Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Сучасна держава і громадянське суспільство: перспективні напрями та форми взаємодії у сфері публічного адміністрування
Get PDFThe work embodies the author’s view on how interstate integration and globalisation also affect public administration in a particular State, in particular, they introduce a passive role into the very understanding of the State, form a multiple range of actors, both external and internal, especially in the field of civil society, which take over the functions previously performed by the State direct certain areas of public authorities\u27 activities to address global issues (transnational crime, the consequences of global environmental disasters, etc.), set trends at the level of public administration towards greater decentralisation of the competence of public authorities and, at the same time, towards globalisation of management of certain areas related to global climate change and other global problems.
It is emphasised that in the newest understanding of the paradigm of relations between the modern State and civil society, there is a socially oriented vector of the State, which is diverse and closely related to the needs of the population. The state acts as a kind of “bridge” between society and the potential opportunities for its development and satisfaction of the widest possible range of needs, establishing the so-called “public relations” direction.
The authors propose their own interpretation of public administration as the functioning of a public entity system established by the State, whose activities are aimed at ensuring sustainable development of the State in the process of providing administrative services, implementing laws and by-laws, and interacting with civil society in the national and international dimensions.
The promising directions of interaction between the modern State and civil society, which are divided into separate forms, include interaction of the State with members of diasporas through various institutions and practices, interaction of the State with civil society institutions formed by higher education students, interaction of the State with civil society in the field of environmental security of the State.Викладено авторський погляд на те, що в новітньому розумінні парадигми взаємовідносин сучасної держави та громадянського суспільства має місце соціально орієнтований вектор держави, який є багатоманітним і тісно пов’язаним із потребами населення. Держава виступає своєрідним «мостом» між суспільством і потенційними можливостями його розвитку та задоволення максимально широкого кола потреб, започатковуючи так званий напрям «паблік рілейшенз», що закладає в саме розуміння держави пасивну роль, формує множинне коло суб’єктів у сфері громадянського суспільства, які перебирають на себе ті функції, що раніше виконувалися державою
Методичні аспекти проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи живих тварин
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the generalisation of methodological approaches to the forensic commodity examination of live animals. It is determined that the main stages of the examination are: 1) verification of compliance of the characteristics of the object of study with the data provided in the case file; 2) determination of the value characteristics of the animal: age, breed, sex, colour, physical condition (weight, assessment of appearance), as well as examination of documents certifying the animal’s pedigree (if any); if it is necessary to use special knowledge to assess the physical condition of the animal, a forensic commodity expert may request a forensic veterinary examination; 3) market price research for live animals of the same breed, age, sex, etc.; 4) preparation of a forensic commodity examination report indicating the value of the object of research. It is established that animals which are the objects of forensic commodity expertise are subject to the legal regime of a thing. It is allowed to apply the main legal acts for conducting a commodity expertise, in particular, the Law of Ukraine “On Forensic Examination” and other laws of Ukraine, the Instruction on the appointment and conduct of forensic examinations and expert studies, as well as the Methodological Recommendations on the organisation and conduct of forensic examinations of livestock, poultry and other live animals - objects of management.
The article considers the peculiarities of applying the methods of assessment of live animals. During the examination, the expert must justify the feasibility of applying a particular approach, taking into account the purpose of the animal, its physical condition, and productivity indicators. To assess the value of domestic animals and individual heads of farm animals, it is advisable to use a comparative approach, which consists in finding out the market value of similar animals at the time of the study. For the purpose of livestock assessment, and depending on the subject matter of the claim (damage, recovery, etc.), it is advisable to take into account the amount of assessment calculated under the cost approach. When the real value of livestock depends on their productivity, it is advisable to take into account the amount of valuation determined by the income approach. This article analyses the state of information support on the basis of which such an assessment was made.Узагальнено методичні підходи до проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи живих тварин. Встановлено, що на тварин – об’єктів судової товарознавчої експертизи поширюється правовий режим речі. Визначено нормативну основу судової товарознавчої експертизи живих тварин. Установлено, що для оцінки вартості домашніх тварин та окремих голів сільськогосподарських тварин доцільним є застосування порівняльного підходу, який полягає у з’ясуванні ринкової вартості аналогічних тварин на момент дослідження. Для оцінки поголів’я сільськогосподарських тварин, а також залежно від предмета судового позову (відшкодування шкоди, звернення стягнення тощо) доцільно враховувати суму оцінки, розраховану за витратним підходом. У разі, коли реальна вартість тварин залежить від їх продуктивності, доцільно враховувати суму оцінки, визначену за дохідним підходом. Проаналізовано стан інформаційного забезпечення проведення такої оцінки
Деякі особливості організації допиту неповнолітнього (малолітнього) потерпілого під час воєнного стану
Get PDFBased on the analysis of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the scientific work of scholars and practitioners, it has been established that criminal justice for juveniles (minors) should be structurally separated from adult justice, carried out in different forms, and should include their social and psychological support and rehabilitation. Such a system should recognise that children are not adults, they are largely dependent on adults and society, have a lower level of emotional, mental and intellectual maturity, and therefore require special treatment appropriate to their age and level of development. In this regard, the article identifies the main tactical approaches to the most optimal organisation of interrogation of a juvenile (minor) victim under martial law. Proposals have been made regarding the choice of place (special “friendly” premises or rooms and alternative places) and time of such investigative (detective) action, as well as the investigator (detective) or prosecutor who will conduct the interrogation. Options for providing professional assistance by a teacher, psychologist and doctor, who must be present during the interrogation of a minor or underage victim, are also suggested. The investigator (inquirer) and prosecutor are provided with practical recommendations on organising and conducting interrogation of a juvenile (minor) victim, using modern interrogation methods, and the procedure for conducting it, which will increase the efficiency of the procedural action and ensure compliance with the basic principles of child-friendly justice.На підставі аналізу чинного законодавства, наукових позицій учених і практиків визначено основні тактичні підходи до найбільш оптимальної організації допиту неповнолітнього (малолітнього) потерпілого. Сформульовано пропозиції щодо вибору місця та часу проведення такої слідчої (розшукової) дії. Запропоновано варіанти надання професійної допомоги педагогом, психологом і лікарем. Надано практичні рекомендації слідчому в частині проведення допиту, дотримання яких підвищить ефективність проведеної процесуальної дії та забезпечить додержання основних принципів правосуддя, дружнього до дитини
Протидія сучасним способам легалізації (відмивання) грошових коштів, одержаних злочинним шляхом із використанням криптовалюти
Get PDFThe problems of combating corruption have not lost their relevance over the years. Tolerant attitudes to corruption as a way to quickly solve everyday problems give rise to new ways of developing illegal activities in various spheres of public life. At the same time, while fully condemning corruption as a means of illicit enrichment, the majority of the population still follows the old path. Consequently, the interests of individuals aimed at enriching themselves by any means, including illegal means, are becoming a counterweight to the development of society.
Money laundering remains a significant problem in the area of combating corruption. Unfortunately, the methods and means of carrying out illegal activities in order to conceal them and avoid responsibility for their commission are being updated on a daily basis. Successful money laundering requires high intelligence and an understanding of the processes of working with modern financial technologies. One of the areas of money laundering is the use of various types of cryptocurrencies and NFTs. The funds held by the offender go through a complex route before reaching their final destination. Illegally obtained funds introduced into the legal financial system in such a way as to avoid unnecessary questions about the origin of the money, through a significant number of transactions, are integrated into the financial system and can be used for any purpose.
The current state of research on the development of cryptocurrencies as a tool for money laundering is not sufficiently disclosed at the national level. Most of the scientific works are of foreign origin. The article is aimed at finding ways to improve the current anti-corruption legislation. The author outlines the main features of the development of money laundering schemes using cryptocurrency as an instrument of such schemes. The author defines the main definitional categories of such concepts as “cryptocurrency”, “NFT”, “smurfs”, “drops”, etc. The main shortcomings of the institutional and regulatory mechanism for detecting and investigating this category of offences have been highlighted, taking into account the use of modern financial technologies. The study may be useful in improving legislation in the field of corruption prevention.Статтю присвячено пошуку шляхів удосконалення чинного законодавства щодо протидії корупції. Викладено основні особливості розвитку схем легалізації грошових коштів, інструментом учинення яких є криптовалюта. Визначено базові дефінітивні категорії таких понять, як «криптовалюта», «NFT», «смурфи», «дропи» та ін. Виокремлено головні недоліки інституційного та нормативного механізму виявлення й розслідування цієї категорії правопорушень, ураховуючи використання сучасних фінансових технологій
Правове регулювання відносин із проходження служби у Службі безпеки України
Get PDFThe article examines the current state of legal regulation of service relations in the Security Service of Ukraine. Scientific positions of scholars on the social nature of service in law enforcement agencies and the degree of influence of labour and administrative law on service relations in them have been studied.
The article defines the branch of law to which the relations of service in the Security Service of Ukraine belong. It has been substantiated that the labour law includes labour relations of servicemen and employees who have entered into an employment contract with the Security Service of Ukraine. The scope of administrative law includes relations related to the service of conscripts in the Security Service of Ukraine.
Proposals for improving the legal regulation of labour and service relations in the Security Service of Ukraine have been developed. The author proves the expediency of establishing a clear procedure for legal regulation of labour and service relations of different categories of SSU personnel. It is proposed in the Law of Ukraine “On the Security Service of Ukraine”: 1) to supplement Chapter III with an article entitled: “Legal regulation of relations related to service by conscripts” and the following content: “Service by conscripts in the Security Service of Ukraine is carried out under the conditions and in procedures established by legislation for conscript servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, with features provided for by legislation for the Security Service of Ukraine”; 2) to state the name of the article 21 as follows: “Legal regulation of labour relations of employees who have concluded an employment contract with the Security Service of Ukraine” and the content in the following wording: “Labor relations of employees who have concluded a labor contract with the Security Service of Ukraine are regulated by the legislation of Ukraine on labour with the features provided by the legislation for the Security Service of Ukraine”; 3) to supplement with a section entitled: “Service by military service employees”, which provides for regulations regarding the regulation of all the main aspects of their service.Розглянуто сучасний стан правового регулювання відносин із проходження служби у Службі безпеки України. Вивчено думки науковців щодо соціальної природи служби у правоохоронних органах і ступеня впливу трудового й адміністративного права на відносини із проходження в них служби. Визначено, до сфери дії якої галузі права належать відносини із проходження служби у Службі безпеки України. Обґрунтовано, що до сфери дії трудового права належать трудові відносини співробітників-військовослужбовців і працівників, які уклали трудовий договір зі Службою безпеки України, а до сфери дії адміністративного права – відносини із проходження служби військовослужбовцями строкової служби у Службі безпеки України
Криміналістична техніка: поняття, завдання та принципи
Get PDFIt is established that forensic technology is a branch of forensic science which uses a variety of methods, instruments and technical means to collect, examine and interpret physical evidence at a crime scene in order to detect, investigate and document crimes and their perpetrators. Forensic technology is based on scientific principles and technologies and includes many different methods, such as ballistics, fingerprinting, DNA analysis, document examination, photography, video recording, etc.
The article establishes that the key tasks of forensic technology are as follows: collecting, recording and documenting physical evidence at the crime scene; analysing the collected evidence, including photo and video materials, audio recordings, DNA samples, fingerprints, etc.; examining physical evidence to prove its relevance to the crime and connection with the suspect or accused; creating a reconstruction of events to understand the course of the crime and prove the guilt of the suspect or accused; preparing expert reports and testimony for use in court proceedings; supporting investigators and prosecutors in the use of scientific methods and techniques to collect and analyse evidence; conducting research and improving forensic techniques to improve law enforcement and increase the effectiveness of crime investigations.
The key principles that reveal the essence and content of forensic techniques have been identified and characterised. The necessity of their legislative consolidation and expansion of the content has been proven.На підставі аналізу наукових поглядів учених з’ясовано сутність і зміст поняття «криміналістична техніка». Узагальнено теоретичні підходи до визначення завдань криміналістичної техніки, на основі чого сформульовано авторське бачення щодо їх переліку. Окреслено принципи криміналістичної техніки, розкрито їхній зміст
Особливості діяльності деяких правоохоронних органів: національний та зарубіжний досвід
Get PDFIt has been determined that the MIA system reform is aimed at improving and optimising its structure, organising activities with a view to combating crime and corruption, timely detection of collaboration and prevention of threats to Ukraine’s external and internal security, and improving the level of protection of citizens\u27 rights and freedoms and prevention of offences. The goal of this process is to complete the transformation of the MIA system into a law enforcement agency that meets modern European requirements. The peculiarities and current trends in the development of law enforcement systems of the European Union, the USA and Japan in terms of measures aimed at ensuring the proper state of public security and public order have been studied. The principles of municipal police units functioning in Germany, the UK, the USA and Japan have been considered.
An analysis of the National Police and other law enforcement agencies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine has been carried out, and the peculiarities and current trends in the development of law enforcement systems of foreign countries with regard to measures aimed at ensuring the proper state of public security and public order have been studied. The means of interaction between the police and local executive authorities, local self-government, public organisations and the public have been considered.
Taking into account international experience, the author makes proposals for improving the main areas of activity of law enforcement agencies of the MIA of Ukraine. It has been suggested to consider the possibility of reviving the functioning of municipal (local) police units in Ukraine, which should assist regional police units in solving the tasks of public order protection and combating offences. In this regard, it is appropriate to use the experience of municipal police in Germany, the UK, the USA and Japan, as well as in Ukraine.У роботі досліджено особливості й сучасні тенденції розвитку правоохоронних систем деяких країн Європи, США та Японії щодо заходів, спрямованих на забезпечення належного стану публічної безпеки та охорони публічного порядку. Враховуючи міжнародний досвід, надано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення основних напрямів діяльності правоохоронних органів системи МВС України
Елементи криміналістичної характеристики погрози або насильства щодо працівника правоохоронного органу
Get PDFProper legal regulation of the protection of law enforcement officers from unlawful attacks should be one of the most important tasks of a developed state governed by the rule of law, especially in the context of active hostilities, because even in peacetime law enforcement officers put their health and lives at risk. At the same time, state institutions must provide adequate guarantees to ensure the normal functioning of the law enforcement system.
The purpose of the research is to study and carry out a comprehensive scientific analysis of the structural elements of the forensic description of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer, to determine their essence, to study the legal framework governing the processes, and to identify possible areas for improving their legal regulation.
The research was conducted using a range of general scientific and special scientific methods: dialectical, comparative legal, systemic-historical and logical analysis, analogy, formal logic, substantive legal logic, and comparative methods. The author has studied a wide range of scientific sources on the subject matter under study. The materials of investigative and judicial practice have been studied and analysed in detail. Legislative and regulatory acts have been studied and compared.
On the basis of the conducted research, the author has formed a typical list of elements of the forensic description of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer, and each element has been characterised, and examples of application of the elements in the practical activities of law enforcement officers have been provided. Recommendations have been made on the application of the elements of forensic description which can be used by law enforcement officers and other stakeholders to improve the practical application of forensic description of threats or violence against a law enforcement officer.Проаналізовано погляди вітчизняних і зарубіжних учених на процеси та механізми практичного застосування в повсякденній службовій діяльності елементів криміналістичної характеристики погрози або насильства щодо працівника правоохоронного органу. Досліджено нормативно-правову базу України, що регулює означені процеси. Розкрито сутність і мету необхідності чіткого визначення елементів криміналістичної характеристики погрози або насильства щодо працівника правоохоронного органу, охарактеризовано основні напрями. Досліджено юридичну природу та сутність, а також охарактеризовано структурні елементи криміналістичної характеристики погрози або насильства щодо працівника правоохоронного органу й окреслено можливі напрями вдосконалення правових механізмів під час документування злочинів згаданого виду
Значення комп’ютерних технологій при виявленні плагіату в наукових творах
Get PDFThe article analyses problematic issues regarding the importance of using computer technologies in detecting plagiarism in scientific works. It was determined that the problem of plagiarism in science is not only a matter of legislation, but a manifestation of disdain for scientific ethics and moral standards by the scientists themselves. The issue of academic plagiarism must be solved comprehensively and with joint efforts, by applying effective mechanisms to prevent plagiarism.
There is no single, complete, comprehensive and generally accepted definition of the category of plagiarism. The essence of plagiarism is the assignment of authorship to someone else’s original (literary, artistic, scientific) work or its part.
The development of information technologies creates conditions for detecting illegal borrowing. Special computer programmes and online services check works for originality much faster. The essence and nature of computer technologies, their importance in detecting plagiarism in scientific works are studied. Positive and negative points in the application of computer anti-plagiarism technologies were identified, and an appropriate assessment was given to them.
It is substantiated that plagiarism has a certain personification and specificity in various spheres and branches of human activity. The anti-plagiarism system almost does not take into account official parts of scientific works (cover letter, introduction, references to normative legal acts, conclusions, list of used sources) and evaluates them as plagiarism. The algorithm of the anti-plagiarism service must take into account constant stylistic turns and peculiarities of certain branches of science and technology. We believe that the results of new interpretations of scientific work should not be completely new. It is noted that checking with online services does not always reveal translations of texts or borrowings from editions not published online.
Accordingly, the results of information processing with the help of specialized anti-plagiarism programmes and services cannot independently be circumstances that allow making reasonable conclusions about the presence or absence of plagiarism in a scientific work. Anti-plagiarism services and programs really help in detecting plagiarism as an additional tool for searching for possible matches of the text, followed by their analysis and processing by a specialist.
But the situation with plagiarism still requires the use of plagiarism checking services (even with all their shortcomings). However, no matter how attractive and easy-to-use anti-plagiarism services are, it is necessary to do some work to improve information culture and respect for the copyrights of others.Статтю присвячено проблемним питанням використання комп’ютерних технологій при виявленні плагіату в наукових творах. Визначено, що проблема плагіату в науці – це не лише питання законодавства, а й прояв зневаги до наукової етики та норм моралі самими науковцями. Досліджено сутність і природу комп’ютерних технологій, їх значення при виявленні плагіату в наукових творах. Окреслено позитивні та негативні моменти при застосуванні комп’ютерних технологій антиплагіату, надано їм оцінку. Зауважено, що перевірка за допомогою онлайн-сервісів має низку суттєвих недоліків. Відповідно, результати обробки інформації за допомогою спеціалізованих програм і сервісів антиплагіату не можуть самостійно бути обставинами, що дозволяють зробити обґрунтовані висновки про наявність або відсутність у науковому творі плагіату
Деякі питання участі прокурора у провадженнях у справах про адміністративні правопорушення: за матеріалами Європейського суду з прав людини
Get PDFThe scientific work focuses on reviewing the works of scholars who have studied various aspects of the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. However, the issues of human rights protection and observance of the principle of competition during the consideration of an administrative offence case remain unaddressed.
A scientific analysis has been made of the positions of the European Court of Human Rights with regard to the protection of fundamental human rights in proceedings on administrative offences, and the involvement of the prosecutor in the proceedings with a view to ensuring that the parties are competitive and that the prosecutor fulfils his/her main purpose under administrative law, which is to supervise compliance with and correct application of the provisions of current legislation.
It has been proved that as a result of amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine, it was excluded Section VII “Prosecution” and was supplemented Section VIII “Justice” with a new Article 131-1. Therefore, under the new Ukrainian constitutional legal order, the prosecutor’s office as an institution performing the function of criminal prosecution is structurally integrated into the general system of justice. Considering that the place and role of the prosecutor\u27s office is defined in the title of Section VIII of the Constitution of Ukraine “Justice”, this indicates that the special status of the prosecutor’s office in the constitutional system of power is enshrined, and that there is a functional link between the court and the prosecutor’s office, which forms the legal basis of the prosecutor’s office and directly affects the practical activities of the prosecutor\u27s office as an institution of public power.
Based on the review of law enforcement practice, it has been noted that there is a need to revise the approach to administrative cases (under Article 130 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences) in the context of the European Court of Human Rights case law.
It has been proposed to amend and supplement the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences with provisions on the protection of fundamental rights of persons involved in administrative proceedings and to establish the appropriate procedural role of the prosecutor in the administrative process.У межах наукової праці здійснено аналіз рішень Європейського суду з прав людини в частині захисту основних прав особи у провадженні у справах про адміністративні правопорушення та залучення прокурора до участі в розгляді справи з метою забезпечення змагальності сторін і виконання відповідно до адміністративного законодавства свого основного призначення, що має прояв у здійсненні нагляду за додержанням і правильним застосуванням норм чинного законодавства. Запропоновано зміни до норм чинного законодавства щодо захисту основних прав осіб, які беруть участь у розгляді справ про адміністративні правопорушення