Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Криміналістичне забезпечення діяльності органів досудового розслідування і дізнання у протидії злочинності
Get PDFThe problematic issues of forensic support of the pre-trial investigation and inquiry agencies’ activities on counteracting criminal offenses on the territory of Ukraine have been studied. The elements have been characterized and the concept and essence of counteraction to crimes both from the theoretical point of view and from law enforcement activity have been defined. The author has analyzed national criminal procedural legislation, departmental normative and legal base and amendments to them concerning, in particular, introduction of a new position – the expert in criminalistics and the researched direction, as well as the genesis and further development of scientific points of view in regard to theoretical and applied issues of forensic support of the pre-trial investigation and inquiry agencies’ activities in the specified direction, as well as on improving the concept and essence of criminalistics as a science and its role in combating criminal offenses. The author has studied the issues of current state and tendencies of criminalistics development, existing problematic issues and expediency of changing the scientific paradigm of criminalistics, application of innovations, introduction of modern achievements in the field of telecommunication and digital technologies, communication lines, Internet and the ways of their practical usage and further improvement. It has been stated that today’s theoretical and applied problems of criminalistics are subject to careful study, it is necessary to introduce radical changes in general and in some areas, which requires its consolidation in the current legislation, with further reform of law enforcement agencies, expert institutions, prosecutor’s office and courts, as well as in law enforcement activity, which introduces modern advances of science and technology, including artificial intelligence and modern advances in chemistry, including molecular one, as well as physics, cybernetics, technologies for the manufacture of new metals, their alloys and innovation in other areas of knowledge. The author has argued the existence of such problematic issues as the improvement of forensic characteristics of certain types of crimes, forensic methodology that combines forensic techniques and tactics, contributes to the further improvement of methods of investigating certain types of crimes. The issues of further dissemination and application in law enforcement and expert activities of molecular genetical examinations promising for pre-trial investigation, in particular methods of DNA analysis, have been separately and widely studied. According to the results of the research, the author has provided specific propositions and recommendations on the researched direction of activity in the whole and its separate branches.Розглянуто проблемні питання криміналістичного забезпечення діяльності органів досудового розслідування і дізнання у протидії кримінальним правопорушенням. Проаналізовано національне кримінально-процесуальне законодавство, відомчу нормативно-правову базу, генезис наукових позицій щодо теоретичних і прикладних питань криміналістичного забезпечення у вказаному напрямі, а також щодо поняття та сутності криміналістики як науки. Досліджено питання сучасного стану її розвитку, наявні проблеми та визначено шляхи удосконалення. За результатами дослідження надано конкретні пропозиції і рекомендації щодо вивченого напряму діяльності
Актуальні аспекти розшуку і повернення активів: проблеми та перспективи для України
Get PDFNumerous acts of corruption by high-ranking officials and abuse of power over the past ten years have been accompanied by large-scale withdrawals of illegally obtained funds from Ukraine abroad. Therefore, the strategic goal of the government was to build an effective system for searching and returning illegally obtained assets.
The process of forming a system of special state agencies in the field of returning illegally obtained assets has recently covered the criminal procedural direction, while the work with such assets starting from their search up to return, can be carried out during civil proceedings.
The work on searching and returning illegally obtained assets to Ukraine is currently characterized by increased complexity and lack of efficiency due to the imperfection of existing procedures and the constant improvement of the methods to remove them from the country.
The general mechanism for returning corrupt assets is based on the requirements of the criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine and provides three stages: registration of criminal proceedings; sending an official appeal to the governments of foreign states with a request to freezing the assets; sending the request to initiate criminal proceedings related to the misappropriation of assets. All stages of this mechanism may have difficulties and obstacles due to shortcomings in the legislation on these issues and cooperation with foreign law enforcement agencies.
The world practice of returning corrupt assets also indicates that the successful return of withdrawn assets requires the compliance with a number of conditions: the presence of political will of the state leadership to return assets; sufficient level of national legislation and its compliance with international standards; availability of the necessary internal potential of state agencies; establishment of interagency cooperation; taking into account the peculiarities of the legal systems of interacting countries; availability of international support.
This is the reason why the formation of the system for searching and returning illegally obtained assets, creation of the necessary legislative preconditions and establishment of effective international cooperation are the priority tasks of the state. Proper functioning of such a system will demonstrate the inevitability of punishment for corruption crimes, will eliminate the sense of taking assets out of the country and, consequently, will help to prevent corruption crimes and offenses, will stabilize the economy by recovering illegally obtained funds.Висвітлено сучасний стан організації в Україні розшуку і повернення активів, отриманих протиправним шляхом, а також наявні проблемні аспекти цієї діяльності, окреслено перспективні шляхи їх вирішення з урахуванням світового досвіду. Зроблено висновок про те, що стратегічним завданням держави є вдосконалення наявної системи розшуку і повернення активів, отриманих протиправним шляхом, створення необхідних законодавчих передумов та налагодження ефективного міжнародного співробітництва
Адміністративна відповідальність за порушення правил зупинки, стоянки та паркування транспортних засобів
Get PDFThe authors of the article have defined the essence, grounds and procedure for implementing administrative liability for violating the rules of stopping, parking, vehicle parking, in particular they characterize the content of the rules of stopping, parking, vehicle parking, violation of which is the legal basis of liability, i.e. the objective aspect of the subject liable for these violations, the administrative penalties that may be imposed for their commission, the types of entities authorized to consider cases of these violations, as well as the specifics of proceedings in such cases.
It has been emphasized that driving cars and other vehicles is becoming more intense every year, which is primarily evidence of the success of technical progress. At the same time, the increase in the number of these funds creates a lot of problems for the organization and safety of road trafficking, as well as for the livelihoods of settlements. It is especially true in large cities, where traffic jams often paralyze the entire traffic. In addition, all of these facilities require storage and parking spaces, which are also chronically lacking.
It has been concluded that administrative liability for violating the rules of stopping, parking, vehicle parking has many features that are applied to all its components – the grounds for which are violations of specific rules defined by many regulations, and the subject can be recognized not only the person who directly committed these violations, but also other persons who are named responsible by law; content, i.e. administrative penalties that can be applied without taking into account the general rules of their imposition; procedure for implementation, especially in cases of violating the rules of stopping, parking, vehicle parking recorded in the mode of photography (video). The analysis of these features shows that the legal regulation and practice of administrative penalties for violations of the rules of stopping, parking, vehicle parking need further improvement, primarily in terms of ensuring the rights of those prosecuted.Визначено сутність, підстави та порядок реалізації заходів адміністративної відповідальності за порушення правил зупинки, стоянки та паркування транспортних засобів, зокрема охарактеризовано зміст правил зупинки, стоянки і паркування цих засобів, порушення яких становить юридичну підставу відповідальності, тобто обʼєктивну сторону складу адміністративного проступку, ознаки субʼєкта, що підлягає відповідальності за ці порушення, адміністративні стягнення, що можуть накладатися за їх вчинення, види субʼєктів, уповноважених розглядати справи про ці порушення, а також особливості провадженння у таких справах. Зроблено висновок, що правове регулювання та практика застосування адміністративних стягнень за вчинення порушень правил зупинки, стоянки і паркування транспортних засобів потребують подальшого вдосконалення, насамперед з погляду забезпечення прав осіб, що притягаються до відповідальності
Сучасний стан і розвиток поліцейського права як підсистеми адміністративного права
Get PDFThe aim of the article is to study the current state and prospects of police law as a subsystem of administrative law. It is determined that in the conditions of reforming the police as one of the law enforcement bodies of Ukraine, in particular reformatting the activities of this state body in accordance with European requirements, the study of police law is extremely important. Since police activities are also related to administrative processes, police law can be classified as a subsystem of administrative law. It is determined that despite the lack of legislative interpretation of the concept of "police law", today domestic law schools in the field of administrative law have formulated basic provisions on the nature, content and characteristics of police law as a sub-branch of administrative law. The main content of the police law structure as one of the sub-branches of administrative law is the legal norms that regulate the activities of the police and their internal organizational structure. Meanwhile, the study of problematic aspects of policing does not lose its relevance and importance, as such activities are primarily focused on respect for human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the provision of services to the public. In order for legal norms to have an effective impact on police-citizen relations, legislation must meet the criteria of rationality and reasonableness. They should not create any gaps or conflicts in the legislation, which additionally indicate the need to further develop police law, which should be a solid foundation for the activities of each police department.Метою статті є вивчення сучасного стану та перспектив розвитку поліцейського права як підсистеми адміністративного права. Вивчення поліцейського права має вкрай важливе значення в умовах реформування поліції як одного із правоохоронних органів України, зокрема переформатування діяльності цього державного органу відповідно до європейських вимог. Зважаючи на те, що діяльність поліції також пов’язана з адміністративними процесами, поліцейське право можна віднести до підсистеми адміністративного права
Особливості застосування запобіжного заходу під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, пов’язаних із домашнім насильством
Get PDFTaking into account the analysis of international legal documents, current legislation, ECHR practice, national case law, the peculiarities of preventive measures in the investigation of criminal offenses related to domestic violence have been singled out, in particular those relating to the grounds for preventive measures, the circumstances taken into account election, the procedure for electing restrictive measures.
It is proved that the meaning of the concept of "criminal offense related to domestic violence" is much broader than purely domestic violence as a part of a criminal offense under Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
It is emphasized that tools for assessing the risk of domestic violence have not yet been developed for investigators, prosecutors and judges. The list of circumstances that can be clarified during the application of a preventive measure against a person suspected of committing a crime related to domestic violence, and an assessment of the risks of negative behavior of such a person during criminal proceedings is given.
The essence and procedure for applying the restrictive measures provided for in Part 6 of Art. 194 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine have been investigated. Restrictive measures provided for in Part 6 of Art. 194 of the CPC of Ukraine, are not preventive, as they are used as additional responsibilities. Such restrictive measures may be taken during the application of preventive measures in the form of personal obligation, personal guarantee, bail, house arrest, detention. Restrictive measures may be imposed on a suspect or accused only when considering a request for a measure of restraint. It is proved that in the course of resolving the issue of choosing a measure of restraint during the investigation of criminal offenses related to domestic violence, it is appropriate to apply the restrictive measures provided for in Part 6 of Art. 194 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.З урахуванням аналізу міжнародних правових документів, чинного законодавства, практики ЄСПЛ, національної судової практики виокремлено особливості застосування запобіжного заходу під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, пов’язаних із домашнім насильством, що стосуються підстав застосування запобіжних заходів, обставин, що враховуються при їх обранні, порядку обрання обмежувальних заходів. Наведено перелік обставин, що можуть бути з’ясовані під час застосування запобіжного заходу щодо особи, яка підозрюється у вчиненні злочину, пов’язаного з домашнім насильством, та оцінки ризиків негативної поведінки такої особи під час кримінального провадження. Доведено, що в ході вирішення питання про обрання запобіжного заходу під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень у сфері домашнього насильства доречним є застосування саме обмежувальних заходів, передбачених ч. 6 ст. 194 КПК України
Захист давнісного володіння земельною ділянкою: окремі проблемні аспекти
Get PDFThe ability of Ukrainian current legislation and law enforcement practice to provide effective protection of the interests of titleless bona fide landowners was critically assessed. It is noted that the problems of the long-term owners’ interests protection should be solved in the scope of a more general problem, namely the protection of titleless ownership as such. Emphasis is placed on the need for autonomous formulation in the Civil Code of Ukraine of provisions on the protection of titleless ownership and possession of property based on law. This is due to the fact that these civil law institutions have a very different legal nature. The description of these institutions in the national legislation of Ukraine is highlighted, which will take into account the specifics of the legal regulation of relations on the actual ownership of property and increase the effectiveness of protection of the interests of titleless owners. The position of the highest courts of Ukraine on the extension of the regime of protection of real subjective rights to long-term ownership has been challenged. Attention is paid to the need for scientific substantiation of legislative expansion of the methods of protection of long-term land ownership. The current legislation of Ukraine allows the possibility of protecting the interests of long-term landowners only by filing a lawsuit to restore their de facto control over such property. Ways to protect against non-loss of property are not legally available to long-term landowners. It is emphasized that the possibility of satisfying the claims of the long-term owner to restore possession of the property must be linked to the condition of good faith conduct of such a plaintiff. The good faith conduct of the owner should be considered both at the time of establishment of possession and in relation to the subsequent circumstances of possession of the property. In particular, the owner of the property may know that he or she does not have a title to the property and even know who owns the property, but if the owner does not hide the fact of taking someone else\u27s property and is willing to return the property to its owner, it should be considered bona fide.У статті критично оцінено спроможність чинного законодавства України та правозастосовної практики надати дієвий захист інтересів безтитульних добросовісних володільців земельних ділянок. Наголошено на необхідності автономного формулювання в ЦК України положень про захист безтитульного володіння та володіння майном, що спирається на право. Звернено увагу на потребу наукового обґрунтування законодавчого розширення способів захисту давнісного володіння земельними ділянками, зокрема тих, які будуть реагувати на порушення, не пов’язані з позбавленням володіння
Порівняльно-правовий аналіз проведення експертизи в суді за кримінальним законодавством України та країн ближнього зарубіжжя
Get PDFA comparative analysis of the expertise during the criminal proceedings in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and the Republics of Azerbaijan, Belarus, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation has been carried out.
Proposals were submitted to the domestic Criminal Procedure Code to increase the efficiency of the expertise in court. It is proved that in a situation of passivity of the parties to the criminal proceedings and the victim to make an informed decision in case it is necessary to establish certain circumstances of the offense, the court has the right to appoint an examination on its own initiative without any restrictions. The expertise appointed in court in respect of the expertise carried out in the pre-trial investigation may be additional, repeated or new. The expert is summoned to court for expertise, when: new circumstances have been established in the court proceedings that require research; several examinations were conducted at the pre-trial stage and experts came to the opposite conclusion; previously conducted expert research is incomplete.
Expertise in court may be conducted by an expert (experts) who gave an opinion during the pre-trial investigation, or another expert (experts) appointed by the court, or both experts together. The expert who conducted the expertise during the pre-trial investigation, or the specialist to whom the expertise will be assigned, summoned to court, have the right to participate in the expertise of objects and documents, conduct court proceedings related to the subject of expertise, discuss issues and objects for expertise, to specify the term of expertise. After the examination, the expert must announce the opinion in court and may be questioned to supplement and clarify the opinion. The presiding judge at the request of the parties should provide an opportunity to study in detail the conclusion of the expertise conducted in court.Висвітлено особливості проведення експертизи в суді у кримінальних провадженнях в Україні та одинадцяти країнах ближнього зарубіжжя. Проаналізовано та надано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення вітчизняного законодавства про ініціативу суду, залучення в судове провадження експерта та спеціаліста, попереднього дослідження матеріалів кримінального провадження до призначення експертизи, способів ознайомлення з висновком експерта учасників судового розгляду
Деякі питання нормативно-правового регулювання обігу зброї в Україні
Get PDFThe author of the article studies the current state of legal regulation of civilian firearms turnover in Ukraine. The content of the bills that had been submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine at the end of 2020 was analyzed: «On the circulation of civil firearms and ammunition for them» (No. 4335), «On civilian weapons and ammunition» (No. 4335-1), «On the introduction amendments to the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code of Ukraine to implement the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On the circulation of civil firearms and ammunition for them"» (No. 4336), «On Amending the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code of Ukraine to implement the provisions Of the Law of Ukraine "On civilian weapons and ammunition"» (No. 4336-1). The author has formulated his own scientific position in regard to granting citizens the right to carry and use short-barreled firearms.
The publication defines the directions for improving the draft laws under consideration in terms of: definitions of the terms of «sporting weapon», «thermal imaging sight», «signal weapon», «night vision sight», «training-split weapon - neutralized weapon», «right to carrying weapon», «right to own weapon»; introduction of the terms of «law enforcement agency», «intelligence agency», «law enforcement agency of special purpose», «state agency of special purpose with law enforcement functions» into the conceptual apparatus of the law, since some authors use them to define the regime of special circulation of civil firearms; establishment of restrictions on the number of civilian firearms and ammunition for them, which can be acquired by an individual; creating legislative prerequisites for the approval of a by-law, which will clearly provide the procedure for transferring seized weapons to the National Police for further storage; securing the obligation of security personnel to provide emergency medical care to persons to whom they use weapons; introduction of norms that will establish the obligation of applicants for the acquisition, possession and use of weapons to take the appropriate courses within first aid; preservation of the wording of the Articles 190-195 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses until the relevant law on the legal regime of sidearm is adopted.Досліджено сучасний стан нормативно-правового регулювання обігу цивільної вогнепальної зброї в Україні. Проаналізовано зміст законопроєктів, внесених на розгляд Верховної Ради України наприкінці 2020 р. «Про обіг цивільної вогнепальної зброї та бойових припасів до неї» (№ 4335), «Про цивільну зброю та боєприпаси» (№ 4335-1), «Про внесення змін до Кодексу України про адміністративні правопорушення та Кримінального кодексу України для реалізації положень Закону України "Про обіг цивільної вогнепальної зброї та бойових припасів до неї"» (№ 4336) і «Про внесення змін до Кодексу України про адміністративні правопорушення та Кримінального кодексу України для реалізації положень Закону України "Про цивільну зброю та боєприпаси"» (№ 4336-1).
Висловлено власну наукову ідею стосовно надання громадянам права на носіння та використання короткоствольної вогнепальної зброї, а також запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення змісту вищевказаних законопроєктів стосовно внормування термінів та визначень, урегулювання порядку надання першої медичної допомоги та проходження відповідних курсів, визначення суб’єкта тримання Єдиного реєстру власників зброї, врегулювання статусу холодної зброї тощо
Медичний арбітраж (третейський суд) як альтернатива цивільним судам у медичних спорах
Get PDFThe purpose of the research is to study theoretical and legal basis for the creation, operation of medical arbitration, its legal sources; experience of foreign countries that use medical arbitration in resolving disputes in the field of medical relations, as well as the development of propositions for the development and operation of medical arbitration in Ukraine.
The authors of the article examine the meaning of the terms of "arbitration court" and "medical arbitration". Their differences are highlighted: a) medical arbitration is an integral part of the arbitration court, it is created and operates within the arbitration court; b) medical arbitration has its own specialization (focus on resolving disputes in the field of medical relations).
The authors’ definition of the term of "medical arbitration" is formulated.
Regulatory legal acts that constitute the legal basis for the existence of arbitration courts in Ukraine are analyzed. The peculiarities of arbitration proceedings as an extrajudicial jurisdictional form of protection of the rights of subjects of medical legal relations are singled out: the presence of clear legislative regulation of the activities of arbitration courts; formalized nature of dispute resolution activities; jurisdictional nature of the arbitration court; legislative exclusion from the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal of certain categories of disputes; the absence of a direct dependence of the consequences of the dispute on the willingness of the parties to cooperate, as the party to the arbitration agreement cannot unilaterally refuse to arbitrate the dispute.
The advantages of medical arbitration (arbitration court) as opposed to civil courts in medical disputes are determined. These include: simplified procedure and lack of evidence; lack of formal rules of conduct; free choice of mediator (arbitrator, mediator, consultant, etc.); confidentiality and secrecy in resolving the dispute; possibility of personal control of the course of the procedure; infinity in time; private (non-state) nature.
The current state of development of medical arbitration is analyzed, as well as the main problems of its application in Ukraine are highlighted: insufficient awareness of medical arbitration and its scope, advantages before court proceedings; lack of sufficient qualified and experienced specialists; lack of state support and encouragement to use this form of protection of citizens’ rights; public distrust of new instruments of protection of the rights; the need to amend the Law of Ukraine "On Arbitration Courts" in terms of limiting the jurisdiction of arbitration courts of disputes related to consumer protection, including medical services.
The advantages of medical arbitration (arbitration court) as opposed to civil courts in medical disputes are determined. International experience of applying medical arbitration at the decision of disputes in the field of medical legal relations is studied and suggestions concerning the development and functioning of medical arbitration in Ukraine are developed. It is offered to increase the volume of subordinate cases for arbitration proceedings, in particular to provide an opportunity to consider medical conflicts in this order; to work to increase the authority of arbitration and the level of competence of arbitrators; to improve state support in the establishment and promotion of arbitration courts and to create conditions for training specialists for the activities of arbitration courts, as well as to improve their skills by exchanging experience with foreign countries that have succeeded in the development of arbitration.Досліджено зміст понять «третейський суд» і «медичний арбітраж». Виокремлено їх відмінності. Сформульовано авторське визначення поняття «медичний арбітраж». Проаналізовано нормативно-правові акти, що становлять правову основу існування третейських судів в Україні. Виокремлено особливості третейського судочинства як позасудової юрисдикційної форми захисту прав суб’єктів медичних правовідносин. Визначено переваги медичного арбітражу та його спеціалізацію. Проаналізовано сучасний стан розвитку медичного арбітражу, а також виокремлено основні проблеми його застосування в Україні. Визначено переваги медичного арбітражу (третейського суду) перед цивільними судами у медичних спорах. Досліджено зарубіжний досвід застосування медичного арбітражу для вирішення спорів у сфері медичних правовідносин та розроблено пропозиції щодо розвитку та функціонування медичного арбітражу в Україні
Міжнародні стандарти здійснення медіації у кримінальному провадженні та стан їх реалізації в Україні
Get PDFInternational standards for mediation in criminal proceedings have been defined; the process of development of the institution of mediation in criminal proceedings in Ukraine has been characterized; propositions on improving the procedure for mediation in criminal proceedings have been expressed.
It has been established that the introduction of mediation in criminal proceedings, as a necessary condition for the development of the national legal system, was reflected in many international legal instruments that Ukraine had undertaken to execute. The traditional system of criminal justice cannot offer an effective solution to the problem of dealing with persons who committed a criminal offense. It has been proved that the urgent need of our state is to create new effective alternatives to official criminal prosecution, in particular mediation.
The analysis of legislative activity on introducing mediation in Ukraine has been carried out. Representatives of the legislative initiative on the need to consolidate the possibility of conducting a mediation procedure at the legislative level by adopting the draft Law of Ukraine “On Mediation” dated from May 19, 2020 No. 3504 in the second reading.
It has been defined that mediation in Ukraine is not fully implemented, since there is no legal basis. At the same time, some measures have been implemented in Ukraine to introduce mediation in criminal proceedings. Thus, the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine provides the possibility of concluding a conciliation agreement between the victim and the suspect, the accused. At the same time, allowing the possibility of concluding a conciliation agreement, the criminal procedural legislation does not directly regulate the mediation procedure. It has been substantiated that the procedure for mediation during criminal proceedings should be regulated by: 1) adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Mediation”; 2) making systemic amendments to the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine.
Particular attention has been paid to the fact that, despite the lack of a legal basis, our country has experience in applying the mediation procedure in criminal proceedings. Starting from 2019, two pilot projects have been implementing in Ukraine, which demonstrated positive results in this direction: “Restorative Program of Juveniles Suspected in Committing a Criminal Offense” and “Implementation of Restorative Justice in Ukraine”. The results of the implementation of these projects have proved that the mediation procedure has indisputable advantages over punitive justice.Доведено, що нагальною потребою нашої держави є створення нових дієвих альтернатив офіційному кримінальному переслідуванню, зокрема медіації. Визначено міжнародні стандарти здійснення медіації у кримінальному провадженні, охарактеризовано процес розвитку в Україні інституту медіації у кримінальному провадженні, висловлено пропозиції щодо вдосконалення процесуального порядку її здійснення. На підставі аналізу міжнародно-правових актів і проєктів закону України «Про медіацію» та розгляду пілотних проєктів висвітлено сучасні тенденції розвитку медіації у кримінальному провадженні