Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Щодо актуалізації проблем дослідницької інфраструктури та підтримки молодих вчених в нинішніх умовах
Get PDFIn an article based on the interdisciplinary method of scientific research, national and international experience, theoretical developments and legislative initiatives an attempt was made to update the normative and legal material and generalization of scientific developments in the field of research infrastructure, with an emphasis on modern educational and scientific processes. A significant drawback on this path was that initiators of drafting the draft law “About scientific and scientific and technical activity” on issues of research infrastructure and support for young scientists the scientific base of the investigated problem is not sufficiently taken into account, which is most often seen in reasoning, to the explanatory note to the Draft Law. It is suggested to borrow the displayed ones in the article the ideas of scientists, and also emphasizes implementation further scientific research, especially regarding the latest scientific publications of Ukraine and the world in the specified direction. The need for constant monitoring and analysis is emphasized positive foreign practices of building a smart educational and scientific policy, which is a stimulus for the prospects of the development of science and the national economy in general. As suggestions, author’s works are offered, ideas and recommendations implemented during the recent events of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which can be the ideological base for to improve the Draft Law we are working on. It should be noted that open science is – this is the future of the ХХІ century. The world is moving towards an open research infrastructure, which is a positive trend, after all everyone has an opportunity in free access get acquainted with the authors’ work. Today, providing open access to scientific resources is a priority. Research and scientific infrastructure under martial law equates to the critical infrastructure of the state.На основі міждисциплінарного методу наукових досліджень, національного та міжнародного досвіду, теоретичних напрацювань і законодавчих ініціатив здійснено спробу актуалізації нормативно-правового матеріалу й узагальнення наукових напрацювань у сфері дослідницької інфраструктури з акцентом на сучасні освітньо-наукові процеси. Запропоновано запозичити висвітлені у статті ідеї вчених, акцентовано на здійсненні подальших наукових пошуків, особливо стосовно останніх наукових публікацій України та світу в означеному напрямі
Особа злочинця як елемент криміналістичної характеристики заподіяння необережного тяжкого або середньої тяжкості тілесного ушкодження
Get PDFThe characteristic features of the criminal’s personality as an element of forensic characteristics of causing negligent serious or moderate bodily harm have been defined and revealed. The following criminologically significant features inherent in the person of the criminal have been analyzed, such as demographic data, moral qualities, psychological features; a set of psychophysical properties and qualities, motivational attitudes, emotional and rational spheres of human consciousness; social and legal data, natural and biological information about a person; socio-demographic properties, psychological qualities, biological features; social, biological, psychological and other characteristics.
An analysis of the suspect’s moral and psychological characteristics, the presence of a certain degree of irritability and excitement, the ability to go to active aggressive, inappropriate actions has been carried out. It has been established that the criminal’s lifestyle, propensity to abuse alcoholic beverages or the use of narcotic drugs are of great importance, which can affect the psychological state of a person and his reactions to events.
Aggressive reactions of the criminal during careless infliction of severe or moderate bodily harm have been studied, among which the following were highlighted, in particular physical aggression (assault); indirect aggression; irritability; negativism; image; suspiciousness; verbal aggression. Reckless criminals were divided into the following categories: random criminals who committed reckless crimes for the first time, acted unconsciously under the influence of a contributing or even provoking situation or a special psychophysiological state; unstable criminals, who for the first time committed careless crimes in a normal or hindering situation, violated the rules of caution knowingly; malicious careless criminals who were previously convicted of crimes, and also committed particularly malicious violations of the rules of caution with a general negative orientation of the person.
According to the results of the conducted research, the following characteristic features of criminals who commit bodily harm due to carelessness have been identified, namely they are mainly adult men who commit the crime alone, without prior training, have secondary special and general secondary education, are unmarried, are temporarily employed in a low-paid job or not work, were not in a state of intoxication at the time of committing the crime, mainly had no previous convictions.Визначено і розкрито характерні ознаки особи злочинця як елемента криміналістичної характеристики заподіяння необережного тяжкого або середньої тяжкості тілесного ушкодження, проаналізовано криміналістично значущі ознаки, притаманні особі злочинця: демографічні, соціальні, психологічний та фізичний стан, моральні та психічні якості, зв’язки з потерпілим, схильність до вчинення злочинів
До питання про розвиток кримінологічної науки в Україні
Get PDFThe article discusses the main directions of development of criminological science in conditions of social instability, and the manifestation of a whole range of destabilizing factors that threaten the national security of Ukraine. These are, first of all, Russian armed aggression against Ukraine, violation of the laws and customs of war, separatism, complete non-compliance with international law, international terrorism, extremism, organized transnational crime and other factors of a destabilizing nature. These elements include the following: expansion of the subject component of criminological science, taking into account the emergence of new social relations that require legal settlement and, accordingly, intensification of the development of individual criminological sub-sectors (theories) on the basis of their selection as a separate subject of study; strengthening the scientific potential as the basis for scientific support for combating crime; expanding the scope of practical application of the results of criminological research; streamlining criminological legislation as the basis for regulatory and legal support for combating crime; use of elements and technologies of artificial intelligence in combating crime.
It has been emphasized that the rapid globalization transformations that have been taking place recently led to the reform of almost all spheres of society. Social transformations inevitably affected criminological science. Emphasis has been placed on the exclusive role of criminological science in the study of criminal-illegal behavior of people and the development of measures to combat crime in a crisis state of social development. The need for further comprehensive research in the direction of determining the social role, functions and directions of development of modern criminology has been summed up.
The importance of further development of modern criminological science and practical activities to combat crime, which determines the need to introduce the latest innovative approaches to the process of cognition of social phenomena in conditions of social instability, a change in the paradigm of combating crime in order to predict its possible modifications in the future have been argued.Розглянуто основні напрями розвитку кримінологічної науки: розширення її предметного компонента; інтенсифікацію розвитку окремих кримінологічних підгалузей (теорій); посилення наукового потенціалу; розширення сфери практичного застосування результатів кримінологічних досліджень; упорядкування кримінологічного законодавства; використання елементів і технологій штучного інтелекту у протидії злочинності. Акцентовано увагу на важливій ролі кримінологічної науки у вивченні кримінально протиправної поведінки людей та розробці заходів протидії злочинності в умовах кризового стану суспільного розвитку. Підсумовано необхідність проведення подальших комплексних досліджень щодо визначення соціальної ролі, функцій і напрямів розвитку сучасної кримінології
Напрями вдосконалення організаційних засад здійснення контролю за якістю вищої освіти в Україні
Get PDFThe author proves that today it is advisable to develop a separate Law which would define the organizational and legal framework for the establishment and functioning of accreditation agencies. It has been noted that this law should not fully regulate all aspects of such agencies formation, organization and implementation of their control activities, but only define the general, most fundamental aspects of the legal status and work of these institutions.
It has been noted that a necessary step to improve the organizational framework for exercising control over the quality of education is interaction and coordination in the system of subjects of such control, since today these aspects of the organization and functioning of the mechanism for controlling the quality of higher education are rather superficially regulated and do not provide a clear understanding of how this interaction takes place, what is the place of coordination in it, and who it is carried out by. It has been proven that it is necessary to define the conceptual foundations of interaction and coordination of subjects of control over the quality of education and to develop an appropriate procedure on their basis, which should provide for the principles and objectives of interaction and coordination, forms and directions of its implementation, and subject composition.
It is emphasized that the current approach to training experts, which involves two-day trainings, is unlikely to guarantee the provision of high-quality personnel (experts) to the subjects of the control under study. The low level of experts’ training results in the fact that their conclusions are often of poor quality.
It has been noted that the problems in the work of experts are due to the fact that they do not always correctly understand their mission in this area, and are not formal in their approach to fulfilling their tasks and goals. This, in turn, is the result of insufficient training of experts. It is necessary to develop a conceptual framework for training experts in quality control of higher education, especially given the prospects for the introduction of independent accreditation agencies. It is important to train experts that the assessment is based on qualitative criteria and cannot be quantified. Therefore, it is impossible to ensure a truly objective assessment by checking only the availability of the necessary documents and the clarity of their provisions.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених та норм чинного законодавства, визначено організаційні проблеми здійснення контролю за якістю вищої освіти. Запропоновано авторське бачення напрямів удосконалення організаційних засад здійснення контролю за якістю вищої освіти в Україні. Наголошено, що реалізація наведених у статті кроків має суттєвим позитивним чином позначитися на об’єктивності, неупередженості та дієвості такого контролю
Характеристика складу адміністративного проступку, який полягає в порушенні правил карантину людей
Get PDFThe research is devoted to the study of the composition of an administrative offense related to violations of the rules of quarantine of people. The general, generic, and direct objects of administrative offense are defined. The general object of an administrative offense under Art. 44-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses is the order of public administration, the generic object is public relations in health care, and the direct one is the health of the individual.
A list of acts that constitute the objective side of the offense has been established. The objective aspect of an administrative offense is the violation of the rules on human quarantine and sanitary and hygienic rules established by law or decisions of public authorities and local governments. Staying in public places without personal protective equipment that covers the nose and mouth also entails administrative liability under Art. 44-3 of Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses.
The list of the citizens and the officials belonging to subjects of offense is made. Special subjects of an administrative offense may be officials of public authorities and local governments, the State Service for Food Safety and Consumer Protection, enterprises, institutions, and organizations responsible for implementing measures to control infectious diseases.
The subjective side of the violation of the rules of quarantine of people is given. It is proposed to consolidate the objective side of the administrative offense established in Part 1 of Art. 44-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses as follows: “Violation of sanitary protection measures of the territory of Ukraine established by the legislation and decisions of state power and local self-government bodies”. Amendments to the legislation on administrative offenses are designed to improve the legal regulation of administrative liability for violating the rules of quarantine of people.Наукове дослідження присвячено вивченню складу адміністративного проступку, пов’язаного з порушенням правил карантину людей. Визначено загальний, родовий і безпосередній об’єкти адміністративного правопорушення. Встановлено перелік діянь, які складають об’єктивну сторону проступку. Названо перелік громадян і посадових осіб, які належать до суб’єктів правопорушення. Охарактеризовано суб’єктивну сторону порушення правил карантину людей. Запропоновано внести зміни до законодавства про адміністративні правопорушення задля вдосконалення правового регулювання адміністративної відповідальності за порушення правил карантину людей
Проблеми доказування у кримінальних провадженнях за фактами порушення законів і звичаїв війни
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the peculiarities of conducting a pre-trial investigation into violations of the laws and customs of war. The purpose of the work is a theoretical generalization of the problems of proving existing in practical activities during the investigation of crimes related to violations of war laws and customs. Recently, a significant number of incidents of shelling of residential areas from the territory of the Russian Federation have been recorded in Ukraine, which led to violations of criminal proceedings, which are currently being investigated by the investigators of the National Police. During the investigation, a number of problems related to the process of proof has arisen, which makes this problem relevant. There are problems with the lack of experience of the investigators for the specified facts, as well as with objective reasons. The latter includes the commission of illegal actions from the territory of another state, not under the control of Ukraine, which significantly complicates the process of establishing of the subjects of criminal acts during the investigation, the locations of military units from which shelling of Ukrainian territory, where civilians are located, is carried out. It is also a problem to determine the forms of criminal activity of subjects, namely by proving complicity or its absence. An analysis of investigative (search) actions is provided, including inspection of the scene, investigation, examination of the corpse, exhumation, appointment and conducting of forensic examinations. Among the examinations, it is advisable to appoint forensic medical, commodity science, economic, fire engineering, construction engineering, etc. The most common problem is the impossibility of identifying the suspect, questioning, detaining, and conducting other procedural actions with them. Conducting an investigative experiment is also excluded. It is proposed to establish operational cooperation between investigators and the Security Service of Ukraine, to develop a unified methodology for investigating crimes related to violations of the laws and customs of war. It is also proposed to establish operational interdepartmental relations, the results of which could be used in evidentiary activities.Статтю присвячено особливостям проведення досудового розслідування за фактами порушень законів і звичаїв війни. Останнім часом в Україні зафіксовано значну кількість таких фактів, що призвели до порушень кримінальних проваджень, які на сьогодні розслідуються слідчими Національної поліції. Під час розслідування виникає низка проблем, пов’язаних із процесом доказування. У статті ці проблеми пов’язано з браком досвіду у слідчих за вказаними фактами, а також з об’єктивними причинами. До останніх відносено вчинення протиправних дій із території іншої держави та з непідконтрольної Україні території
До питання про особливості правового регулювання трудових правовідносин в умовах воєнного стану
Get PDFThe peculiarities of legal regulation of labor relations, which are established by the special labor legislation of Ukraine under martial law, have been considered. The labor legislation, aimed at ensuring the realization of the right to work and rest in peacetime, turned out to be unable for objective reasons to regulate such relations in wartime conditions, therefore a separate Law of Ukraine “On the Organization of Labor Relations in Conditions of Martial Law” was adopted.
The individual labor rights of employees, which are limited by legislation during the martial law, have been investigated, and their consequences for both sides of labor relations have been clarified. On the territory of the country, in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the introduction of martial law in Ukraine”, the legislator temporarily limited a number of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen for the period of the legal regime of martial law. The labor rights of Ukrainian citizens to work and to strike, which are provided for in Articles 43-44 of the Constitution of Ukraine, were also limited.
The essence of the concept of “martial law” and its features in terms of regulating labor relations have been clarified. It has been noted that there are no definitions of the categories “state of war” and “martial law” in the national legislation. The scientific views of scientists on this issue have been studied. The provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On the Organization of Labor Relations in the Conditions of Martial Law” have been analyzed with an emphasis on the realization of the right to work during the operation of the country under martial law, in particular the issues of: a) concluding an employment contract; b) termination of the employment contract; c) rest time d) working time.
Ways of improving and supplementing the current labor legislation, which regulates the issue of labor relations of employees of all forms of ownership and types of activity, have been proposed.Розглянуто особливості правового регулювання трудових правовідносин, які встановлюються трудовим законодавством України, в умовах воєнного стану. Проаналізовано положення Закону України «Про організацію трудових відносин в умовах воєнного стану» з наголосом на реалізацію права на працю під час дії на території країни воєнного стану. З’ясовано сутність поняття «воєнний стан», його особливості в розрізі регулювання трудових відносин. Досліджено окремі трудові права працівників, що обмежуються законодавством на час дії воєнного стану, та з’ясовано їх наслідки для обох сторін трудових правовідносин. Запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення та доповнення до чинного трудового законодавства, що регламентує питання трудових правовідносин працівників усіх форм власності і видів діяльності
Проблемні питання робочого часу науково-педагогічних працівників закладів вищої освіти зі специфічними умовами навчання
Get PDFThe article is devoted to problematic issues of working hours for scientific and pedagogical workers of higher education institutions with specific conditions of training. The approaches of the scientists regarding the definition of “working hours” have been studied. A comparison of the working hours of scientific and pedagogical workers and police officers who are sent to the positions of scientific and pedagogical workers for further service has been made in accordance with the current legislation. The analysis of normative legal acts regulating the activities of scientific and pedagogical workers has been carried out. Local acts adopted by institutions of higher education within their competence and with the help of which standards of working hours for the main types of educational, methodical, scientific, organizational work of scientific and pedagogical workers are established have been analyzed. The recommended list of the types of educational, methodical, scientific and organizational work for scientific and pedagogical, scientific and pedagogical workers in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “On approval of the Recommended list of types of educational, methodical, scientific and organizational work for scientific and pedagogical, scientific and teaching staff” has been considered. The main problematic issues of the working hours for scientific and pedagogical workers of higher education institutions with specific training conditions have been revealed and priority ways of solving them have been proposed.Статтю присвячено проблемним питанням робочого часу науково-педагогічних працівників закладів вищої освіти зі специфічними умовами навчання. Досліджено підходи вчених щодо дефініції «робочий час». Розкрито основні проблемні питання робочого часу науково-педагогічних працівників закладів вищої освіти зі специфічними умовами навчання та запропоновано пріоритетні шляхи їх вирішення
Перевірка висновку експерта
Get PDFThe expert’s opinion must be checked and evaluated by the subject of the evidence in accordance with the procedural law. The analysis of the literature shows that scientists mainly focus on assessment problems, neglecting the issue of verifying the expert’s opinion. This is due to the fact that processual scientists perceive verification as a type of collection, research, and evaluation of evidence in the theory of evidence. It has been proven that the verification of evidence in general and the expert’s opinion in particular differ from other elements of the proof process in terms of objects, purpose, and methods of implementation.
The objects of examination of the expert’s opinion are doubtful circumstances regarding certain aspects of the conducted examination and contradictions between the expert\u27s conclusions and other evidence. The purpose of checking the expert’s opinion is to confirm or eliminate, to refute doubts about the admissibility and reliability of the expert’s opinion and contradictions of the results of the examination with the circumstances already established in the criminal proceedings. The subject of the inspection coincides with the assessment and consists in determining the admissibility and reliability of the expert’s conclusion as a source of evidence and factual data established by expert research. Verification of the expert’s opinion is carried out by conducting procedural and non-procedural measures aimed at obtaining new data.
Procedural measures include: appointment of a new examination to resolve the same questions from the study of the same objects under inspection; interrogation of the expert and other participants in the criminal proceedings in order to establish the circumstances relating to the subject of the examination, as well as information on the peculiarities of the origin, existence, exploitation, seizure, storage of objects of examination; demand for objects and documents that can establish the factual data necessary in the case; receiving oral consultations and written explanations from a specialist (non-procedural measures provide indicative information through consultations with specialists and receiving a review of the expert’s opinion from them); familiarization of the initiator of the appointment of expertise with the scientific and methodical literature for comparison of the conducted expert research in accordance with the requirements existing in the expert field.Розглянуто поняття перевірки висновку експерта та встановлено його відмінність від оцінки. Метою перевірки є підтвердження або усунення сумнівів щодо певних складових висновку експерта, а також протиріч висновку з іншими доказами. Предметом перевірки є допустимість, достовірність висновку експерта як джерела доказів і встановлених експертним дослідженням фактичних даних. Перевірка здійснюється шляхом проведення процесуальних і непроцесуальних заходів. До процесуальних заходів належать: призначення нових експертиз, допит експерта та інших учасників кримінального провадження, слідчий експеримент, консультації та роз’яснення спеціаліста, витребування предметів і документів. Непроцесуальні заходи включають у себе: консультації та рецензії фахівців, самостійне ознайомлення ініціатора призначення експертизи із науково-методичною літературою з питань проведення експертних досліджень
До проблеми визначення поняття організаційних засад здійснення контролю за якістю вищої освіти в Україні
Get PDFToday in the field of quality control of higher education in Ukraine there are a number of gaps and shortcomings that need to be addressed. Exploring the directions of improving the administrative and legal framework for quality control of higher education in Ukraine, it is important to pay attention to the state and prospects of development of the organizational framework for such control.
It has been proved that the organizational principles of quality control of higher education in Ukraine should be understood, first of all, as a set of fundamental measures aimed at creating and maintaining the proper functioning of the structure of the mechanism of such control. That is, the organizational principles are the most fundamental, defining norms, decisions, actions, establishment and/or implementation of which are an indispensable or essential condition for stable, high-quality and effective implementation of quality control in education. If the legal framework determines the legal rules of control, the organizational framework is the work on the direct integration of all elements of control into a single coherent system and ensuring its proper functioning.
It has been argued that a wide range of actions, decisions, measures taken to ensure the integrity and internal coherence of a particular system, its direction and proper functioning, increases the risks that certain mistakes, gaps, other shortcomings will be made in the selection and application of certain components of the organizational principles, which, in turn, will affect the effectiveness of the system in respect of which organizational work is carried out. This fully applies to the organizational principles of quality control in higher education. That is why an important direction for further research is to identify useful and appropriate steps to improve the organizational foundations of the studied control.На основі аналізу наукових поглядів учених запропоновано авторське визначення поняття організаційних засад здійснення контролю за якістю вищої освіти. Зазначено, що якщо правові засади визначають юридичні правила контролю, то організаційні – це робота з безпосереднього об’єднання всіх елементів контролю в єдину цілісну систему та забезпечення її належного функціонування. Обґрунтовано необхідність проведення подальших наукових досліджень, присвячених удосконаленню організаційних засад досліджуваного контролю