Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Основні еволюційні етапи польської демократії
Get PDFThe article is focused on studying and scientific understanding of the process of the formation and evolution of Poland as a modern democratic European state. The author has indicated the significance of the influence of the democratic traditions of the Polish people on the formation of the current model of the state system of the Republic of Poland.
The author has established the general chronological boundaries of each of the periods of democratization of Polish society starting from the times of “noble democracy”. The main characteristics of the stages of democratic development of Poland until the present day have been determined.
The main factors that influenced the course of democratic transit in the Polish state have been clarified. It has been proved that the peculiarities of modern Polish statehood are determined by the historical traditions of Polish democracy, the mentality of the Polish people and membership in the European Union and other international organizations. It has been emphasized that the implementation of economic and institutional transformations in Poland in the post-Soviet period was accompanied by the simultaneous formation of civil society. It has been established that the result of democratic transit in the Republic of Poland is a liberal democracy of the Western type with a certain bias towards social democracy.
The author has emphasized the decisive role of European integration processes in the formation of the Republic of Poland as a democratic, legal and social state. Based on the analysis of the current legislation and ongoing reforms in the law-making sphere, the author has defined the main factors that determine the existing systemic threats to the rule of law and democracy in Poland at the present stage of its state-building.
It has been stated that although Polish democracy demonstrates some negative tendencies, it is unlikely collapsed due to the current challenges, since the Republic still maintains the balance between state power and political freedom of citizens and their associations and the general atmosphere in Polish society remains open and free.Досліджено процес становлення та еволюції Польщі як сучасної демократичної європейської держави. Визначено основні характеристики стадій її демократичного розвитку аж до періоду сучасності. Наголошено, що особливості сучасної польської державності обумовлюються історичними традиціями польської демократії, ментальністю польського народу, членством в ЄС та інших міжнародних організаціях. Установлено, що результатом демократичного транзиту в Республіці Польща є ліберальна демократія західного типу з певним ухилом у бік демократії соціальної
Загальна характеристика адміністративно-правових засобів забезпечення безпеки дорожнього руху в Україні
Get PDFThe problem of ensuring road traffic safety is becoming more and more acute and constantly requires measures to improve the systems of such safety. Technical progress, the emergence of a large number of vehicles increasingly leads to serious negative consequences. The complexity of the process of ensuring road traffic safety is that measures in this area should be carried out not only unilaterally by public administration agencies, but also by society in the whole.
The purpose of the research is to rethink outdated points of view on the nature and list of really effective means of ensuring road traffic safety in today’s world, as well as to develop the author’s understanding of the term of “administrative and legal means of road traffic safety”.
The conducted research allowed us to formulate the author’s vision of the concept of administrative and legal means of ensuring road traffic safety. It has been determined that modern technical progress requires updating the system of means of administrative and legal provision of road traffic safety. It has been also concluded that the present day requires the subjects of road traffic safety to create appropriate road conditions and to carry out systematic, complex, comprehensive educational work on the compliance with traffic rules.
The emphasis has been placed on the fact that activities on ensuring road traffic safety are not limited to the mechanisms that state authorities are authorized to carry out, but are of comprehensive nature. The compliance with the principles of comprehensiveness and systematization in ensuring road traffic safety are the main postulates in creating safe conditions for road traffic participants.Проблема безпеки дорожнього руху є вкрай гострою в умовах значного зростання транспорту в світі. Метою дослідження є висвітлення змісту та сутності забезпечувальної діяльності у сфері безпеки дорожнього, а особливої значимості та характеру засобів забезпечення безпеки на дорозі. Акцентовано увагу на великій кількості викликів, які стоять перед суб’єктами забезпечення безпеки дорожнього руху, які потребують найшвидшого вирішення. Зроблено висновки про те, що увесь комплекс адміністративно-правових засобів забезпечення безпеки дорожнього руху можна розділити на нормативні, організаційні, матеріально-технічні та інформаційні. Як висновок запропоновано приділити більшої уваги саме інформаційним (пропагандистським) засобам, через те, що вони спрямовані на формування у учасників дорожнього руху свідомого ставлення до вимог безпеки на дорозі, що є ключовим елементом безпеки на дорозі
Аналіз додаткових методів очищення сумішей під час проведення диференційного лізису за статевими злочинами
Get PDFThe article is focused on the problem of studying mixed biological traces during the research of the growing number and severity of sexual crimes. The presence of blood and epithelial cells with a small amount of sperm on things removed at the crime scene and smears from the victim’s body, complicates the molecular and genetic examination and the likelihood of obtaining a quality DNA profile from the sperm of the rapist. Therefore, the author has defined chemical basis of the standard method of differential lysis and the correlation of the components of the mixture of epithelial cells and sperm, which can help to get mixed and pure DNA profiles while amplify using the sets AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® PCR Amplification Kit, GlobalFiler STR PCR Amp Afication ™ PCR Amplification Kit. The author has analyzed literature data on the developed and perspective methods and additional stages of the differential lysis technique for purification of the mixture and aimed at sorting and reducing the number of epithelial cells. Chemical methods of mixture purification have been studied, including additional washing and incubation of the mortar, use of DNases, SDS lysis buffer and magnetic sorting with the use of antibodies (MOSPD3 and RH-20), and physical methods such as laser microdissection, acoustic lysis, hydrodynamic effect in small Reynolds numbers, microchips with additional integration of Cialyl Lewis oligosaccharide sequence and DEPArray technology. The main advantages and disadvantages of the procedures, the possibility of combining with other types, the impact on subsequent stages of molecular and genetic examination and the possibility of automating the research process have been provided for the methods. For the methods, the author has studied the probability of contamination during the procedure and the possibility of using for obsolete traces of sperm, where the destruction of sperm structure occurred. The author has indicated the possibility of automation of physical systems for forensic examination of molecular and genetic analysis by integrating the stages of sample preparation, cell counting and DNA isolation on a single device, which will reduce the time of the analysis of research objects in the future. The analysis of the literature data showed an improvement in the quality of DNA profiles while using the above methods, so it has been offered to use the presented methods for testing in expert practice.Зростання кількості й тяжкості статевих злочинів призводить до збільшення кількості звернень за молекулярно-генетичними експертизами в Експертну службу МВС України для встановлення ДНК-профілю нападника. Стандартна методика диференційного лізису за наявності малої кількості сперми та значної кількості крові й епітеліальних клітин жертви не є ефективною. Розглянуто порівняльний аналіз додаткових методів очищення суміші епітеліальних клітин і сперматозоїдів, які розділено на хімічні (додаткова промивка та інкубація, використання нуклеаз, лізуючого буфера та антитіл) і фізичні методи (лазерна мікродисекція, акустичний лізис, гідродинамічний ефект, мікрочіпи й технологія DEPArray), зазначено переваги та недоліки їх застосування та можливість використання на об’єктах із застарілою спермою і подальшої апробації під час проведення експертних досліджень
Криміналістична характеристика умисного знищення або пошкодження майна працівника правоохоронного органу: сутність і зміст
Get PDFThe subject matter of the study is the forensic characteristics of intentional destruction or damage of property belonging to law enforcement officers. The purpose of the article was to define the concept and components of the forensic characteristics of the studied crime.
The author has used special research methods, namely: the method of system analysis, comparative and legal, system and structural methods.
According to the results of the conducted study, the author has established that the circumstances to be clarified during the investigation, as well as the identification of a person who committed the crime, to some extent depend on the investigator’s knowledge of forensic characteristics of the crime he is investigating. The study of forensic characteristics for scientific purposes is the key to a thorough research and construction of other elements of the structure of forensic methodology.
It has been determined that the term of “forensic characteristics of intentional destruction or damage of property belonging to a law enforcement officer” should be understood as a generalized system of information, based on the analysis of materials of investigative, judicial and expert practice, about typical and interrelated characteristics that can be used as indicative information while investigating this category of crimes.
It has been established that the elements of the forensic characteristics of the studied crime include: the circumstances of the crime (time and place), modus operandi, tools and traces of its commission, the object of destruction or damage, the personality of the offender and the victim. According to the results of generalization of the practice of investigative and judicial agencies, each of the mentioned elements has been characterized.
It has been proved that all the above elements of the forensic characteristics of intentional destruction or damage of property belonging to a law enforcement officer, are in some way interrelated, but each of them has a different level of dependence.Висвітлено наукові підходи до трактування поняття «криміналістична характеристика кримінального правопорушення (злочину)», а також підходи до виокремлення її основних елементів. Сформульовано дефініцію вказаного поняття у контексті злочину, передбаченого ст. 347 Кримінального кодексу України «Умисне знищення або пошкодження майна працівника правоохоронного органу». Визначено елементи криміналістичної характеристики досліджуваного злочину, зокрема охарактеризовано такі складові елементи, як обстановка вчинення злочину (час та місце), спосіб, знаряддя і сліди його вчинення, предмет знищення або пошкодження, особа злочинця та особа потерпілого
Презумпція правоти поліцейських: історія, сучасність і можливість впровадження в законодавство України
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The article is focused on the analysis of the legal category of police officers’ presumption of innocence. Accordingly, the purpose of the research is to provide comprehensive characteristics of police officers’ presumption of innocence, taking into account international practice of its formation and development. To achieve this purpose, the author has formulated the following tasks: 1) study of the historical aspect of the origin and formation of police officers’ presumption of innocence, including within the qualification immunity of police officers; 2) analysis of the practice of applying qualification immunity in the United States of America; 3) objective reveal of the content and essence of police officers’ presumption of innocence; 4) outlining the possibilities of introducing the police officers’ presumption of innocence into the legislation of Ukraine.
The expediency of introducing police officers’ qualification immunity (police officers’ presumption of innocence) is based on a number of arguments, in particular: police officers need qualification immunity to perform their professional duties: they perform important tasks that may require immediate decisions in stressful situations, but lack of qualification immunity may lead that police officers do not dare to act when it is most needed; lack of qualification immunity can lead to unjustified police trials, when judges and jurors can review decisions, may lead to significant budget expenditures; police officers do not have absolute immunity and can be prosecuted for violating clearly established constitutional rights, despite the perspective of the availability of qualification immunity; police officers should not be forced to apply “abstract law”, i.e. those provisions that are not explicitly provided in the current legislation, but follow from its provisions, to specific circumstances, we cannot expect from police officers to be scholars in law sphere and use legal arguments during the arrest; police officers should be able to act professionally without worrying about prosecution.Розглянуто історичний аспект формування та становлення презумпції правоти поліцейських як складового елементу кваліфікаційного імунітету, а також її зміст, що полягає у визнанні діянь поліцейських правомірними, якщо інше не буде доведено в судовому порядку. Проаналізовано практику застосування кваліфікаційного імунітету в Сполучених Штатах Америки, на підставі чого наведено аргументи щодо доцільності впровадження презумпції правоти поліцейських у законодавство України, а також запропоновано відповідні законодавчі зміни
Прокурор як суб’єкт забезпечення прав людини в Україні
Get PDFThe author of the article has studied the essence of the prosecutor’s activity as a subject of guaranteeing human rights in Ukraine. The peculiarities of the reform of the prosecutor’s office have been emphasized and its relationship with the activity of the prosecutor as a subject of guaranteeing human rights has been determined. A legal framework that regulates the activities of the prosecutor as a subject of guaranteeing human rights has been established. It has been concluded that the state and level of human and civil rights and fundamental freedoms depend on the normative regulation of the prosecutor’s activity as a subject of guaranteeing human rights in Ukraine, which is the cornerstone of Ukraine’s establishment as a state governed by the rule of law with observance of the rule of law.
It is determined that the Prosecutor\u27s Office has recently undergone numerous reforms and changes in its organizational, staffing, functional systems and practical activities to protect human and civil rights and freedoms. Such changes are due to a number of factors including: the need to improve the activities of prosecutors, bringing domestic legislation in line with the legislation of EU Member States, to review organizational and staffing systems that have proved to be ineffective, etc.
Given the above, it should be noted that the prosecutor as a subject of guaranteeing human rights in Ukraine plays one of the main roles and occupies a prominent place in the human rights system in Ukraine, since he / she acts as a system of checks and balances for pre-trial investigation agencies that restrict human rights during various procedural actions.
Thus, it can be stated that the prosecutor as a subject of guaranteeing human rights in Ukraine must take all necessary and possible measures to prevent any human rights violations, i.e. the creation of such conditions, when other public authorities will respect human rights, and in case of their violation – the prosecutor immediately responds to all such manifestations and takes measures to prevent violations of human rights and freedoms.
It has been established that the powers of the prosecutor in the field of human rights protection should be considered as a further priority area of scientific research in regard to the current reform of the prosecutor\u27s office in Ukraine.Досліджено сутність діяльності прокурора як суб’єкта забезпечення прав людини в Україні. Наголошено на особливостях проведення реформи прокуратури та визначено її зв’язок із діяльністю прокурора як суб’єкта забезпечення прав людини. Установлено нормативно-правову базу, яка регулює питання діяльності прокурора як суб’єкта забезпечення прав людини. Зроблено висновок, що від нормативного врегулювання діяльності прокурора як суб’єкта забезпечення прав людини в Україні залежать стан і рівень забезпеченості прав та основоположних свобод людини і громадянина і що наріжним каменем утвердження України як правової держави є дотримання принципу верховенства права
Стан наукової розробленості проблеми оперативно-розшукової протидії підрозділами кримінальної поліції сприянню кримінально протиправній діяльності організованої групи або злочинної організації
Get PDFThe article examines the state of scientific development of assistance to criminally illegal activities of an organized group or criminal organization in the context of consideration of various aspects of operational and investigative counteraction to criminal wrongdoing by criminal police units.
The relevance of the topic is proved, the priority directions that will contribute to the solution of the scientific problem are determined. It is proved that this scientific problem is insufficiently paid attention to in the works of domestic specialists in the field of operative-investigative activity, as well as at the level of dissertation and monographic research, the problem of operational and investigative counteraction by criminal police units is insufficiently studied in the field of operational and investigative activities. It is noted that solving the problems of counteracting the state of illegal activities of organized groups or criminal organizations requires a comprehensive approach and implementation of appropriate measures by the government and society to promote processes to prevent illegal activities, neutralize existing groups and organizations, overcome the consequences of participants these communities.
It is emphasized that the priority is scientific problems related to the provision of freelancers of operational development of persons who contribute to the illegal activities of organized groups or criminal organizations; using criminal analytics to identify individuals who contribute to the illegal activities of organized groups or criminal organizations; separation of the category of persons who contribute to the illegal activities of organized groups or criminal organizations in the operational records of the National Police of Ukraine; the use of covert investigative (search) actions against persons who contribute to the illegal activities of organized groups or criminal organizations; conducting operational and investigative measures in order to identify primary operational and investigative information regarding persons who contribute to the illegal activities of organized groups or criminal organizations.Досліджено стан наукової розробленості проблеми сприяння кримінально протиправної діяльності організованої групи або злочинної організації крізь розгляд різних аспектів оперативно-розшукової протидії кримінальній протиправності підрозділами кримінальної поліції. Доведено актуальність тематики, визначено пріоритетні напрями, що сприятимуть вирішенню наукової проблеми
Особливості формування методики розслідування кримінальних проступків проти авторитету органів державної влади у сфері правоохоронної діяльності
Get PDFThe peculiarities for the formation of the methodology of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity have been highlighted. It has been established that the specified group of criminal offenses includes: 1) interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer; 2) the threat of murder, bodily injury or destruction or damage to property in a generally dangerous manner in respect to an official or his relatives or in respect to a citizen performing public duties, used to terminate the activities of a citizen performing public duties or to change its nature in the interests of the person who makes threats; 3) unauthorized appropriation of powers combined with the commission of any socially dangerous actions.
The general concept for the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses of this type has been defined. That concept consists in observing procedural requirements for carrying out inquiry, taking into account the needs of law enforcement agencies, using the experience of scholars on this issue and experience of investigative and judicial agencies in investigating minor crimes and criminal offenses.
It has been clarified that during the formation of forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses, there were some controversial issues. They include: issues on the need to include matters about the separation of stages of investigation, forensic prevention, etc. into the structure of tactics of conducting covert (investigative) search actions.
It has been established that the structure of methods of investigating criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity should consist of the following elements: 1) forensic characteristics of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity; 2) circumstances to be established; 3) features of the beginning of criminal proceedings, typical investigative situations, algorithms of investigative (search) and procedural actions at the initial and subsequent stages of investigation; 4) specific features of tactics of conducting certain investigative (search), covert investigative (search) and procedural actions; 5) general features of using special knowledge; 6) specific features of forensic prevention of criminal offenses against the authority of state agencies in the field of law enforcement activity.Висвітлено особливості формування методики розслідування кримінальних проступків проти авторитету органів державної влади у сфері правоохоронної діяльності, зокрема визначено структуру методик розслідування кримінальних проступків зазначеного виду. Проаналізовано окремі дискусійні питання їх формування
Еколого-правові проблеми електрифікації автомобільного транспорту
Get PDFThe article is focused on studying the state policy, legislation and practice of its application in Ukraine regarding the use of electrified motor vehicles – battery vehicles that run on chemical sources of electric current. The purpose of the work is to determine the legal mechanisms to prevent the negative impact on the environment from the electrification of motor vehicles.
The methodological basis of the research included: comparative and legal method, which was used to study the requirements of EU and Ukrainian legislation; the method of system analysis allowed us to reveal the legal mechanisms of regulating the use of car batteries and the subsequent treatment of unusable power batteries of electric vehicles.
The result of the research was the justification of the need to: update the legislation of Ukraine on chemical sources of electric current, in the process of which one should take into account the expansion of such sources, increasing their number and, most importantly, the total mass; creation and introduction of a system of accounting for operations on supply and utilization of batteries of electric vehicles with the obligation of suppliers of such components to create an infrastructure for collection and subsequent transfer for disposal to manufacturers of batteries unfit for further operation; establishment of the presumption of environmental pollution by the owner of the electric vehicle in case of purchasing the element or the whole battery without transferring the fulfilled or damaged battery to utilization.
The results of the research can be used in law-enforcement practice to prevent the negative impact on the environment of by unusable power batteries of electric vehicles, as well as in lawmaking to improve legal mechanisms of preventing mass accumulation of used chemical sources of electric current in Ukraine.Досліджено державну політику, законодавство та практику його застосування щодо використання в Україні електрифікованих автомобільних транспортних засобів – електромобілів, які працюють на хімічних джерелах струму. Запропоновано зміни до законодавства щодо попередження негативного впливу накопичення непридатних для використання акумуляторів електрифікованих автомобільних транспортних засобів і створення механізму екологічно безпечної їх утилізації
Перспективи правової політики щодо збалансування дискреційних положень Податкового кодексу України
Get PDFThe purpose of the article is to reveal the key tendencies of legal policy to balance some discretionary provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine. The author of the article has primarily used the formal and legal special research method. The emphasis has been placed on the fact that the legal institution of discretion in applying the norms of financial law is a complex legal category, which covers the procedural discretion of the subjects of authoritative powers under the norms of substantive (financial) law, as well as administrative and procedural discretion (judicial discretion of administrative justice ).
The directions for improving the tax legislation have been outlined. It has been offered to recognize that the acts of local self-government agencies are not regulatory within the meaning of the Law of Ukraine “On Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Sphere of Economic Activity” and Part 12 of the Art. 59 of the Law of Ukraine “On Local Self-Government in Ukraine” and requirements of the Law of Ukraine “On Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Sphere of Economic Activity” are not applied to them. The author has stated the expediency of transferring procedural norms from the tax legislation to the specialized procedural act and has highlighted the ways of its implementation.
The relevance of the research is that the globalization of economic relations at the global level requires the unification of standards of interaction, in particular based on the principle of “predominance of essence over the form” taking into account national characteristics of socio-economic system, related to the interests of real and potential market participants, existing resources and possible economic benefits. It has been concluded that the principle of legal certainty should determine the legal policy on the implementation of the provisions of financial and tax law. Excessive discretion of law-enforcement officials will certainly not promote the rule of law, but one should take into account the current socio-economic situation in the country. While formulating legislative initiatives, it is necessary to primarily rely on the logical laws, general theoretical ideas about the legal system, the rules of legislative technique and economic feasibility.Запропоновано визнати, що акти органів місцевого самоврядування не є регуляторними в розумінні Закону України «Про засади державної регуляторної політики у сфері господарської діяльності» та ч. 12 ст. 59 Закону України «Про місцеве самоврядування в Україні», тому до них не застосовуються вимоги Закону України «Про засади державної регуляторної політики у сфері господарської діяльності». Указано на доцільність перенесення процесуальних норм із податкового законодавства до профільного процесуального акта й висвітлено шляхи його здійснення