Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Трансформації в організації міліції на початку 1920-х років
Get PDFThe main aspects of changes in the organization of the police in the early 1920s have been revealed. At that time there was a complex, controversial, but quite consistent formation process of the police in Ukraine as a law enforcement agency. Significant changes in the organization of the police have been noted. The functions of the police and criminal investigation were separated, which, as time proved, was a mistake. In 1923, there were changes in the structure of the police, closely related to the administrative reform in the republic. County and parish police departments were replaced by circute and district police departments. The expansion of circutes and districts had led to a corresponding expansion and strengthening of local police departments, which was positive. The number of police in 1921–1923 decreased by 20 times, which had led to negative consequences. The qualification of many police officers was low, they lacked basic literacy. In the early 1920s, the issue of further development and structure of the police, centralization and decentralization of its bodies was not sufficiently resolved. The issue of the relationship between the police and other public and private bodies was also not settled. Training in the police was not organized, the use of technical means in its activities lagged behind. However, in 1923 a number of important legal acts regulating the organization and activities of the police were adopted. These are, first of all, the Rules of Service and the Police Disciplinary Statute. In the first of the named documents, it was stated that persons who joined the police and investigation service are considered civil servants. This was of significant importance for raising the social status of police officers. According to their official status and type of activity, police and detective workers were divided into the following categories: a) regular staff, which was subdivided into command staff of the police, detectives and police officers; b) political staff; c) administrative staff; d) clerical staff; and e) non-staff personnel. The Police Disciplinary Statute was a new type of departmental legal act. It was the first to define the concept of police discipline. Incentive for integrity and strict liability for violation of official duties by police officers were foreseen. Serious violations, which were qualified as criminal offences, entailed judicial responsibility for the police officer.Розкрито основні аспекти змін в організації міліції на початку 1920-х років. Показано основні недоліки, пов’язані зі становлення цього органу правопорядку, недостатньою кваліфікацією його працівників, відсутністю багатьох нормативно-правових документів, які повинні були регулювати його діяльність. Акцентовано увагу на тих організаційних трансформаціях, які відбулися в міліції у зв’язку з адміністративно-територіальною реформою в республіці, яка відбулася в 1923 р. Розширення округів і районів, що призвело до відповідного розширення і посилення місцевих управлінь міліції, мало значне позитивне значення
Сучасні тренди та концептуальні підходи до розуміння сутності поняття «національна безпека»
Get PDFIn the context of existing scientific approaches, modern trends that dictate the semantic load of the concept of “national security” have been considered. The development trends of the national, first of all, legal debate surrounding the concept of “national security of Ukraine” have been demonstrated. Attention has been focused on the leading role of jurisprudence in the integration of scientific knowledge regarding national security issues. The novelty of the research consists in the formulation of a number of conclusions of both theoretical and practical nature, which should serve as a basis for determining through the prism of modern theoretical jurisprudence and national security science the phenomenon of national security on the example of modern Ukraine, improving its normative and organizational component.
Under national security, the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state, legal and social values, and the way of life from a wide range of external and internal threats, different in nature, has been considered. More specific varieties of the legal definition of “security”, which correlate with it as “general” and “special” categories, are the concepts of “national security”, “state security”, “public security”, “personal security”, and derivatives from them, such as “military security”, “economic security”, “information security” and other types of security, are allocated in a separate type in numerous scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign specialists depending on the object of protection, the sphere of social relations, and the types of practical activities of various state bodies. The ways and prospects of improving the regulatory and legal provision of national security in modern conditions of Ukraine’s development have been determined. The issue of legal reform in the field of national security has gained further improvement, namely, that it provides planned, scientifically based, socially acceptable and justified changes: 1) in legislation that guarantees national security and protects national interests; 2) in the structure, organization and activity of state authorities and other entities responsible for ensuring national security, in the system of their functions and powers, as well as in the ways (forms, methods) of their implementation; 3) in the qualitative strengthening of the state of security of the entire array of social relations, centered around national security and covered by the object of the reform, from external and internal, real and potential threats. Therefore, the reform of national security appears in the unity of three components: normative and legal (regulatory), management (subject) and object (change in the sphere of social relations in the field of national security).У контексті існуючих наукових підходів розглянуто сучасні тренди, що диктують смислове поняття «національна безпека». Продемонстровано тенденції розвитку вітчизняної, насамперед правової думки, яка точиться навколо поняття «національна безпека України». Акцентовано на провідній ролі юриспруденції в інтеграції наукових знань щодо проблематики національної безпеки. Визначено шляхи та перспективи вдосконалення нормативно-правового забезпечення національної безпеки в сучасних умовах розвитку Української держави
Значення та поняття публічної безпеки і порядку
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the analysis of the legal category of public safety and order, because it is currently relevant and researched in our country. This question plays an important and great role in our social life, which is determined by the highest social values of a person and a citizen. Therefore, it is the state that is entrusted with the task of fully ensuring public safety, public order and peace of our society.The article studies the scientific research in this area, considers and analyses many views of state and foreign scientists, pays much attention to the meaning and concept of "public safety" and "public order", defines the purpose and objectives of the scientific research. A comparison of concepts with related notions such as “public safety” and “public order” has been also made. Ukrainian explanatory dictionary has been used for analysis and justification.The article also mentions many scholars, their works and their interpretations, as well as their agreement and disagreement regarding the considerations of public safety and order. The view on the definition of the concepts of public safety and public order in the context of the National Police of Ukraine has been specified. And it has been also stated that the concept of “public safety” and “public order” is absorbed by a broader and more meaningful concept, such as “civil safety” and “civil order”.The opinions regarding the identification of concepts and terms have been substantiated. It has been appealed to the Basic Law of the State, namely the Constitution of Ukraine and to the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police of Ukraine”. The concepts of “public safety” and “public order”, as well as “civil safety” and “civil order” have been studied. The tasks and principles of the National Police of Ukraine have been mentioned. Attention has also been paid to the broad and narrow aspects of the concept of “public order”. At the end of the article, it has been rightly noted that the simultaneous use or identification of these concepts continues the legal conflict in the field of public security and order.Статтю присвячено аналізу правової категорії «публічна безпека та порядок», проведено аналіз наукових досліджень на цю тему. Порівняно поняття «публічна безпека та порядок» із спорідненим поняттям «громадська безпека і порядок», проаналізовано їх за допомогою тлумачного словника української мови. Конкретизовано погляд на визначення поняття «публічна безпека та порядок» у контексті діяльності Національної поліції України, обґрунтовано думки щодо їх ототожнення. Досліджено статті, де згадується поняття «публічна безпека та порядок»
Складання протоколу у справах про адміністративні правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією, вчинені у сфері охорони здоров’я
Get PDFThe scientific article is devoted to the peculiarities of drawing up protocols for administrative corruption offenses committed in health care. The norms of legislation and by-laws have been studied. First of all, the norms of the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” have been analyzed. The scientists\u27 works devoted to the problems of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses have been studied. Several recommendations have been given to be taken into account by law enforcement officers when drawing up protocols for the commission of a corruption offense in the field of health care. The content features of such protocols have been established. Protocols on the commission of such administrative offenses are most often drawn up by police officers.
It has been claimed that the protocol should indicate the period during which the citizen held a position in the state management body of the health care system or a managerial position in a health care institution. It has been noted that when drawing up the protocol, it is necessary to specify the norms of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” violated by the official. The document should determine the length of time the administrative offense related to the violation of requirements for cooperation or the failure to take measures to fight corruption lasted. It is necessary to determine the period during which the conflict of interests lasted. It is necessary to establish the value of gifts illegally received by the manager from subordinates or patients. The protocol should reflect what the violations of the rules for resolving conflicts of interest exactly were. All other requirements for such protocols provided by law must also be fulfilled.
It gas been concluded that there may be corruption offenses committed by civil servants of health care system management bodies. In addition, the subjects of an administrative corruption offense may be the heads of health care institutions or their deputies, heads of departments, and their deputies.Наукову статтю присвячено особливостям складання протоколів про адміністративні правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією, вчинені у сфері охорони здоров’я. Досліджено законодавство в цій сфері, вивчено праці науковців, присвячені проблемам провадження у справах про адміністративні правопорушення. Надано рекомендації для працівників правоохоронних органів, які варто врахувати під час складання протоколів про вчинення корупційних правопорушень у сфері охорони здоров’я. Розглянуто особливості змісту таких протоколів
Слідчі (розшукові) та негласні слідчі (розшукові) дії як засоби доказування у кримінальних провадженнях, пов’язаних із незаконним обігом вогнепальної зброї або боєприпасів
Get PDFThe subject matter of the study is to provide a detailed description of investigative (search) and covert investigative (search) actions as means of proof in criminal proceedings related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition. The purpose of the article is to clarify the place, content, significance and system of such actions.
It is suggested that the actions under study are inherent phenomena, necessary processes which include methods of collecting and verifying factual data to form appropriate admissible and reliable evidence as the basis for making a lawful, reasonable and well-grounded court decision in criminal proceedings related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition. This study is aimed at creating preconditions for improving existing and developing new forensic recommendations and methods for investigating criminal proceedings related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition, as well as developing proposals for improving the current criminal procedure legislation in terms of regulating evidence.
As a result of the study, it has been obtained new scientifically substantiated results which contribute to improving the provision of investigative bodies with modern methodological recommendations aimed at increasing the efficiency of investigation of criminal offenses related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition. It has been clarified the meaning of investigative (search) and covert investigative (search) actions as effective means of proof due to their cognitive and identification capabilities, the significance of these actions (ensuring obtaining proper, admissible and reliable proof) has been determined and their system (priority and subsequent, typical and exceptional) has been considered. It has been proved that these actions form the instrumental basis for the formation of the evidence base in the course of criminal investigations. It is concluded that a systematic approach to the formation and scientifically based analysis and generalization of the content of evidence are the conditions for the development of effective modern methods of investigating criminal offenses related to illegal trafficking in firearms or ammunition.Уточнено роль слідчих (розшукових) та негласних слідчих (розшукових) дій у кримінальних провадженнях, пов’язаних із незаконним обігом вогнепальної зброї або боєприпасів, як основних засобів доказування. Акцентовано увагу, що особливості криміналістичної характеристики незаконного обігу вогнепальної зброї або боєприпасів обумовлюють можливість виділення системи типових слідчих дій, де належне планування на початковому та наступних етапах розслідування, врахування тактики їх проведення сприяє отриманню належних, допустимих і достовірних доказів
Сутність стадії розгляду справи по суті в адміністративному судочинстві
Get PDFStudy of the administrative proceedings order of implementation as a whole involves the determination of the essence of individual stages of such proceedings. The stage of consideration of the case on the merits due to the specificity of the procedural actions involves a number of both procedural actions designed to ensure a full and impartial clarification of the truth in the dispute, as well as compliance with certain issues of the traditionality of the court session. In other words, consideration of the case on its merits is usually carried out within the framework of a court session, which is characterized as the procedural activity of almost all participants in the process, without exception, in one place. This allows for a more qualified (availability of experts and specialists) and objective (possibility to ask participants questions) assessment of the entire evidence base and to reach certain conclusions. The subject of the research is the norms of the current legislation and the scientific views of famous scientists regarding the meaning and content of such a stage as consideration of the case on its merits.
During the research, using the methods of scientific analysis, explanation and generalization, an analysis of existing doctrinal developments and norms of current legislation, which determine the order and forms of administrative proceedings in relation to the judicial review of disputes, was carried out.
The result of the study is the characterization of such a stage of administrative proceedings as consideration of the case on its merits, through the prism of understanding the tasks and goals of individual procedural actions. The definition of the essence of the case consideration is emphasized separately as a scientific term.
The author\u27s definition of the essence of the consideration of the case on the merits is formulated, that is a purposeful set of procedural actions aimed at clarifying all the necessary circumstances of the case, its resolution on the merits, i.e. (non)recognition of the actions or inactions of the parties to the case as illegal or untrue, with the aim of establishing the fairness of public legal relations in society and providing a real opportunity to the subjects of such relations to fully protect their own interests in court.
The conclusions presented in the work can be used in the educational process of legal education students and during the development of new draft laws in the field of administrative legislation.Визначено сутність окремих стадій адміністративного судочинства через визначення окремих завдань тих чи інших процесуальних дій, які вчиняються на стадії розгляду справи по суті. Ця стадія з огляду на головне її завдання є ключовою в процесі здійснення судочинства. Наголошено на розумінні стадії як окремого етапу провадження, для якого характерний відкритий принцип змагальності, тобто є реальна можливість у вербальній формі відстоювати свою позицію. Всі інші стадії провадження переважно здійснюються у письмовій формі, тобто без безпосередньої одночасної участі сторін спору. Сутність розгляду справи по суті виявляється у з’ясуванні істини і доведенні своєї правоти через представлення доказів
Адміністративно-правове регулювання прав особи, якій надається психіатрична допомога
Get PDFThe scientific research is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of the rights of a person receiving psychiatric care. International legal acts, Ukrainian legislation and the works of scientists were studied. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the formulation of proposals for amendments to the current legislation. The proposed changes relate to the consolidation of the socio-economic rights of a person who receives psychiatric care, as well as the establishment of administrative responsibility for the violation of their rights. The author’s classification of the rights of a person suffering from a mental illness is given.
International (Resolution of the UN General Assembly on the Protection of Persons with Mental Illnesses, Hawaii Declaration) and national (Constitution of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine “Basics of Ukrainian Health Care Legislation”, “On Psychiatric Care”) legislation is characterized, which enshrines the rights of a person who receives psychiatric care.
It is indicated that the rights of citizens suffering from a mental illness include voluntary treatment, protection of the honor and dignity of the patient, access to mass media, confidentiality of correspondence, safety and free psychiatric care, provision of quality treatment. The legislation establishes special conditions and procedures for solving the issue of forced hospitalization of a person in a psychiatric hospital. Only a court can make a relevant decision at the request of a psychiatrist. Criminal liability is established for the illegal placement of a known healthy person in an institution for the provision of psychiatric care. A citizen who has been harmed as a result of illegal hospitalization or during treatment has the right to compensation.
It is proposed to enshrine in the Law of Ukraine “On Psychiatric Care” the right of a person undergoing treatment for a mental illness to maintain a place of work during treatment. The need to establish the administrative responsibility of the doctors of the psychiatric care facility for violating the rights of patients is emphasized.Наукове дослідження присвячено проблемам правового регулювання прав особи, якій надається психіатрична допомога. Досліджено міжнародні правові акти, українське законодавство та праці науковців. Указано, що права громадян, які страждають психічним захворюванням, передбачають добровільність лікування, захист честі і гідності пацієнта, доступ до засобів масової інформації, таємницю листування, соціально-економічні гарантії, надання якісного лікування. Охарактеризовано законодавство, яке передбачає компенсацію шкоди, завданої внаслідок незаконної госпіталізації. Запропоновано зміни до законодавства в цій сфері
Напрями вдосконалення правового регулювання криміналістичного ДНК-аналізу в Україні в контексті інтеграції до Європейського Союзу
Get PDFAn analysis of European standards and main trends in the field of legal regulation of forensic DNA analysis has been carried out. It has been established that the general European legislation defines recommendations on the general principles of using DNA analysis within the framework of the criminal justice system, establishes the obligation of each state to create and maintain a national DNA database, exchange information based on DNA databases, take measures to protect personal data, store DNA profiles of persons convicted of sexual offenses against children, to accredit forensic laboratories to ensure the proper quality of molecular genetic research. Taking into account the experience of European countries, it can be seen that a comprehensive approach to the improvement of domestic legislation, namely the implementation of the law on the national DNA database, the introduction of amendments and additions to the current Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, other laws and departmental regulations regarding the use of DNA analysis in criminal proceedings, is a necessary prerequisite for bringing this area of law enforcement to a new qualitative level.
Together with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On the State Registration of Human Genomic Information”, it is necessary to introduce changes and additions to the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine in order to harmonize the provisions of these normative legal acts, which primarily concern the improvement of the procedure for obtaining samples for molecular genetic research. It has been substantiated that the experience of Germany and the Netherlands regarding the legal regulation of mass DNA testing at the stage of pre-trial investigation of serious and especially serious crimes can be useful for Ukraine. Taking into account the rapid development of forensic DNA analysis technologies and the introduction of the latest methods, which are characterized by a much greater degree of interference in the personal and family life of a person, compared to traditional methods of STR profiling, there is a need for a legislative definition of the permissible limits of forensic DNA research within the framework of criminal proceedings in Ukraine.Здійснено аналіз європейських стандартів і основних тенденцій у сфері правового регулювання криміналістичного ДНК-аналізу. Наголошено на доцільності комплексного підходу до реформування кримінального процесуального законодавства з метою підвищення рівня ефективності застосування технологій криміналістичного ДНК-аналізу в Україні. Надано рекомендації щодо напрямів удосконалення правового регулювання суспільних відносин у сфері дослідження ДНК у кримінальному судочинстві України. Зважаючи на стрімкий розвиток технологій криміналістичного ДНК-аналізу, в Україні існує потреба в законодавчому визначенні допустимих меж криміналістичного дослідження ДНК у межах кримінального провадження
Трагедія Південно-Західного фронту: Київська катастрофа 1941 р.
Get PDFOne of the most terrible and difficult to understand pages of the Second World War history is the death of the Red Army South-Western Front in the second half of September 1941. An attempt has been made to answer the question why the largest group of Soviet troops (the South-Western Front), not inferior to Army Group “South” in number and having a complete advantage in tanks, aviation and artillery, was defeated in defensive battles and encircled. The largest was the “cauldron” near Kyiv. The Red Army suffered gigantic losses: 665,000 soldiers and officers, the entire material and technical base of the front ended up in the Kiev “cauldron”. After the defeat near Kyiv, the way to Eastern Ukraine, Azov and Donbas was open. Scientific analysis of the events and understanding of the causes of the Kyiv disaster of 1941, their generalized, comprehensive assessment are relevant for the study of modern military history.
There were many reasons for the tragedy of the South-Western Front. Among the main ones, the following have been highlighted: incorrect assessment of Germany’s strategic priorities at the initial stage of the war; unpreparedness for a defensive war on one’s own territory; the advantage of the enemy in the tactics of fighting; lack of coordination of actions between military branches; loss of command of troops at all levels, from the General Staff to corps and division commanders; wrong personnel policy, as a result of which unprofessional persons who met the “main” criterion, such as personal loyalty to Stalin, came to the leadership of the Red Army; gross mistakes of the command, incompetence and voluntarism in setting tasks on the part of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command (the highest military leadership of the country), etc.Однією з найстрашніших і найважчих для розуміння сторінок історії Другої світової війни є загибель Південно-Західного фронту Червоної Армії в другій половині вересня 1941 року. У статті зроблено спробу з’ясувати, чому найбільше угруповання радянських військ (Південно-Західний фронт), не поступаючись групі армій «Південь» за чисельністю й маючи повну перевагу в танках, авіації та артилерії, зазнавало поразки в оборонних боях і потрапляло в оточення. Найбільшим був «котел» під Києвом. Усвідомлення причин Київської катастрофи 1941 р., їх узагальнювальна, комплексна оцінка є актуальними для сучасної історіографії
Мова права як унікальний напрям людської комунікації (теоретико-правові та філософські роздуми)
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the language of law as a special direction of human communication. It has been noted that in the modern world, the connection between law and language appears at a sufficiently deep level and is a sufficiently complex and fundamental expression of their interaction. The research draws attention to the similarities and differences inherent in linguistics and jurisprudence.
Attention has been focused on the fact that legal language is usually perceived somewhat specifically by ordinary citizens and society as a whole, as it looks specialized, elevated and technical, especially its written form. This is, in particular, due to the fact that constructions containing legal terminology, specialized legal terms, legal vocabulary are used to write a legal text, which leads to the fact that the language of law becomes incomprehensible to non-lawyers. Attention has been drawn to the peculiarities of the use of legal linguistics in the Anglo-Saxon law systems and in German-speaking countries.
The approaches of researchers advocating for the simplification of the language of law have been considered, since, in their opinion, the language of law as a certain means of communication is characterized by “grandiloquence and verbosity”, which makes it difficult for the average citizen to understand it and does not allow them to fully familiarize themselves with normative documents and court decisions.
The study also has raised the issue of gender equality when using the language of law in the modern world. Attention has been drawn to the fact that in foreign political and legal opinion, the statement is gaining more and more strength that if the goal of the law is really unlimited access of citizens to their constitutional rights to information and non-degradation of any gender, then the simplification of legal communication and gender-neutral writing should be its main goal.Статтю присвячено дослідженню особливостей мови права як особливого напряму людської комунікації. Зауважено, що в сучасному світі зв’язок між правом і мовою виявляється на достатньо глибокому рівні та є достатньо складним і фундаментальним вираженням їх взаємодії. Зазначено, що мова права здебільшого пересічними громадянами та суспільством у цілому сприймається дещо специфічно, оскільки виглядає спеціалізованою, піднесеною і технічною, особливо її письмова форма. Наголошено на сучасних підходах і закликах щодо спрощення мови права та наближення її розуміння для кожної особи. Також порушено питання стосовно гендерної рівності під час використання мови права в сучасному світі