Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Криміналістичне забезпечення розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, учинених проти працівників правоохоронних органів: поняття і складові
Get PDFThe subject matter of the research is the features of forensic support for investigating criminal offenses committed against law enforcement officers. The purpose of the article was to define the concept, content, structure of forensic support for investigating criminal offenses committed against law enforcement officers, as well as to reveal its components.
Special research methods have been used in order to achieve the set purpose, namely: the method of system analysis, comparative and legal method, system and structure method and the method of forecasting.
It has been emphasized that the need of studying forensic support for investigating criminal offenses committed against law enforcement officers is due to the need to provide them with effective counteraction.
According to the results of the conducted research, it has been established that the forensic support for investigating criminal offenses should be defined in two aspects – as a scientific category and as an applied one. Definitions of this concept in the specified aspects have been defined. It has been established that the constituent elements of forensic support for the investigation are defined by scholars ambiguously. In general this issue is one of the most controversial in criminalistics.
It has been determined that the constituent elements of forensic support for investigating criminal offenses committed against law enforcement officers are: regulatory, organizational and personnel, educational and methodological, technical and forensic, information and reference support. The author has provided a brief characteristic to each of the component identified in the article and has determined the main problems that arise during its implementation while investigating criminal offenses of the studied category, and possible ways to solve them.
It has been emphasized that this research only attempts to define the concept and components of forensic support for investigating criminal offenses committed against law enforcement officers, and emphasizes that certain categories require further in-depth research.Висвітлено особливості криміналістичного забезпечення розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, вчинених проти працівників правоохоронних органів. Зокрема, сформульовано дефініцію вказаного поняття як наукової та прикладної категорії криміналістичної науки. Охарактеризовано такі складові елементи криміналістичного забезпечення розслідування кримінальних правопорушень досліджуваного виду, як нормативно-правове, організаційно-кадрове, навчально-методичне, техніко-криміналістичне та інформаційно-довідкове забезпечення
Порівняльна характеристика міжнародно-правових стандартів у галузі захисту прав дитини
Get PDFThe current state of child protection through the prism of international, criminal and constitutional law has been studied. The concept of “a child” and the age limits, which are contained in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Family Code of Ukraine, have been analyzed. The legislation of some countries has been studied for further establishment of features and ways of counteraction to violence against children.
The emphasis has been placed on the current legislation, such as the murder of a newborn by the mother and the online harassment of children.
Child abuse and neglect of the interests have serious consequences: deterioration of the health; developmental delay; socialization of a child; threat to life and sometimes death of a child. It has been stated that every child, regardless of status and origin, has rights and has to be protected.
It has been established that the issues in the field of children rights’ protection currently need to be comprehensively considered and supplemented. At the legislative level, a system of measures for the rights and interests of the child has been developed, but according to the practice, it is ineffective, because there is no control over children rights’ protection in Ukraine. An important role in this matter is played by the Ombudsman, who must monitor the rights of the child, as well as must respond to cases of abuse and take appropriate measures to prevent and counteract them.
It has been noted that the international mechanism for children rights’ protection testifies to the urgency of this problem throughout the world. Public policies in many countries are aimed at combating various forms of violence against children, but such measures in most countries are ineffective. To solve this problem, we need appropriate programs of a social protection and informational function. The authors have elaborated propositions to improve the legal provisions that can help to resolve the problematic issues of protecting children from various forms of violence.Проаналізовано сучасний стан захисту дітей для виявлення основних проблем у сфері захисту прав дитини. Розглянуто законодавство деяких країн для подальшого встановлення особливостей і мінімізації випадків насильства над дітьми та дискримінації щодо них. Запропоновано створити відповідні програми та проводити інформаційні заходи для протидії і попередження жорстокого поводження з дітьми
Актуальні аспекти правового регулювання моніторингу електронних комунікацій та зняття інформації з електронних комунікаційних мереж в Україні
Get PDFThe article is focused on studying current aspects of normative and legal regulation for monitoring electronic communications in foreign countries and in Ukraine; on the features of conducting search and investigative actions on the removal of information from electronic communication networks.
The legislation of Ukraine does not currently provide the procedure for creation and implementation of interception systems for electronic communications, does not define organizational and technical requirements that should guarantee conditions for monitoring such activities, despite the relevance of modern legal regulation of conducting search, operative and technical measures in communication networks. rapid development of electronic information technology.
The legislator made an attempt to legally regulate the implementation of operative and technical measures in electronic communication networks in the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine dated from April 13, 2012, which provided the removal of information from transport telecommunication networks. Relevant norms were also provided in the Law of Ukraine “On Operative and Search Activities”. Regarding the dynamic development of legislation, which is primarily due to the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Electronic Communications” dated from December 16, 2020, the author of the article has stated the need to update the existing procedure for such activities.
The author has suggested measures, the realization of which should improve the capacity of authorized law enforcement agencies to combat crime in the field of information and communication technologies: adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Interception of Electronic Communications”, amendments to the Laws of Ukraine “On Electronic Communications”, “On Operative and Search Activities”, “On Counterintelligence Activities”, “On Combating Terrorism”; bringing the norms of domestic legislation in line with the provisions of the Convention on Cybercrime; creation of conditions necessary to improve the capacity of authorized state agencies to remove information from electronic communication networks; establishing proper cooperation with foreign law enforcement agencies.Розглянуто актуальні аспекти нормативно-правового регулювання моніторингу електронних комунікацій в іноземних державах та в Україні, особливості проведення розшукових і слідчих дій в електронних комунікаційних мережах. Констатовано потребу оновлення порядку здійснення таких заходів, зумовлену динамічним розвитком законодавства. Запропоновано перспективні заходи, реалізація яких поліпшить можливості уповноважених правоохоронних органів із протидії злочинності у сфері інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій
Правові засади матеріального забезпечення працівників міліції УСРР у 20-х роках ХХ ст.
Get PDFThe scientific study is devoted to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the militia workers\u27 material support of the Ukrainian SSR in the 20s of the twentieth century. The objectives of the scientific work are to establish a list of legal acts that regulated the conditions for the militia workers\u27 social security and to analyze their norms. It is necessary to determine the specifics of fulfilling the requirements of the legislation on the material support of militia officers. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a significant number of archival documents have been used in scientific circulation for the first time.
The legal acts of the Ukrainian SSR, which established the conditions and amounts of social security and remuneration of militia workers, were studied. Archival materials have been studied, which reflect the state of fulfillment of the requirements of the legislation on the material support of militia workers. Archival documents make it possible to establish the specifics of fulfilling the requirements of legislative and by-laws on the material support of militia workers in various provinces and districts of the Ukrainian SSR.
The remuneration system of militia workers in the Ukrainian SSR in the 1920s is analyzed. The conditions for bonuses to militia workers, the grounds for assigning bonuses to wages, payment for overtime work have been studied. The peculiarities of clothing and other types of security for militia workers are established. The wage taxation specific of the militia workers is reflected. The characteristic of the implementation peculiarities of those norms of law that established the conditions for the militia workers\u27 material support in the study period is given.
It is concluded that the conditions for the material support of militia workers in the early 1920s were established based on the norms in force for the army. In the middle of the studied period, the conditions for remuneration and social security of militia workers were determined by the requirements of labor legislation. Since 1930, the conditions of material support for militia workers had been equated to the standards of the State Political Administration of the Ukrainian SSR.Наукове дослідження присвячено особливостям правового регулювання матеріального забезпечення працівників міліції УСРР у 20-х роках ХХ ст. Вивчено нормативно-правові акти УСРР, які встановлювали умови та розміри соціального забезпечення та оплати праці працівників міліції. Досліджено архівні матеріали, які відображають стан виконання вимог законодавства про матеріальне забезпечення працівників міліції. Зроблено висновок, що умови матеріального забезпечення працівників міліції були визначені або на підставі норм, чинних для армії, або за вимогами трудового законодавства, або за стандартами Державного політичного управління УСРР
Історія виникнення та розвитку інституту оперативного обслуговування підрозділами кримінальної поліції галузей економіки, ліній роботи, закріплених об’єктів і територій
Get PDFThe main stages of formation and development of the institute of operative service of branches of economy, lines of work, fixed objects and territories by criminal police divisions are investigated, the regularities of formation of this institute in the activity of operative subdivisions through the coverage of normative regulation of their powers are singled out and analyzed. The main periods of the institute of operational service formation are determined: 1) the Soviet period (1919–1990), the characteristic features of which were the formation of the principle of operational maintenance of economic facilities, which provided for the development of detailed plans of preventive measures, operational and reference cases in accordance with industries (specific facilities), approval of schemes for placing agency sources of information depending on the mode of observation and more; 2) the modern period (1991–2014), which was accompanied by the changes in forms of ownership, the emergence of market relations, the development of new forms of management, changes in the status of the service, which fought against economic offenses, the expansion of power; 3) the latest period (2015 and present), characterized by the transformation of forms of ownership, development of entrepreneurial initiative, rethinking the construction of operational services by criminal police units of the economy, lines of work, fixed facilities and territories and expansion in this regard circles of government entities that provide operational maintenance of relevant facilities in the economy. It is emphasized that each of the considered periods is characterized by a radical change in the system, structure, tasks, functions and competencies of economic security units. The necessity of improving the institute of operative service, revision of its basic concepts, taking into account the specifics of operative service for different subjects of operational and investigative activities is proved.Досліджено основні етапи становлення та розвитку інституту оперативного обслуговування підрозділами кримінальної поліції галузей економіки, ліній роботи, закріплених об’єктів і територій. Виділено та проаналізовано закономірності формування цього інституту в діяльності оперативних підрозділів через висвітлення нормативної регламентації їхніх повноважень
Патентування винаходу і корисної моделі, об’єктом яких є інноваційний лікарський засіб
Get PDFThe research is focused on the legal regulation of obtaining patents for inventions or utility models, the objects of which are innovative medicinal products. The study of the intellectual property problems for legal protection of innovative medicinal products is relevant because such tools increase the competitiveness of the economy and promote disease treatment. The purpose of the scientific article is to establish the features of the legal regulation of obtaining a patent for an invention or utility model, the object of which is an innovative medicinal product. The scientific novelty of the study is the propositions to amend the Law of Ukraine “On Medicinal Products” and the Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models”.
An analysis of the norms of international documents, laws, and regulations of Ukraine, which establish the legal framework for intellectual property protection has been made. The concept of an innovative medicinal product is given. Possibilities of patenting innovative medicinal products as inventions are determined. The specifics of obtaining a patent for an utility model, the object of which is an innovative medicinal product, have been established. Peculiarities of application examination for inventions and utility models are revealed. Examples of patenting innovative medicinal products as inventions or utility models in Ukraine are given. A comparison of the norms regulating medicinal product patenting and state registration has been made.
Gaps and inconsistencies have been identified in the legislation that regulates intellectual property rights protection in the field of pharmacy. In particular, contradictions in the legal regulation of the examination of applications for a patent for an invention or utility model, the objects of which are innovative medicinal products. Propositions for amending the Law of Ukraine “On Medicinal Products” and the Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models” have been identified. The offered amendments are designed to improve the examination of applications for inventions and utility models, the objects of which are innovative medicinal products.Наукове дослідження присвячено правовому регулюванню отримання патентів на винахід або корисну модель, об’єктами яких є інноваційні лікарські засоби. Проаналізовано норми міжнародних документів, законодавчих і підзаконних актів України та пропозицій науковців. Установлено прогалини та суперечності в законодавстві, яке регулює захист права інтелектуальної власності у сфері фармації. Визначено пропозиції щодо внесення змін до Законів України «Про лікарські засоби» та «Про охорону прав на винаходи і корисні моделі»
Формальна визначеність у працях учених-юристів дорадянської доби
Get PDFThe article is focused on a retrospective analysis of developments in the field of scientific and theoretical ideas about the formal security in law, suggested by legal scholars in the XIX – early XX centuries. Thus, there was already a clear understanding at that stage that legal norms were designed to accurately record the rights, obligations, certain legal consequences, and the accuracy of legal norms determined their binding nature, the specifics of sanctions, etc. The works of experts in civil studies, encyclopedia and philosophy of law have been analyzed in this way, in particular D. Grimm, N. Gredeskul, J. Pokrovsky, P. Novgorodtsev, L. Petrazhytskyi, N. Korkunov, M. Oleksiiev, Ye. Trubetskyi, G. Shershnevych and others.
Despite the lack of the very concept of “formal security” in the pre-Soviet period, legal scholars have repeatedly studied various aspects of the specified issue, especially in the context of studying the features inherent in legal norms and comparing the mechanism of legal and moral norms. Thus, there was a clear understanding even at that stage that legal norms were designed to accurately record the rights, obligations, certain legal consequences, and the accuracy of legal norms determined their binding nature, the specifics of sanctions, etc.
At the same time, there were often assessments of formal security as a somewhat severe, purely external phenomenon, which implied a restriction of individual freedom and was mandatory. Undoubtedly, this attitude to the role of formal security distorted the mission of law in society and reduced its axiological potential as a mega-regulator of relations: the state – society – the individual. In turn, this explains the limitations and imperfection of the system of Russian imperial justice, unjustifiably widespread use of formal security in practical legal activities, although it was criticized by some scholars of the early XX century, who studied philosophical and legal issues.Для подальшого вдосконалення науково-теоретичних уявлень про формальну визначеність як одну з головних ознак позитивного права всебічно проаналізовано підходи до цієї проблематики, напрацьовані фахівцями з філософії права, цивілістики й енциклопедії права у дорадянський період розвитку вітчизняної юриспруденції. Уже на тому етапі існувало чітке розуміння того, що юридичні норми покликані достатньо точно фіксувати права та обов’язки і ті чи інші юридичні наслідки, при цьому точність правових норм зумовлює їх зобов’язальний характер, специфіку санкцій тощо
Значення суспільних інтересів у патентному праві
Get PDFThe article is focused on studying and explaining the legal nature and content of public interests from point of view оf the patent protection system in the context of globalization processes. The problems of the influence of patent rights on the possibility of individuals to realize their rights in the health care sector are identified. The concepts of private and public interests, their ratio, content featurs in patent law are analyzed. The defining value of interest is fixed at the normative level in civil law, where intellectual property law is its sub-branch. In general, private interest can be both property and non-property. In this context, the provisions of national and international legislation of the necessity оf balance the interests of society and patent holders are analyzed; on restricting the rights of patent owners with the aim to ensure the public interest; about necessity in certain cases to break the monopoly of patent owners through compulsory licensing, etc. The tendency to strengthen the protection of public interests has been revealed. Attention is paid to the issue of distinguishing between the private interests of patent holders and the interests of society. It is clarified why these interests collide and what rules justify such conflicts. The conclusion that necessity to ensure a balance between private and public interests is substantiated as the urgent task of modern legislation in the legal regulation of patent relations.
One of the legal ways to achieve a balance between the interests of society and patent holders is a compulsory license. The institution of compulsory licensing fully corresponds to the peculiarities of patent legal relations and does not deprive the patent owner of the protection of his exclusive right. But it does not prevent the latter to independently use and effectively commercialize the relevant technical solution. Compulsory license is possible to apply precisely in those cases when the harm to the public interest from the exercise of the exclusive patent right exceeds the benefits received by the right holder.
The authors have determined the direction of the development of legal regulation of patent relations in this area taking into account the requirements of international treaties.Статтю присвячено дослідженню та з’ясуванню юридичної природи і змісту суспільних інтересів з погляду їх впливу на систему охорони патентних прав у контексті глобалізаційних світових процесів. Визначено проблеми впливу патентних прав на можливість реалізації особою прав, що їй належать у медичній сфері. Проаналізовано поняття приватного і суспільного інтересів, їх співвідношення, особливості змісту в патентному праві. Приділено увагу питанням розмежування приватних інтересів патентоволодільців та інтересів суспільства. Зроблено висновок, що забезпечення балансу між приватними та суспільними інтересами є актуальним завданням сучасного законодавства в межах правового регулювання патентних відносин. Визначено напрями розвитку правового регулювання патентних відносин у цій сфері з урахуванням вимог міжнародних договорів
Організована нелегальна міграція як прояв транснаціональної злочинності та джерело загроз національній безпеці України
Get PDFIllegal migration is publicly dangerous, harmful, criminal phenomenon, which really threatens to national security of many countries. The issue of providing the proper state of national security is of greater actuality for Ukraine. Therefore, the issues of scientific analysis of the relationship of migration and national security, making suggestions for the improvement of counteraction to illegal migration, taking into account the threats which it creates, are very important.
The problem of the organized illegal migration of population is studied by experts as one that requires an urgent solution. The indicated form of migration was transformed into highly profitable criminal business, became the important element of the transnational organized crime. The latter has already gone beyond the interests of national security, since it threatens to political stability and economic development of many world countries, it results in serious violations of human rights, development of parallel economy, which feeds crime.
The relevance of the problem of the organized illegal migration predetermines the increased attention to it both by separate countries and at international level, requires urgent development and introduction of new effective measures of counteraction. Aggression of the Russian Federation and caused mass internal moving of population in our country, Ukraine’s approaching to the EU and introduction of the visa-free arrangements with most Member States of the EU stipulated the cardinal change of approaches in regulating migration processes, transition from repressive methods to prevention.
Therefore the present system of counteraction to the organized illegal migration requires an improvement by effective application of administrative measures to illegal migrants in combination with bringing their traffickers to criminal liability and other measures of migratory sphere’s regulation. Thus, granting priority to national interests in the state migration policy at the admissible restriction of human right to free movement is very important.Розглянуто актуальні аспекти проблеми організованої нелегальної міграції в Україні. Констатовано, що організована нелегальна міграція є проявом транснаціональної злочинності та джерелом загроз національній безпеці України, суттєвим дестабілізуючим фактором для внутрішньої ситуації в державі. Сучасні стратегічні напрями державної політики протидії нелегальній міграції свідчать про надання державою переваги запобіжним та гуманітарним заходам над репресивною практикою стосовно правопорушників. Запропоновано перспективні заходи, які сприятимуть посиленню протидії організованій нелегальній міграції в Україні
Сучасний стан наукового забезпечення використання спеціальних знань під час розслідування крадіжок
Get PDFThe author of the article has studied regulatory legal acts of Ukraine that regulate the usage of special expertise while investigating secret theft of another’s property. The concepts of “an expert”, “a specialist”, “a forensic inspector” have been revealed. The role of a specialist and an expert during the pre-trial investigation has been reflected. The author has analyzed the necessity of involving persons with special expertise during the conduction of the crime scene search in criminal proceedings on the fact of thefts. The functions of the forensic inspector while conducting the crime scene search have been considered. The author has revealed the essence of expert research conducted during the the crime scene search to investigate the secret theft of another’s property. Besides, the author has distinguished specific features of conducting the expert study of individual objects of the material situation at the crime scene and the expert study of the crime scene in the whole. The relevance of trasological research during the investigation of thefts on railway transport has been highlighted. Specific features of fingerprinting of victims during the investigation of thefts of personal property on railway transport have been provided. A number of examinations have been identified that can improve the investigation of thefts from vehicle. The author has analyzed the importance of interaction between the investigator and persons with special expertise during the investigation of thefts committed on the territory of horticultural associations and country house cooperatives. The need to conduct the crime scene search after the report of pickpocketing or attempted pickpocket has been revealed. The relevance of using special expertise while investigating pickpocketing has been highlighted. The research on the involvement of specialists while conducting examinations, searches in criminal proceedings on the fact of burglaries has been analyzed. The emphasis has been placed on the objects that should be initially examined during the investigation of the secret theft of someone else’s property, combined with the penetration into the premises. The importance of involving experts and specialists while preparing and conducting an investigative experiment has been studied. The necessity of appointing a commodity examination during the pre-trial investigation by the fact of the secret theft of someone else’s property has been revealed. The author has highlighted the role of a psychologist, teacher, physician as persons with special expertise.Розглянуто наукові дослідження щодо використання спеціальних знань під час розслідування крадіжок за класифікаційними ознаками. Досліджено особливості залучення спеціалістів та експертів під час досудового розслідування. Виділено низку актуальних експертиз, які призначають під час розслідування крадіжок. Визначено нормативно-правові акти України, що передбачають використання спеціальних знань під час розслідування таємного викрадення чужого майна