Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Нормативне забезпечення особистої безпеки працівників Національної поліції України
Get PDFThe level of normative provision of personal safety of the employees of the National Police of Ukraine has been clarified. The normative base of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and the National Police of Ukraine in regard to ensuring the personal safety of a police officer has been analyzed. It has been established that the normative level stipulates a norm on ensuring the personal safety of police officers in the performance of their official duties, but the legislator does not provide an explanation of the essence of the concept of personal safety. The lack of the definition of this concept in regulatory acts gives rise to a number of discussions among scholars in various fields of research.
The most successful definitions of the concepts of security and personal safety of law enforcement officers have been consistently studied.
In accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police” and in order to ensure the personal safety of police officers and to prevent the death, injury and trauma of them and others during the handling of weapons, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine approved the Instruction on security measures when handling weapons, which is only a part of the official activities of police agencies (institutions, organizations) and does not reveal the essence of the content of personal safety.
It has been offered to regulate the high level of performance of police duties by police officers, i.e. to supplement the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police” or the relevant bylaws with the definition of “personal safety of police officers”, which can help to address theoretical and practical issues on developing concrete measures to increase the personal safety of police officers and to stop discussions on understanding this concept.З’ясовано рівень нормативного забезпечення особистої безпеки працівників Національної поліції України. Проаналізовано нормативну базу, яка стосується діяльності Національної поліції України. Установлено, що на нормативному рівні закріплено норму щодо забезпечення особистої безпеки поліцейських під час виконання ними службових обов’язків, але роз’яснення сутті поняття особистої безпеки законодавець нормативно не закріпив.
В умовах реформування системи Міністерства внутрішніх справ України та діяльності Національної поліції України для забезпечення високого рівня виконання працівниками поліції своїх службових обов’язків потрібне нормативне регулювання змісту їх особистої безпеки, що припинить марні дискусії науковців у сфері висунення гіпотез щодо розуміння поняття «особиста безпека поліцейського»
Зарубіжний досвід організації діяльності судово-експертних установ
Get PDFThe author of the article studies international experience of the organization and activities of forensic institutions on the example of such countries as Germany, France, the Netherlands, Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. The legislative features of the functioning of forensic institutions and the regulation of the legal status of experts are noted. It is determined that regardless of the departmental subordination of forensic institutions, their activities are based on international standards.
The author has identified a scientific novelty, which consists in the further development of the provisions obtained by scientists and scholars on the organizational structure and practical activities of forensic institutions both in Ukraine and abroad, as well as the formulation of new conceptual provisions, conclusions and propositions for improving regulation of forensic activity in Ukraine.
The author of the article proves that the organization and activities of forensic institutions in France are based on national and international law regulating the specifics of forensic examinations and the legal status of the expert.
The author concludes that forensic activities in Germany, France, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are carried out effectively, and its legal regulation takes place without violation of human rights and freedoms in compliance with international rules and standards. Their legislation, which addresses the organization and operation of forensic institutions, is aimed at respecting the rights and freedoms of a man and citizen, protection of the rights and interests of forensic experts.
The author of the article defines that the implementation of international norms and standards of organization and activity of forensic institutions brings expert institutions to a new level of functioning. This makes it possible to create an effective mechanism for the management and operation of forensic institutions and experts, which will determine the high requirements for forensic examination, increase the professional level and efficiency of employees of expert institutions, which can meet the needs of modern justice.Досліджено зарубіжний досвід організації та діяльності судово-експертних установ на прикладі таких держав, як Німеччина, Франція, Велика Британія, Нідерланди та Чехія. Наголошено на законодавчих особливостях функціонування судово-експертних установ і регулювання правового статусу експерта. Визначено, що незалежно від відомчого підпорядкування судово-експертних установ їх діяльність ґрунтується на міжнародних стандартах
Правова охорона інновацій у режимі комерційної таємниці, промислової власності: порівняльний аналіз
Get PDFThe author of the article presents a comparative legal analysis of trade secret and industrial property regimes. Based on the analysis, the following distinctive features of legal regimes of trade secrets and industrial property are identified. The legal regime of industrial property provides strict criteria for the qualification of certain innovations as inventions, utility models, industrial designs. On the contrary, any commercially valuable innovations can be protected in the mode of trade secret. The legal regime of industrial property is a legal monopoly, as it provides the receipt of a security document (patent, declaratory patent). The trade secret regime is provided by a de facto monopoly, as it is ensured by the application of certain protective measures. The regime of industrial property rights presupposes the existence of both personal non-property and property exclusive rights. The trade secret regime provides only exclusive property rights. It has been identified that a common issue for both industrial property rights and trade secrets is the controversial application of "binding clauses" in licensing agreements, as they are contrary to the rules of fair competition. It is noted that the use of trade secrets to protect innovations is appropriate at the stage of development, mass production. When commercializing innovations, it is advisable to apply the regime of industrial property rights.Проведено порівняльно-правовий аналіз режимів комерційної таємниці та промислової власності. Виділено відмінні ознаки правових режимів комерційної таємниці та промислової власності за критеріями охорони, характером монополії, видами прав. Визначено, що спільним проблемним питанням для режимів права як промислової власності, так і комерційної таємниці є спірність застосування «зв’язувальних застережень» у ліцензійних договорах, оскільки вони суперечать правилам добросовісної конкуренції. Зазначено, що застосування режиму комерційної таємниці для охорони інновацій є доцільним на стадії розробки, налагодження масового виробництва. У разі комерціалізації інновацій доцільним є застосування режиму права промислової власності
Компетенція та повноваження Служби безпеки України як суб’єкта протидії корупції та організованій злочинності
Get PDFThe author of the article summarizes theoretical approaches to defining the concepts of authority and competence.
It is proved that the competence of the Security Service of Ukraine, as a subject of combating organized crime and corruption, is a set of powers (rights and responsibilities) based on tasks and functions, which are endowed by the Security Service of Ukraine in accordance with official regulations in the field of combating corruption. and organized crime. More specifically, the competence collectively shows what specific actions the Security Service of Ukraine can take to implement its goals and functions in the field of combating corruption and organized crime. Powers, in this case, are organic component of competence.
It is emphasized that the powers in general are the rights and responsibilities granted to the state authority by law, within which it performs certain actions, applies legal tools to influence public relations and interacts with other subjects of the state apparatus.
It is proved that the competence and authority express the practical side of the Security Service of Ukraine. Thus, the powers are the direct rights and responsibilities of the agency in the field of combating corruption and crimes committed by organizations, which are enshrined in the legal framework, the rules of which regulate all activities of the Security Service of Ukraine. In this case, if the competence characterizes the whole array of powers, the latter are not homogeneous. The powers of the Security Service of Ukraine as a subject of counteraction to corruption and organized crime are currently scattered in the system of general rights and responsibilities of the Security Service of Ukraine; powers of the Security Service of Ukraine in the field of operational and investigative activities; powers of the agency as a specialized entity for combating organized crime, etc.Узагальнено теоретичні підходи щодо визначення понять повноважень та компетенції. Доведено, що компетенція та повноваження виражають практичну сторону роботи Служби безпеки України. Так, повноваження – це безпосередні права та обов’язки відомства у сфері протидії корупції та злочинам, учиненим організаціями, що закріплено у правових засадах, нормами яких регламентовано всю діяльність СБУ. Повноваження СБУ як суб’єкта протидії корупції та організованій злочинності на сьогоднішній день розпорошено в системі загальних прав та обов’язків Служби безпеки України; повноваженнях СБУ у сфері здійснення оперативно-розшукової діяльності; повноваженнях органу як спеціалізованого суб’єкта із протидії організованій злочинності тощо
Організаційно-правові засади функціонування чергової служби радянської міліції в 1969-1991 роках
Get PDFThe normative and legal provision, organization and activity of militia dispatch centers of Soviet Ukraine in 1969–1991 have been studied.
Various forms, methods and directions of activity of militia dispatch centers in 1961–1991 have been analyzed; and the activity of the militia in ensuring the protection of public order and the fight against crime has been reconsidered. The author has characterized the functions of militia dispatch centers, which were performed by them in the period from 1969 to 1991. The peculiarities of personnel and logistical provision of the militia dispatch centers in the specified historical period have been highlighted.
The analysis of archival materials has demonstrated that the implementation of the function of the dispatch center was associated with the implementation of an increased number of tasks. However, the combination of the duties of a duty officer with performing the duties in another position led to the overburdening of a militiaman, which had a negative impact on law enforcement activity.
Improving the organizational forms of the Soviet militia dispatch centers was carried out in several areas: 1) the creation of regular police units in all militia agencies, the number of which depended on the population, as well as changes in the operative situation; 2) increase in the number of regular shifts; 3) bringing the premises, equipment and logistics of dispatch centers in line with the established requirements; 4) the introduction of additional structures within dispatch centers, caused by an increase in the workload on dispatch centers as a result of the growth in crime rates; 5) increase of requirements to personnel of dispatch centers.
In terms of reforming the law enforcement system, miscalculations and mistakes of the past years should be avoided. The specifics of dispatch centers’ activity is that it represents the interests of all services, combines the goals and objectives of public order, prevention and detection of crimes, as well as coordinates their actions in case of emergencies. The efficiency of crime detection, assistance to victims and detention of perpetrators depends on the effective organization of interaction between services and units.
Thus, the creative use of obtained experience to improve the activities of the dispatch centers of internal affairs agencies will to some extent avoid mistakes and miscalculations made in previous historical periods.Досліджено нормативно-правове забезпечення, організацію та діяльність чергових частин міліції Радянської України в 1969-1991 роках. Проаналізовано різноманітні форми, методи та напрями діяльності чергових частин міліції в 1969-1991 роках, наново переосмислено діяльність міліції в забезпеченні охорони громадського порядку та боротьби зі злочинністю. Охарактеризовано функції чергових частин міліції, які виконувалися нею в період з 1969 по 1991 роки. Висвітлено особливості кадрового та матеріально-технічного забезпечення чергових частин міліції у вказаний історичний період
Гарантії здійснення та захисту права власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб
Get PDFThe author has researched property relations of internally displaced persons, the peculiarities of which are determined by their legal status and the lack of sufficient legislative regulation to protect their property status. It has been emphasized that the realization of property rights occurs through the will and actions of the owner, which must fully comply with legal requirements, because the right of the owner to actions and the actions themselves – differ from each other. The difference between the content of a subjective right and its realization is, first of all, that the content of a subjective right covers only the possible behavior of an authorized person, and the realization of the right is a real, concrete action that leads to legal consequences. Therefore, the realization of property rights by internally displaced persons is absolute, i.e. absolute civil rights apply to an indefinite number of persons, except for the right of the owner.
The legal categories of “realization”, “protection” and “defense” have been analyzed as integral components of the property right of internally displaced persons. It has been stated that protection is the category of the normal state of existence of the subjective right, and defense is the category of the subjective right in a violated state.
It has been proved that in most cases people who have left their place of residence due to armed conflict or other forms of violence do not have a real opportunity to realize actual and sometimes legal (for example, due to the lack of proper documents on the property) possession. It indicates the need to introduce guarantees that will ensure not only the realization of property rights by internally displaced persons, but also the safety of their property. It has been offered to understand the guarantees of property rights of internally displaced persons as a set of methods, means and procedures aimed at ensuring the realization of their property rights.
The author has formulated own definition and has suggested the classification of guarantees of property rights of internally displaced persons, with their division into general and special, as well as guarantees of the realization of the rights and guarantees of protection.Досліджено відносини власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб, особливості яких обумовлюються їх правовим статусом та відсутністю достатньої законодавчої регламентації захисту їх майнового становища. Здійснено аналіз правових категорій «здійснення», «охорона» та «захист» як невід’ємних складових права власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб. Надано визначення та презентовано класифікацію гарантій права власності внутрішньо переміщених осіб, запропоновано їх поділ на загальні та спеціальні, а також на гарантії здійснення і гарантії захисту
Еволюція правового закріплення мовної політики Російської імперії на Українських землях у ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст.
Get PDFThe need to create an effective mechanism to ensure the implementation of language policy by our state has been increased at the present stage of the development of Ukraine and its legal system. It, on the one hand, will ensure the revival and spread of the Ukrainian language, and on the other will allow the development of national minority languages in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992), the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992), the UN Resolution on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1995), The Oslo Recommendations on the Language Rights of National Minorities (1998) and other existing international legal acts. Historical experience can significantly help the successful implementation of measures aimed at improving the effectiveness of domestic legislation in this area. It will allow us not to repeat the mistakes of the past and take into account and use the positive developments. Unfortunately, domestic practice demonstrates a clear lack of attention to the study and use of such experience.
The purpose of the article is a comprehensive historical and legal analysis of the processes of legal consolidation and implementation of the language policy of the Russian Empire on the Ukrainian lands in the XIX – early XX centuries. In accordance with the purpose, the following tasks have been formulated: to consider how the imperial language policy has evolved, aimed at narrowing the scope of using the language of the Ukrainian people for assimilation, to emphasize the role and significance of the legal component in these processes that was expressed in the legislation and law-enforcement activity of the relevant state authorities.
Scientific novelty is manifested in the fact that this article is one of the first scientific works, where the problems of legal consolidation of Russification language policy on the Ukrainian lands during the past and the beginning of the last centuries are studied according to the latest methodological positions, based on a comprehensive analysis of existing scientific literature, regulatory and law-enforcement acts, as well as other historical and legal sources.
The author of the article has emphasized that the tsar pursued a policy of incessant formal and legal restrictions on the Ukrainian language during this period. It has been claimed that during the 60-80s of the XIX century there was the legislative consolidation of that policy. The author has determined the purpose of the imperial government – to limit the scope of use of the Ukrainian language in order to prevent it from becoming a key element in the creation of Ukrainian identity.Висвітлено процеси нормативного закріплення правової політики, яку здійснював уряд Російської імперії в українських губерніях. Наголошено, що в цей період царатом проводилася політика невпинного формально-правового обмеження української мови. Протягом 60–80-х рр. ХІХ ст. відбувалося законодавче закріплення цієї політики. Визначено мету імперської влади – обмежити сферу вжитку української мови задля того, щоб не дати їй можливості перетворитися на основний елемент під час творення української ідентичності
Документи в КК України: їх зміст та взаємозв’язок
Get PDFThe subject matter of the scientific research carried out within the scientific article are documents as features of corpus delicti provided in the criminal legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of this article is to study the problem of the existence of the document, its varieties and their relationship in the structure of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Achieving this purpose within the study became possible due to the implementation of the relevant tasks, namely: to determine the list of criminal and legal norms, which provide the presence of a document in the form of certain features of corpus delicti; to establish the main content and essence of each type of the document; to establish the relationship of different types of documents in the structure of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
General scientific methods have been mainly used in the process of scientific research, namely: analysis, generalization, systematic approach and study of documents. This, in turn, provided an opportunity to formulate the novelty of the scientific research, which is to establish the content of the concepts of different types of documents within the Criminal Code of Ukraine and to establish their interdependence.
Based on the study of the essence of the term of the “document” and its varieties, it has been emphasized the presence of certain characteristics, namely: the basic concept is the “document”; each type of document provided in the Criminal Code of Ukraine is used in a specific area of activity of society and the state (financial sphere, sphere of public administration, sphere of state secrets, medical sector, etc.); the content of information or data contained in the document is directly related to the scope of its use; the characteristic functional orientation of the document, as a rule, is directly reflected in its specific title (for example, the financial document is used in the financial sphere).
It has been concluded that the concept of the “document” and its varieties are correlated with each other as general and specific. In this case, the document is understood as a general, and its varieties – as its specific forms.Досліджено проблеми існування документа, його різновидів та їх співвідношення у структурі Кримінального кодексу України. Наголошено на відповідних характерних аспектах цієї проблеми, а саме: базовим розумінням в цій термінологічній сукупності є поняття «документ»; кожний вид документа, що передбачається в КК України, використовується в конкретній сфері діяльності суспільства та держави; зміст інформації або відомостей, які закріплюються в документі, безпосередньо пов’язаний зі сферою його використання; характерна функціональна спрямованість документа, як правило, безпосередньо відображається в його видовій назві. Зроблено висновок про те, що поняття «документ» та його різновиди співвідносяться як загальне та конкретне
Нагляд і контроль, як особлива форма захисту трудових прав працівників, які здійснюють трудову діяльність у роботодавців – фізичних осіб
Get PDFThe emphasis has been placed on the fact that the number of recent cases of violation of labor rights of employees working for employers being individuals has significantly increased, which, in turn, necessitates effective supervision and control in this area. Based on the analysis of scientific views, the author has provided own definition of supervision and control as special forms of protecting labor rights of employees working for employers being individuals. It has been emphasized that the control within the framework of the considered issues ensures observance of the law in the sphere of labor, allows to reveal and eliminate certain shortcomings in time, as well as to take measures to prosecute employers who have violated current labor legislation. Features of this scientific category have been outlined. It has been stated that the control and supervision activity acts as a kind of guarantee of the realization of the right of employees to fair and safe working conditions, proper equipment of workplaces and compliance with the law by employers while concluding an employment contract with an employee. It has been argued that the implementation of control and supervisory activities in the studied area relies on various public authorities, where their main functions should include the detection of violations of labor rights of employees by employers, development of propositions to prevent violations of labor laws, monitoring the compliance with regulations issued in regard to employer in the result of inspections by the competent authorities, development and approval of the annual plan for scheduled inspections; drawing up minutes on administrative offenses against employers who have violated labor legislation; organization and monitoring of the compliance with labor legislation, including the collection, processing and analysis of information, operation of an automated information system for control and supervision.На підставі аналізу наукових поглядів надано авторське визначення понять та особливості нагляду і контролю як особливих форм захисту трудових прав працівників, які працюють у роботодавців – фізичних осіб. Наголошено, що нагляд і контроль як особливі форми захисту трудових прав працівників, які працюють у роботодавців – фізичних осіб, забезпечують дотримання законності у сфері праці, дозволяють своєчасно виявити й усунути в ній певні недоліки, а також ужити заходів щодо притягнення до відповідальності роботодавців, які вчинили порушення чинного законодавства про працю
Адміністративно-правова відповідальність суб’єктів надання косметологічних послуг в Україні
Get PDFThe problematic issue of legislative regulation of cosmetological activities in Ukraine, which concerns the subjects of providing cosmetological services and liability for the violation of their professional duties, has been studied. The author has offered own definition of the term of “administrative liability in the field of providing cosmetological services”. It has been established that administrative liability in the studied area arises on the basis of the commission of a tort by a specific subject. The classification of administrative liability in the field of providing cosmetological services, depending on the subject of the tort, has been accomplished. The author has offered to consider a person who provides assistance aimed at improving a person’s appearance, treatment or masking the defects in appearance in order to change the psychophysical condition of a person and meet his aesthetic needs as a subject of providing cosmetological services. It has been determined that the improvement of administrative legislation in the field of providing cosmetological services in Ukraine should be understood as the development of theoretical and practical areas of capacity building for further development of this phenomenon and the settlement of disputes that arise by revising, repealing or creating regulatory acts in this sphere. The necessity of codification of the legislation on the provision of cosmetological services has been substantiated. The existing theoretical provisions have been summarized and a new solution to the scientific problem of improving the administrative and legal liability of the entities providing cosmetological services in Ukraine has been suggested. It has been clarified that it is important to establish the basic requirements for the procedural aspects of providing medical and cosmetological services, for updating administrative legislation in this part, as well as the definition and consolidation of administrative and legal liability of entities providing cosmetological services in Ukraine.Розглянуто проблематику законодавчого врегулювання косметологічної діяльності в Україні, яка стосується суб’єктів надання косметологічних послуг та відповідальності за порушення ними своїх професійних обов’язків. Запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «адміністративна відповідальність у сфері надання косметологічних послуг». З’ясовано, що актуальним є встановлення основних вимог до процедурних аспектів надання медичних та косметологічних послуг, оновлення адміністративного законодавства в зазначеній частині, а також визначення та закріплення адміністративно-правової відповідальності суб’єктів надання косметологічних послуг в Україні