ukrainians in the PCIA of the USSR in 1945 accounted for 55 %, Russians – 35 %, Jews – 4 %, Belarusians – 2 %, others – 2,6 %. In general, in 1945 the People\u27s Commissariat of Internal Affairs and its subdivisions carried out significant and diverse work to improve the staff of the republic\u27s militia.Розкрито основні аспекти комплектування міліції УРСР у 1945 р. Основні напрями кадрової роботи були такими: 1) завершення комплектування органів міліції; 2) закріплення кадрів, насамперед керівного складу; 3) створення дієвого резерву висування; 4) організація підготовки кадрів, покращення якості профілактичної та виховної роботи серед особового складу; 5) закінчення збору та розшуку особових справ і приведення їх до ладу, закінчення спеціальної перевірки. Протягом 1945 р. НКВС УРСР з усіх цих питань надавалися вказівки у формі директив, оглядів, письмових зауважень щодо роботи та забезпечувалася практична допомога виїздами на місця
Нормативне забезпечення права на свободу та особисту недоторканність у світлі міжнародного та національного законодавства
Get PDFThe normative provision of the right to liberty and integrity of the person in the light of international and national legislation has been studied. The provisions of generally recognized international legal acts guaranteeing the right to liberty and integrity of the person have been provided. At the same time, there are also convention regulations, which provide cases of possible restriction of the researched right, and we note that such a right is not absolute in this regard. It has been determined that the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, which regulate the right to liberty and integrity of the person, comply with international legal acts.
Particular attention has been paid to the analysis of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which emphasize the importance of this right, especially in the context of interpreting the requirements of the Art.. 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950. In this regard, it has been emphasized that any restriction of the right to liberty and integrity of the person must comply with the provisions of paragraph 1 of the Art. 5 of the said Convention and in no case go beyond its limits, i.e. to be consistent with its purposes (objective). In case of the violation of this right, a person can apply for the protection of his violated rights to the European Court of Human Rights.
Taking into account scientific points of view, analysis of the relevant provisions of international and legal acts and national legislation, the author has clarified that the right to liberty and integrity of the person is a natural, inalienable and fundamental right of every human being. In this regard, each Member State, having ratified an international treaty guaranteeing the right to liberty and integrity of the person, is obliged to establish an effective legal mechanism for the protection of such a right in national law.Здійснено аналіз нормативного забезпечення права на свободу та особисту недоторканність відповідно до міжнародного і національного законодавства. Наголошено на тому, що право на свободу та особисту недоторканність є природним, невід’ємним і фундаментальним правом кожної людини, у зв’язку з чим гарантовано міжнародно-правовими актами та імплементовано в національне законодавство України. Водночас указане право не є абсолютним, з огляду на що в порядку та випадках, передбачених законодавством, може бути обмежено
Завдання та принципи міжнародного співробітництва в галузі судової експертизи
Get PDFThe basic categories: “tasks”, “principles”, “forensic examination”, “international cooperation” have been studied. The legal regulation of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination has been determined. The understanding of the category of “tasks and principles of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination” has been clarified.
The task of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination has been defined as a set of legally established provisions aimed at ensuring effective and professional forensic examination in the course of international cooperation of forensic experts. The tasks of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination include the following: ensuring international cooperation between the subjects of forensic expertise, use of international qualified and objective expertise, providing assistance to international (foreign) forensic institutions (organizations), exchange of experience (training and retraining), providing international scientific support for the activities of forensic experts.
The principles of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination have been defined as guiding (fundamental) principles and ideas laid down in the basis of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination and aimed at ensuring objective forensic activity. The following principles of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination have been formulated: good faith, freedom, equality, scientificity, international and legal clarity.
It has been proved that the introduction of tasks and principles of international cooperation in the field of forensic examination into legal regulation of Ukraine is designed to be one of the driving changes in the legal basis for accelerating the integration of international forensic activity experience into the activity of domestic experts, implementation of new developments, Ukraine’s participation in developing programs in the field of forensic examination at the global level, including at the planning stage of the concept and strategy for developing forensic examination area.Досліджено такі базові категорії, як «завдання», «принципи», «судова експертиза» і «міжнародне співробітництво». Охарактеризовано правове регулювання міжнародного співробітництва в галузі судової експертизи. Розглянуто розуміння категорії «завдання та принципи міжнародного співробітництва в галузі судової експертизи». Сформульовано власний перелік завдань і принципів міжнародного співробітництва в галузі судової експертизи, розкрито їх зміст і значення для практики
Особливості механізму адміністративно-правового забезпечення реалізації правоохоронної функції держави у сфері оподаткування
Get PDFThe essence of administrative and legal provision for the implementation of the state’s law enforcement function has been studied. The elements of the mechanism of administrative and legal provision for the implementation of the state’s law enforcement function in the field of taxation have been distinguished. It has been offered to include the institutional component (subjects of provision), normative component (system of administrative and legal norms establishing the principles and rules of the state’s law enforcement function in the field of taxation), principles of implementing the state’s law enforcement function in this area, forms and methods of implementation of the state’s law enforcement function and the resource component (personnel, information, material, technical provision, etc.) into the structure of this mechanism.
The author has defined the following key principles, which should be the basis for the activity of the subjects of the considered relations: legitimacy, presumption of legality of decisions of taxpayers in case of ambiguity of the interpretation of regulatory acts, inevitability of punishment for financial offenses, collegiality of the development of important decisions, efficiency, independence impartiality and absence of corruption.
The author has determined the peculiarities of ensuring the effective functioning of administrative and legal mechanism of the realization of the state’s law enforcement function in the conditions of creation of the specially authorized agency of financial investigations. It is especially important in the context of European integration to establish the Bureau of Financial Investigations in Ukraine – a single law enforcement agency, whose task will be to identify systemic offenses in the field of taxation, their elimination and prevention.
It has been concluded that the reform of the investigative agencies of financial violations will establish a partnership between taxpayers and monitoring authorities, as well as will increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in combating financial crimes.Розглянуто сутність адміністративно-правового забезпечення реалізації правоохоронної функції держави. Виокремлено елементи механізму адміністративно-правового забезпечення реалізації правоохоронної функції держави у сфері оподаткування. Визначено основні напрямки забезпечення ефективного функціонування зазначеного механізму реалізації правоохоронної функції держави в умовах створення спеціально уповноваженого органу фінансових розслідувань. Розглянуто форми реалізації правоохоронної функції держави у сфері оподаткування
Сучасний стан нормативно-правової регламентації інституту реабілітації у кримінальному процесі України
Get PDFThe authir has carried out theoretical study of the current state of regulation of the rehabilitation institution in criminal proceedings of Ukraine, the immediate task of which is to protect human and civil rights and freedoms within relations between the state and an individual. Numerous appeals to the ECHR by citizens of Ukraine, who have been illegally or unjustifiably prosecuted, as well as the existence of decisions in their favor indicate on the shortcomings of this institution.
The essence of the term of “rehabilitation” and its normative enshrinment in legislative acts at some historical stages of the world community development has been studied. It has been established that it was first used in medieval France to denote the pardon of a convict with the restoration of all his former rights. However, due to the development of social relations and a radical change in society’s attitude to sentencing, the concept of “rehabilitation” has become much broader than the original definition.
Based on the detailed analysis of theoretical developments of leading scholars, international and legal acts, criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, some countries of the European Union and the post-Soviet space, special attention has been focused on significant shortcomings of legal regulation of the specified area of public relations in Ukraine. The author has suggested own vision of the concept of “rehabilitation”. The author has offered to reffer it to the tasks of criminal proceedings stipulated by the provisions of the Art. 2 of the Criminal Procedura; Code of Ukraine. Besides, special attention has been paid to the fact that a rehabilitated person, in addition to compensation for damages and restoration of violated rights, must receive an official apology on behalf of the state for unjustified or illegal prosecution.Проведено теоретичне дослідження розвитку наукових уявлень щодо інституту реабілітації у кримінальному процесі. Здійснено детальний аналіз юридичної літератури, а також законодавства України, деяких країн Європейського Союзу та пострадянського простору з питань, що стосуються теми дослідження. Виокремлено окремі прогалини правового регулювання окреслених аспектів, на підставі чого сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення положень законодавства, в тому числі щодо конкретизації поняття «реабілітація»