Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Підготовка об’єктів для експертизи наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин, їх аналогів і прекурсорів: ситуаційний підхід
Get PDFWhen investigating crimes related to drug trafficking, it is important to properly seize, pack, transport, store drugs and prepare them for expert examination.
The article analyses the peculiarities of seizure of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors. The following items are subject to seizure when preparing objects for examination: narcotic, psychotropic, potent substances, precursors, materials and equipment used for their manufacture, storage and transportation. Narcotic drugs can be seized in various forms, namely: plants, liquids, pills of different colours, shapes and sizes, capsules, powders of different colours. The seized objects are subject to mandatory recording in the protocol of the relevant investigative (detective) action with photographs or video recording. The equipment used for their manufacture, storage and transportation is also subject to seizure. It is proposed to involve specialists of various fields (criminalist, botanist, agronomist) in conducting investigative (“detective”) actions. An algorithm of actions for seizure, packaging and storage of objects has been developed depending on the identified typical situations: detection of illegal crops; detection of drug laboratories/drug houses; detection of “bookmarks” or detention of a person during an operational purchase. Recommendations for handling narcotic substances have been provided.
Correct seizure, packaging, transportation, storage of narcotic drugs and their preparation for expert examination significantly improves both the quality of forensic examination of narcotic substances, psychotropic substances, their analogues and precursors, and the effectiveness of the investigation of crimes related to drug trafficking in general.Проаналізовано особливості вилучення наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин, їх аналогів і прекурсорів. Розроблено алгоритм дій під час вилучення, пакування та зберігання об’єктів залежно від визначених типових ситуацій, зокрема при виявленні незаконних посівів, нарколабораторій/наркопритонів, «закладок» або затриманні особи під час оперативної закупки. Надано рекомендації щодо поводження з наркотичними речовинами
Слідчий експеримент при розслідуванні знищення або пошкодження майна
Get PDFDuring the investigation of criminal offences involving the destruction or damage to property, an investigative experiment is an effective means of establishing the circumstances of the case and the guilt of the suspect. It has been proved that during an investigative experiment, not only the reliability of the information obtained during the investigation is verified, the scene of the event is recreated, taking into account the situation, details and features of the criminal offence, but also the accuracy of the investigative versions put forward regarding the circumstances of criminal acts. Various types of investigative experiment require the selection of certain participants, location and conditions.
The purpose of the study is to develop a classification of types of investigative experiment and to assess the results of their conduct. For better arrangement, selection of conditions and evaluation of the results obtained, it has been proposed to divide the types of investigative experiment into two groups depending on the participation/non-participation of a suspect, victim or witness in the investigative action. The purpose of the investigative experiment classification in these groups is to reproduce the actions, situation, circumstances of a particular event, to conduct experiments or tests. The first group includes investigative experiments with the participation of a person, which are conducted to establish the ability to hear, see, perform certain actions, the availability of professional, criminal and other skills, awareness of the situation in a particular place related to a criminal offence (verification of testimony on the spot). The second group is investigative experiments without the participation of a person, which are conducted to establish the existence of an objective fact, phenomenon, the course of a particular event as a whole or its stages, the mechanism of trace formation.
Each type of investigative experiment provides suggestions for a specific location and conditions similar to the circumstances of the offence. The positive and negative results of the experiment are the basis for a preliminary assessment in the form of categorical or possible judgements about the circumstances that are being checked or clarified. The reliability or probability of the results of the investigative experiment is determined during the final assessment in conjunction with other evidence established in the proceedings.Запропоновано класифікацію слідчого експерименту на підставі участі/неучасті підозрюваного, потерпілого, свідка у слідчій дії та за метою проведення. Позитивні та негативні результати експерименту є основою для попередньої оцінки у формі категоричних або можливих суджень щодо обставин, які перевіряються. Достовірність чи ймовірність результатів визначається під час остаточної оцінки в сукупності з іншими доказами
Трансформація ціннісно-сенсової сфери курсантів закладів вищої освіти зі специфічними умовами навчання з підготовки поліцейських
Get PDFThe importance of personal value orientations for determining the motives of behaviour has been demonstrated. The changes in the polystructural value orientations of the cadets from higher education institutions with specific study conditions for police training under the influence of quarantine measures and martial law have been studied. The study was carried out on the basis of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. The methodology of polystructural value orientations of personality by S. Bubnov and the U-criterion of Mann-Whitney were used in the study.
It has been demonstrated that cadets’ value orientations related to active interaction with society under the influence of COVID-19 quarantine restrictions have decreased in importance. The most important value orientations for the cadets were the following: “having good time, leisure”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others”, “help and mercy to other people”. The least important for them were such value orientations as “search for beauty”, “social activity to achieve positive changes in society”, “discovering new things in the world, nature, and people”, and “communication”. The value orientation “health” took an insignificant place in the structure of values.
It has been shown that such value orientations as “having good time, leisure”, “high-income”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others” have become less important for cadets under martial law. The most resistant to the influences of the social situation of personality development among the surveyed cadets were such polystructural value orientations as “having good time, leisure”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others”, and “love”.
After being under martial law, certain personal value orientations of cadets have become less important than they were in the so-called pre-martial law period, namely: “having good time, leisure”; “high-income”, “recognition and respect by people and influence on others”, “search for beauty”.Досліджено зміни поліструктурних ціннісних орієнтацій особистості курсантів закладів вищої освіти зі специфічними умовами навчання з підготовки поліцейських під впливом карантинних заходів 2020–2021 рр. і воєнних дій 2022 р. Опитано три незалежні групи курсантів восени 2019, 2021 та 2022 рр. Продемонстровано зменшення значущості ціннісних орієнтацій, які пов’язані з активною взаємодією із соціумом під впливом карантинних обмежень. Показано, що такі ціннісні орієнтації, як приємне проведення часу, відпочинок, високі матеріальні статки, визнання та повага людей і вплив на оточуючих, за значущістю стали менш важливими для курсантів в умовах воєнного стану. З’ясовано ціннісні орієнтації курсантів, які найстійкіші до впливів соціальної ситуації розвитку: приємне проведення часу, відпочинок, визнання й повага людей, вплив на оточуючих та любов
Сутність та особливості корупції як об’єкта адміністративно-правового впливу
Get PDFThe article states that the formation of an understanding of the essence of corruption begins at the turn of the New Age, when the progressive thought of contemporary philosophers outlined the essence of legal behaviour, which was no longer influenced by religious dogmas.
It has been emphasised that corruption is a phenomenon specific to each country and each society, regardless of their political, economic or any other model of functioning. At the same time, the definitions contained in the reference literature differ depending on the cultural, legal, socio-economic or other peculiarities specific to a particular period of publication of a particular dictionary (reference book).
It has been noted that the presence of illegal corrupt interests among public officials of one or another level is a key source of abuse of their official powers with the aim of obtaining undue benefits or concealing the fact of receiving such benefits in the past.
Attention is focused on the fact that the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation is provided by a complex of administrative and legal means. In a broad sense, legal means are those that allow to achieve the goal of legal regulation chosen by legislation. Thus, corruption as an object of administrative influence is an illegal act, for each case of which an appropriate reaction of the state (in the form of law enforcement and anti-corruption bodies) must be applied, which consists in the legal administrative or criminal prosecution of a person.
It has been emphasized that the essence of corruption as an object of administrative and legal influence is revealed in the system of characteristic features, in particular, corruption covers a significant range of subjects whose consciousness and behaviour it influences; the level of influence of corruption on individual members of society directly depends not so much on the level of public condemnation of it in society, but on the effectiveness of anti-corruption activities of law enforcement agencies and on the strength of “anti-corruption barriers” artificially erected by the state; the ability of corruption to instantly adapt to the current political regime; universality for every country in the world; dependence on the quality of current administrative and legal legislation of states.Статтю присвячено вивченню сутності й особливостей корупції як об’єкта адміністративно-правового впливу. Зазначено, що становлення розуміння сутності корупції починає складатися на межі Нового часу, коли прогресивна думка тогочасних філософів окреслювала сутність правової поведінки, що вже не зазнавала впливу релігійних догм. Наголошено, що корупція є явищем, властивим кожній країні і кожному суспільству, незалежно від їх політичної, економічної або будь-якої іншої моделі функціонування
Математика в поліцейській діяльності: основи, особливості, математична підготовка
Get PDFThe main attention is paid to the introduction of a comprehensive academic discipline “Mathematical Methods in Police Activity” for the first time and the discussion of the content of its first module for students of higher education institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with the aim of combining mathematical methods, as well as elements of physics, astronomy and geography, in particular topography, to solve practical problems in the professional activity of police officers. Some components of the first module of this discipline are formulated on the basis of a study of an online course on mathematics for firefighters and rescuers in the United States.
The problem of introducing a course in mathematics or elements of applied mathematics (mathematics and methods of solving tasks for professional purposes) or applied mathematics with elements of natural science (an integrated course in astronomy, physics and geography) into the educational process of training future police officers has not been studied in a comprehensive manner. There are some recommendations on the expediency of studying statistics, but there are many branches of mathematics whose methodology is useful for solving applied problems in the fields of justice and law enforcement.
The need for such a study is due to the lack of a universal course for police officers in the world practice that would combine practical problem solving, mathematical methods, physical laws and processes, astronomy and geography, including topography.
The formulated components of the first module of the course are relatively complete in terms of content and form the knowledge necessary to develop the skills and abilities to perform elementary calculation professional tasks and to comply with and understand safety rules.
The article is the first in a series of articles on the relevant topic, some of which are in the process of preparation or are preprints.Наукове дослідження присвячено введенню навчальної дисципліни «Математичні методи в поліцейській діяльності» та обговоренню змісту її першого модуля для здобувачів освіти закладів вищої освіти Міністерства внутрішніх справ України з метою поєднання математичних методів, а також елементів фізики, астрономії та географії для вирішення практичних завдань у професійній діяльності поліцейських. Сформульовано деякі складові першого модуля цієї дисципліни на основі онлайн-курсу з вивчення математики пожежниками-рятувальниками у США
Єдність і диференціація тривалості щорічної основної відпустки в Україні
Get PDFThe current legal regulation of the duration of annual basic leave has been studied. It has been noted that this is the longest period of rest for employees provided for by national labour legislation. It allows the employee to have a more complete approach to rest, restore working capacity, improve health, and also satisfy important needs and interests in education, sports, childbirth and upbringing.
Every employee can exercise the right to annual basic leave every year. Annual basic leave is granted to all employees without exception, regardless of their place of work, the labor function they perform, the form of ownership of a legal entity, the term of an employment contract or contract, for a working year. Such a year is counted from the date of conclusion of the employment contract (contract) by the relevant employee.
Scientists’ points of view on the content of the category “unity and differentiation in labour law” have been investigated. An author’s definition of the terms “unity of the duration of annual basic leave” and “differentiation of the duration of annual basic leave” has been provided. The unity of the duration of annual basic leave should be understood as the establishment of a single name for this leave in all acts of national legislation and the establishment of its duration common to all employees. The differentiation of the duration of annual basic leave means the establishment by law of a longer duration of annual basic leave than its total duration, depending on the employee’s age, disability, specifics of work at the enterprise, institution, organisation, working conditions and nature of work.
The understanding of the essence of unity and differentiation of the duration of annual basic leave has been further developed. Some recommendations for improving the provisions of modern labour legislation in the area of annual basic leave regulation have been proposed. The expediency of bringing the terminology of special laws in compliance with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Vacations”, in particular, with regard to the term “annual basic leave”, has been substantiated.Досліджено сучасне правове регулювання тривалості щорічної основної відпустки. Вивчено точки зору науковців щодо змісту категорії «єдність і диференціація у трудовому праві». Надано авторське визначення термінів «єдність тривалості щорічної основної відпустки», «диференціація тривалості щорічної основної відпустки». Дістало подальшого розвитку розуміння сутності єдності та диференціації тривалості щорічної основної відпустки. Запропоновано рекомендації з удосконалення норм сучасного законодавства про працю у сфері регламентації щорічної основної відпустки
Зміна правової кваліфікації фактів безвісного зникнення особи: практичний аспект
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of legal qualification of criminal offences entered into the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations on the facts of disappearance of a person under the conditions of temporary occupation and force majeure circumstances in the period from 20.02.2014 to the present. The actions of an investigator at various stages of pre-trial investigation of such criminal offences have been analysed, taking into account investigative situations directly related to premeditated murder as a result of violation of the laws and customs of war. The grounds for changing the legal qualification in criminal proceedings on the facts of missing persons have been proposed.
The variability of legal qualifications in criminal proceedings based on the facts of the missing person under special circumstances that occurred in the temporarily occupied territory, due to the influence of force majeure, forced migration of the population, the lack of a unified approach of investigative units, the prosecutor\u27s office and the court to this issue at various stages of the pre-trial investigation is a problem that affects the assignment of a fair punishment to persons whose guilt has been proven by the court in the commission of criminal offenses of a violent nature, the consequence of which is first the disappearance of a person, and then the establishment of the fact of his/her death or violent death, extrajudicial execution.
The objectivity of the pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings on the facts of intentional murders resulting from violations of the laws and customs of war that preceded the disappearance of a person is ensured by establishing reliable and confirmed data on the circumstances of the crime, absolutely all the facts that have preceded it, all information characterising the missing person, his or her lifestyle, connections, political preferences.
Under special conditions and the force majeure factor, investigative situations of missing persons at the initial stage of the pre-trial investigation are almost typical. However, high-quality documentation of such criminal offences and bringing the perpetrators to justice is ensured through the proper organisation of interaction between the investigative and operational units of the National Police and other law enforcement agencies with the military, forensic experts and volunteer search organisations. Currently, the military aggression continues.Статтю присвячено дослідженню особливостей правової кваліфікації кримінальних правопорушень, відомості про які було внесено до Єдиного реєстру досудових розслідувань за фактами безвісного зникнення особи за умов тимчасової окупації та впливу фактора непереборної сили у період з 20 лютого 2014 р. і дотепер. Проаналізовано дії слідчого на різних етапах досудового розслідування таких кримінальних правопорушень з урахуванням слідчих ситуацій, безпосередньо пов’язаних з умисним вбивством як наслідком порушенням законів та звичаїв війни. Запропоновано підстави для зміни правової кваліфікації у кримінальних провадженнях за фактами безвісного зникнення особи
Характеристики спеціальних принципів бюджетного права
Get PDFThe purpose of the article is to define and characterise the principles of Budget Law. It is argued that the principles of budget law are most appropriately understood as the starting points, the initial ideas which form the basis for the functioning and further development of the relevant branch of law. The principles are intended to reflect the basic realities of social life in which certain processes under study take place or social relations are carried out. Thus, not only the functioning of Budget Law, but also all social legal relations regulated by the rules of the legal field under study depend on the content of the principles under study.
The article identifies and describes the following special principles of budget law: the principle of economic feasibility; the principle of coherence of budget policy; the principle of stimulating the development of local budgets; the principle of dominance of the State budget; the principle of balance; the principle of unity of the budget system of Ukraine; the principle of targeted use of budgetary funds. The attention is focused on the fact that not all of these principles have been enshrined in law, and therefore this gap needs to be addressed.
At the level of legal technique, it is necessary to ensure maximum detail of universal principles by taking into account the most problematic aspects in a particular area. Such principles need to be detailed, if not at the level of relevant laws, then reflected in the provisions of by-laws that would describe these principles with reference to specific situations in which they can be implemented in practice.Здійснено аналіз наукових поглядів стосовно тлумачення понять «принципи», «принципи права» та «принципи бюджетного права», на основі чого сформульовано авторську думку щодо тлумачення останнього терміна. Виокремлено та надано характеристику спеціальним принципам бюджетного права. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що не всі з окреслених засад було закріплено на законодавчому рівні, а отже, ця прогалина потребує усунення
Сутність і особливості житлових правовідносин
Get PDFThe analysis of scientific viewpoints of scholars on the interpretation of the concepts of “social relations”, “legal relations” and “housing legal relations” has been carried out, and the author\u27s own definition for the latter has been proposed. It has been established that legal relations are bilateral volitional relations between subjects of law which arise on the basis of legal provisions and are regulated by them with a view to recognising, exercising and protecting their rights, freedoms and interests. A key characteristic for legal relations is their voluntary nature and purpose, as they arise exclusively for a specific purpose. The specificity of legal relations depends on the sphere of public life in which they arise and the rules of which branch of law they are regulated.
It has been proved that housing legal relations are legal relations regulated by housing law provisions between legal entities which have the necessary legal personality and are related to the acquisition and/or exercise of the right to ownership of housing, use, lease, privatisation, change of housing owner, and other issues which are subject to regulation by the provisions of the relevant branch of law.
It has been identified and characterised the subject, object and subject of housing legal relations. It has been argued that housing legal relations accompany a person almost all his/her life, since housing is one of the basic needs of every person. That is why an important task of the legislator is to create all the necessary legal and organisational conditions for the proper functioning of the latter.Здійснено аналіз наукових поглядів учених щодо тлумачення понять «соціальні відносини», «правовідносини» та «житлові правовідносини», на основі чого запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «житлові правовідносини». Узагальнено, що житлові правовідносини супроводжують людину майже все її життя, адже однією з базових потреб кожної людини є житло. Саме тому важливим завданням законодавця є створення всіх необхідних правових та організаційних умов для належної реалізації житлових правовідносин
Кібертероризм: зміст, форми та перспективні заходи протидії
Get PDFThe purpose of the study is to clarify the concept of cyber terrorism, its typical features and main forms, and to develop proposals for improving the system of countermeasures. The article highlights modern approaches to defining the content of cyber terrorism and its social and legal nature. This type of terrorism should be regarded as a socially dangerous politically motivated activity aimed at disrupting the critical information infrastructure of the State and thus creating a danger to human life and health or causing other serious consequences, provided that such actions were committed for terrorist purposes, or using cyberspace for other purposes of terrorist activities not directly related to terrorist acts.
Typical features of cyber terrorism are described and a definition of its concept is proposed. The main forms of cyber terrorism are revealed: the commission of terrorist acts by organisations, groups and individuals using computers and computer networks or by influencing the information processed (circulated) in them, as well as the use of cyberspace for other purposes of terrorist activities not directly related to the commission of terrorist acts.
The counteraction system may be based on the following: proper regulation of the concept of cyber terrorism in national legislation, criminalisation of acts of cyber terrorism and its components; enhancing the security and protection of critical information infrastructure; improving existing and applying new counteraction methods; improving cooperation in the field of combating cyber terrorism.Проаналізовано сучасні підходи до визначення змісту кібертероризму та його соціальної і правової природи. Описано типові ознаки кібертероризму та запропоновано визначення його поняття. Розкрито основні форми кібертероризму: вчинення терористичних актів організаціями, групами й окремими особами за допомогою комп’ютерів і комп’ютерних мереж або шляхом впливу на інформацію, яка в них обробляється (циркулює), а також використання кіберпростору для інших цілей терористичної діяльності, безпосередньо не пов’язаних зі здійсненням терактів. Запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення системи заходів протидії кібертероризму