Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Законність притягнення до адміністративної відповідальності за правопорушення, передбачене ст. 130 КУпАП: ретроспективний аналіз
Get PDFThe provisions of a number of legislative acts have been analyzed in detail, as a result of which driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs or other intoxicants or under the influence of drugs that reduce attention and speed of reaction is recognized as not an administrative but a criminal offense. Some intermediate conclusions have been made. Driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs or other intoxicants or under the influence of drugs that reduce attention and speed of reaction, in the period from July 1, 2020 to March 17, 2021: 1) was recognized not as an administrative offense, but as a criminal offense; 2) detection, termination and documentation of such a criminal offense was carried out mainly by patrol police officers, and not by investigators, as required by current criminal procedure legislation; 3) a report on an administrative offense and other administrative-procedural documents were drawn up upon the fact of committing a criminal offense; 4) the prosecution of a person did not take place as a result of a pre-trial investigation, but within the framework of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses.
It is proved that the above facts contradict the content of the principle of legality, in particular, "ignored" the rule of compliance with current legislation, including the rules of criminal procedure, which is the main component of the content of the principle of legality. It is noted that the actions of the police in identifying persons driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs or other intoxicants or under the influence of drugs that reduce attention and speed of reaction, were directed at a specific individual, so we should talk about violations of the rights and the freedoms of citizens with regard to the unlawful application of coercive measures and illegal prosecution.
It was stated that the clarification provided in this regard by the Committee on Law Enforcement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is neither a source of law nor a normative legal act and is not binding, but instead serves a recommendatory function, therefore, the involvement of persons for committing a specific criminal offense under the procedure of proceedings on administrative offenses has no legal grounds.Проаналізовано приписи законодавчих актів, унаслідок яких керування транспортним засобом у стані алкогольного, наркотичного чи іншого сп’яніння або під впливом лікарських препаратів, що знижують увагу та швидкість реакції, визнається не адміністративним, а кримінальним проступком. Зроблено висновок, що притягнення до юридичної відповідальності за вказане правопорушення в такому контексті суперечить змісту принципу законності, що може призвести до порушення прав і свобод громадян щодо неправомірного застосування до них заходів примусу та незаконного притягнення до юридичної відповідальності
Завдання і зміст процесуального керівництва досудовим розслідуванням кримінальних правопорушень, учинених групою осіб
Get PDFThe author has carried out analysis of scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concept and meaning of the institution of procedural guidance of pre-trial investigation in general, as well as taking into account the specifics of criminal offenses committed by a group of persons. It has been argued that the procedural guidance of pre-trial investigation is one of the functions of the prosecutor aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of criminal proceedings, which is undoubtedly implemented as a procedural form of interaction with the relevant pre-trial investigation agencies. It has been emphasized that the procedural guidance of pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses in general and those committed by a group of persons plays an important role in ensuring the effective implementation of the tasks of criminal proceedings. Procedural guidance of pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses committed by a group of persons has been defined as one of the functions of a prosecutor aimed at timely detection of criminal offenses committed by a group of persons, their effective pre-trial investigation, protection of rights and freedoms of lawful participants in criminal proceedings, on overcoming the opposition to pre-trial investigation of such offenses, which is implemented as a procedural form of interaction with the relevant pre-trial investigation agencies. The content of the procedural guidance of pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses committed by a group of persons has been revealed. It has been offered to present the content of the specified procedural guidance to the following groups of powers of the prosecutor: powers aimed at timely detection of criminal offenses committed by a group of persons, their effective pre-trial investigation; powers aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of lawful participants in criminal proceedings; powers aimed at overcoming the opposition to pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses committed by a group of persons.Проаналізовано наукові підходи до трактування поняття та значення інституту процесуального керівництва досудовим розслідуванням узагалі, а також з урахуванням специфіки кримінальних правопорушень, учинених групою осіб. Аргументовано, що процесуальне керівництво досудовим розслідуванням є однією з функцій прокурора, спрямованою на забезпечення ефективності кримінального провадження, яка, безперечно, реалізується як процесуальна форма взаємодії з відповідними органами досудового розслідування. Визначено поняття та зміст процесуального керівництва досудовим розслідуванням кримінальних правопорушень, учинених групою осіб. Наголошено, що процесуальне керівництво досудовим розслідуванням указаних кримінальних правопорушень має важливе значення для гарантування забезпечення ефективного виконання завдань кримінального провадження
Становлення системи фізичної підготовки в навчальних закладах міліції Харкова у 1920–1930-х рр.
Get PDFThe author has studied the main aspects of the development of professional training of cadets of Kharkiv police schools within 20 years: starting from 1921 up to 1941. It has been shown that physical training took a leading place from the first days of the formation of courses, and later of militia schools. There were some differences in this training during the indicated period. There was a search for optimal types of physical training along with the search for a basic form of training for militia officers in the first half of the 1920s. The essence of this evolution was to establish physical education as one of the basic areas of militia officers training, its transformation into a system, to increase the time for its implementation, to diversify the types of physical training, to increase its practical orientation and relationship with military training. Utopian and pseudo-innovative concepts of physical culture were rejected and the system of such training was created that had existed for many years. It provided certain standards (GPO and BGPO) for checking the level of preparedness of cadets. The cadets were also actively involved into physical training in summer camps with militia practitioners that brought them closer to the realities of militia life and was an attempt to introduce field gymnastics in specific natural conditions. The leadership of the state and the NKVS paid constant attention to the optimization of physical training, which was considered as an essential component of general military training and ideological education of the masses. The system of physical training created at that time and implemented in militia schools was characteristic for the totalitarian regime established in the Soviet state and was based on a directive system. Therefore, this training had certain elements of formalism and ostentation. It should be noted that physical training in Kharkiv militia schools in general, was at a fairly good level during the researched period, it was purposeful and systematic.Досліджено основні аспекти розвитку професійної підготовки курсантів шкіл міліції Харкова впродовж двадцяти років (з 1921 по 1941 рр.). Показано, як зароджувалася фізична підготовка в навчальних закладах міста, які основні зміни відбувалися в ній у цей період. Сутність цієї еволюції полягала в утвердженні фізичного виховання як одного із засадничих напрямів підготовки міліціонерів, перетворення його на певну систему, збільшення часу на його проведення, урізноманітнення видів фізичної підготовки, підвищення її практичної спрямованості та зв’язку з військовою підготовкою
Криміналістична характеристика злочинів у сфері обігу наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин, їх аналогів або прекурсорів
Get PDFThe most topical problems of the elements of forensic characteristics of crimes in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors have been revealed. It has been established that this category of crimes existed and exists in all countries and types of society. The author has determined the criminogenic characteristics inherent to the offender and how his / her behavior is manifested during the commission of crimes in this area.
A detailed theoretical characteristic of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues and precursors has been provided; the method of committing the crime has been determined; the identity of an offender and a victim has been detailed; the concept of forensic characteristic as a source of information about this type of crime and its role in practical application has been theoretically defined.
The focus is on the non-contact sale of drugs, which is becoming even more relevant and widespread in modern life. It has been emphasized that this type of drug trafficking is problematic due to the fact that it is difficult to detect and operative units’ officers cannot accomplish the evidentiary purchase.
The author has presented the main conclusions about the importance of forensic characteristics as a source of information about this type of crime. Particular attention has been paid to the details of the person who uses drugs (a victim), the author has stated how personal danger is manifested for this category of people who use drugs. It has been established that offenses in this area cause significant damage to human health, have a destructive effect on marital and family relations, affect the development of the shadow sector in the economic environment, distort moral values, eliminate the motivation for a better life due to deteriorating mental and physical health of a human being and living conditions.Розкрито найактуальніші проблеми елементів криміналістичної характеристики злочинів у сфері обігу наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин, їх аналогів або прекурсорів. Подано детальну теоретичну характеристику наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин, їх аналогів та прекурсорів; визначено спосіб вчинення злочину; деталізовано особу злочинця та особу потерпілого; теоретично визначено поняття криміналістичної характеристики як джерело відомостей про цей вид злочину та її роль у практичному застосуванні
Вимоги до особистості поліцейського в умовах глобалізації та впровадження міжнародних стандартів поведінки правоохоронців
Get PDFThe emphasis has been placed on the fact that the training of law enforcement officers must currently take into account the global challenges to society, the state and the international community.
The purpose of the research is to determine the requirements for the police officer’s personality in terms of globalization and the implementation of international standards of law enforcement officers’ conduct. The tasks are to determine the list of topical issues that should be taken into account during the training of police officers, and to outline the main characteristics of a modern police officer in accordance with international standards of law enforcement officer’s conduct.
The following requirements to the police officer’s personality have been singled out on the basis of international documents: ability to be at the same time the representative of a society, the state and the law; respect for the law, honesty, professionalism; intolerance to any action that constitutes torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, intolerance to corruption; intolerance to racism and xenophobia; ability to show prudence, tolerance, maturity, sense of justice and communication skills, and if necessary – leadership and organizational qualities; indifference to politics that ensures objectivity of policing and equal treatment of citizens; high professionalism, honesty, impartiality and efficiency, taking into account only the public interests and the interests of the people they serve to, etc.
It has been concluded that the educational process in higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine given the current requirements and threats, as well as taking into account the provisions of international law enforcement standards, should be aimed at: 1) providing in-depth study of international human rights standards and law enforcement officers conduct in order to guarantee a positive development of future police officer’s personality; 2) updating and expanding the methods of problem-based learning in order to form the competencies provided by international standards of law enforcement activity; 3) using interactive forms, methods and innovative tools that allow to form the relevant personal qualities of police officers by modeling situations of professional activity; 4) practical training on the use of force and its permissible limits in terms of the principles established in the field of human rights, in particular in the European Convention on Human Rights, and in relevant law enforcement practice, which should be a part of police professional training at all levels.Акцентовано на тому, що підготовка правоохоронця сьогодні має враховувати глобальні виклики суспільству, державі та міжнародному співтовариству. Метою дослідження є визначення вимог до особистості поліцейського в умовах глобалізації та впровадження міжнародних стандартів поведінки правоохоронців. Завданнями є визначити перелік актуальних питань, які слід ураховувати під час підготовки поліцейського, й окреслити основні характеристики сучасного поліцейського відповідно до міжнародних стандартів поведінки правоохоронця. Виокремлено вимоги, що ставляться до особистості поліцейського в умовах глобалізації та впровадження міжнародних стандартів поведінки правоохоронця, та визначено актуальні напрями освітнього процесу закладах вищої освіти МВС України з урахуванням положень міжнародних стандартів правоохоронної діяльності
Теоретичні питання інформаційних джерел формування окремих методик розслідування кримінальних правопорушень
Get PDFThe subject of the study is to provide a detailed description of the sources of formation of certain forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses. The purpose of the article is to clarify the concept, content, meaning and system of such sources.
The main thesis of the scientific work is the assumption that the studied sources are objects, phenomena, processes that contain certain data, information, factual materials for the formation of certain forensic methods of investigating criminal offenses. In order to verify it, the analysis and generalization of the scientists’ views on this issue, considered the general theoretical foundations of forensic methodology, and more.
The study is aimed at creating the preconditions for improving existing and developing new forensic recommendations. As a result, new scientifically substantiated results were obtained, which help to improve the provision of the investigative bodies, the prosecutor\u27s office and the court with modern methodological recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency and completeness of the investigation and trial of criminal offenses.
The study clarifies the content of the concept of the source of certain methods of criminal offenses investigation (objects (phenomena, processes, etc.), which are the primary carriers of information for the formation of appropriate methods), their significance is determined (creation of scientifically substantiated information basis for formation of effective methods of investigation of criminal offenses) and their system is considered (theoretical, empirical, normative, analytical-informational and reference sources). It is proved that these sources form the information basis for the formation of certain methods of investigating criminal offenses. It is concluded that a systematic approach to the formation and scientifically sound analysis and generalization of the content of the system of these sources is a condition for the development of effective modern methods of investigating criminal offenses.Наведено характеристику джерел формування окремих криміналістичних методик розслідування кримінальних правопорушень як їх інформаційної основи. Уточнено поняття, зміст, значення та систему таких джерел. Зроблено висновок, що системний підхід до формування та науково обґрунтовані аналіз і узагальнення змісту цих джерел є умовою розроблення ефективних сучасних методик розслідування кримінальних правопорушень
Криміналістична тактика: огляд історії становлення та сучасних напрямків розвитку
No full textA review of domestic and foreign scholars’ research on the formation and development history of forensic tactics has been made: from ancient times to the latest trends of the XXI century. The existing in the scientific literature approaches to the periodization of the development of forensic tactics are given, the most important works of researchers are noted, the publication of which is associated with new stages of forensic tactics development.
It is noted that forensic tactics in the modern interpretation is considered as part of criminology, as a system of scientific provisions and recommendations for the organization and planning of pre-trial and judicial investigation, which are developed on the basis of determining the optimal course of action examination of evidence and establishment of circumstances that contributed to the commission of the crime. However, such views of scientists on the essence of forensic tactics have not always existed. As an integral part of criminology, tactics have passed the historical path of its formation and development, which is divided into two periods in the literature. The first (so-called "pre-scientific") begins with the emergence of the first forensic knowledge and lasts until the end of the nineteenth century. Within this period there are two successive stages: 1) the emergence of elements of tactical and forensic knowledge (up to the 30s of the XIX century.); 2) formation of preconditions for the transformation of knowledge into the forensic industry (30s of the XIX century - the end of the XIX century).
The development of criminology from the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century went in two main directions: 1) the study of technical support for the investigation of crimes; 2) development of criminology as a system of knowledge, covering forensic techniques, tactics and methods.
In the period from 1918 to 1936, criminal tactics outlined the peculiarities of professional criminals, secret ways of communicating, ways of committing crimes, information about the behavior of criminals before and after the crime, methods of detecting crimes, finding and detaining criminals, and recommendations for some investigative actions (inspection of the scene and establishment of traces, search, interrogation of defendants and witnesses, comparison of handwriting and more). Although until 1929 the tactics included some elements of forensic methodology, including recommendations for the investigation of theft, fraud, murder.
At the present stage of development of forensic tactics, scientists are emphasizing the expansion of its branches. It is noted that it is expedient to study the tactics of all participants in criminal proceedings such as judges, courts, investigators, detectives, prosecutors, employees of operational units, etc. Therefore, it is proposed to divide forensic tactics into the following sub-branches: investigative, judicial, prosecutorial tactics, tactics of investigative activities, professional protection and criminal activities. It is proposed to develop tactics of private detective activity.Зроблено огляд досліджень вітчизняних і зарубіжних науковців з історії становлення та розвитку положень криміналістичної тактики: від стародавніх часів до останніх тенденцій XXI ст. Наведено існуючі у спеціальній літературі підходи до періодизації розвитку криміналістичної тактики, відзначено найбільш вагомі праці дослідників, з опублікуванням яких пов’язують нові етапи розвитку криміналістичної тактики
Участь спеціалістів у проведенні огляду місця події під час розслідування вбивств
Get PDFThe need to involve experts into crime scene search while investigating murders has been substantiated. The categories of experts who are most often involved by investigators into crime scene search have been defined. The author has clarified the method of determining the normative aspect of involving the latter into murders’ crime scene search.
It has been determined that forensic inspectors, who are members of the investigative task force, are most often involved into investigations. It has been found out that the main assistance of the latter during the crime scene search is to carry out photo and video recording, as well as the detection, removal and packaging of traces and physical evidence.
It has been established that a canine handler with a service dog may be a member of the investigative task force. The author has provided conditions, which are the basis for the investigator to decide to use the dog at the scene. The author has formulated the basic tasks, which can help a canine handler with a service dog to solve them during murder’s crime scene search.
According to the analysis of investigative and judicial practice of investigating intentional homicides, the author has defined the frequency of involving forensic experts by investigators to crime scene search, where the dead body was found. The reasons why investigators do not examine the corpse at the place of its discovery have been established. The information that should be established and recorded during the examination of the corpse at the scene has been identified. Circumstances have been revealed that indicate the expediency of conducting an examination of the corpse at the crime scene, but not in the premises of the forensic examination bureau.
The author has provided circumstances that may take place in case of a murder and which are the grounds for the involvement of a specialized mobile laboratory of the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The procedure of actions of the employees of the specified laboratory on a crime scene has been defined.
The specifics of the explosives specialist’s activity at the crime scene have been revealed, and the author has also determined the documents that are compiled by the latter based on the results of his participation in the crime scene search. The specifics of divers’ activities in the crime scene search while investigating a murder have been determined.
It has been substantiated that the procedural, theoretical and practical aspects of the participation of experts in the crime scene search while investigating murders, depending on the specifics of the methods of committing these crimes, need further research.Висвітлено актуальні питання участі спеціалістів, а саме інспектора-криміналіста, кінолога зі службовим собакою, судово-медичного експерта й вибухотехніка в огляді місця вчинення вбивства. Визначено нормативні аспекти їх залучення до зазначеної слідчої (розшукової) дії та організаційно-тактичні особливості діяльності на місці події
Сучасний стан та перспективи правового регулювання цифрової трансформації діяльності Державної аудиторської служби України
Get PDFImproving the efficiency of the State Audit Office of Ukraine in exercising public financial control is largely determined by the success of the digital transformation of such activities. The legal support of such a process is important. The authors of the article outline the current state and perspectives of legal regulation of digital transformation of the State Audit Service of Ukraine for public financial control, identifies problems of legal regulation of digitalization of this service and ways to solve these problems. In particular, it is noted that one of the important issues is the legal regulation of the automated integrated information database on the status and results of state control over the management and use of state and local resources of the State Audit Service and other state control agencies, as well as databases and registers, the operation of which is financed from the state budget. Given the interdepartmental nature and the fact that the maintenance of some state registers is determined at the level of laws, the need to adopt a relevant law is not excluded. At the same time, appropriate amendments should be made to the Law of Ukraine "On Basic Principles of Public Financial Control in Ukraine", Regulations on the State Audit Office, Procedures for Inspection and Public Financial Audits, Inspection and Monitoring of Public Procurement, which should be supplemented by state financial control entities, in the order of information interaction or by direct access to them. In addition, it is impossible to solve the issue of digital transformation of the State Audit Office without raising the level of knowledge and appropriate training of its employees.Підвищення ефективності Державної аудиторської служби України щодо здійснення державного фінансового контролю значною мірою визначається успішністю цифрової трансформації її діяльності, при цьому важливе значення має правове регулювання такого процесу. Окреслено сучасний стан та перспективи правового регулювання цифрової трансформації діяльності Державної аудиторської служби України щодо здійснення державного фінансового контролю, визначено проблеми правового регулювання цифровізації діяльності цієї служби та шляхи розв’язання цих проблем
Правова природа самочинного будівництва як комплексної категорії: питання теорії та практики
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the problems of spontaneous construction in comparing the public interest in ensuring the sustainability of civil turnover, the introduction of as much property as possible through the elimination of certain defective legal regimes, as well as private interests of landowners, developers and some other participants in civil turnover (customers, contractors, equity investors, etc.). The approach to defining the essence of unauthorized construction as a way to acquire ownership of certain real estate, which has certain defects in the identification process, as well as in terms of behavioral and object perception of this legal phenomenon is determined.
It is established that in the legislation of the European Union there is a perception of the property law (Germany, Austria) and the binding legal law (France) model of the legal nature of spontaneous construction. Ukrainian legislation reproduces the features of both models within the Civil Code of Ukraine and special regulations.
It is emphasized that the law-making legal fact for the recognition of the relevant real right to unauthorized construction is a court decision or a decision of an administrative body. At the same time, in order for the emergence of property rights, the case law does not in any way level the existence of the procedure for putting immovable property into civil circulation.
The judicial practice and the development of the science of civil law are analyzed, on the basis of which it is concluded that the current approach, which differentiates construction activities, endowed with signs of unauthorized construction, where the determinants are the place of its holding, the volume and quality characteristics associated with the lawful or illegal use of land.
Given the behavioral or objective perception of the legal nature of unauthorized construction, an analysis of the case law of courts of various instances, resulting in the own vision of resolving legal situations to regulate public relations for unauthorized construction depending on the legal status of entities claiming to legitimize it, or the legal regime of such property.
According to the results of the study of the content of the draft Concept of renewal of the Civil Code of Ukraine, attention was drawn to the prospects for further improvements in the legal regulation of civil relations in relation to unauthorized construction.У статті досліджено правову природу самочинного будівництва у співставленні публічного інтересу щодо забезпечення сталості цивільного обороту, введення до нього якомога більшої кількості майна шляхом усунення певних дефектних правових режимів, а також приватних інтересів власників земельних ділянок, забудовників та інших учасників цивільного обороту (замовників, підрядників, пайових інвесторів тощо). Виокремлено підхід до визначення сутності самочинного будівництва як способу набуття права власності на певне нерухоме майно, яке має окремі дефекти у процедурі легітимації, а також із точки зору поведінкового та об’єктового сприйняття вказаного правового явища