Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Транслятивне правонаступництво
Get PDFThe article examines the translational succession. The characteristic features and signs of legal acquisition have been identified. The features of translative succession, modern and most common approaches to its understanding have been considered. A comparison of translative succession and constitutive succession has been made. By identifying such differences, the article outlines the boundaries of the concept of “translative succession”. The method of analysis, synthesis and comparison has been used in the work, which allowed to identify the structural components of succession and to bring them together.
It has been established that legal succession is a transfer of rights and/or obligations from one person to another, which results in a change of the subject of legal relations. It has been found that succession is understood in the same way in many other countries. It has been concluded that the difference between constitutional succession and translative succession lies in the identity or non-identity of the right or obligation of the predecessor and the successor. In the case of translative succession, the right is transferred in full, and in the case of constitutive succession – only partially. The conclusion has been made that in case of translative succession the rights should be transferred only in full.
In general, translative succession as a type of succession is the transfer of rights and/or obligations from one person (predecessor) to another (successor), resulting in the replacement (change) of the subject of legal relations. At the same time, despite the change of the subject, the legal relationship itself as a systemic formation remains unchanged. The article establishes that the obligation which arose during the testator’s lifetime on the basis of a loan agreement and the obligation which was transferred to the heirs as a result of translational succession may not be the same in scope.У статті досліджено транслятивне правонаступництво. Виявлено характерні риси та ознаки правонабуття. Розглянуто особливості транслятивного правонаступництва, сучасні та найбільш поширені підходи до розуміння цього поняття. Проведено порівняння транслятивного правонаступництва та конститутивного правонаступництва. Через з’ясування відмінностей окреслено межі застосування поняття «транслятивне правонаступництво». Виявлено, що правонаступництво – це перенесення прав та/або обов’язків від однієї особи до іншої, в результаті чого відбувається зміна суб’єкта правовідносин
Правове регулювання повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування у сфері охорони здоров’я
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of the powers of local self-government bodies in health care. Legislative and subordinate acts governing legal relationships in healthcare are reviewed. The legislation regulating the powers of local self-government bodies is studied. The research of scientists in law and public administration focused on the governance of local healthcare facilities is examined.
The paper provides the characteristics of the specific powers of local self-government bodies in healthcare institution management. It includes the possibilities of creating and reorganizing such institutions, appointing leaders, and providing financial and material-technical support. Local councils have the authority to develop and approve programs for municipal healthcare institutions development. The involvement of local self-government bodies in developing hospital district development plans is clarified. The nature of the participation of local councils in providing benefits to medical workers working in rural areas is established. A list of potential healthcare institutions in Ukraine is provided. The norms of several legislative acts that provide relevant powers are compared.
An article proposes a classification of the powers of local self-government bodies in health care. In particular, all powers should be divided into three groups: planning and forecasting, regulatory, and organizational-supportive. In particular, powers should be divided into three groups: planning and forecasting, regulatory, and organizational-supportive. Proposals are made for amending the current legislation on healthcare and local self-government. It is proposed to enhance the legal regulation of the powers of local self-government bodies by including the full list of powers of local councils and their executive committees in the healthcare field in a separate section of Article 32 of the Law on Local Self-Government.Розкрито проблеми правового регулювання повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування у сфері охорони здоров’я. Досліджено законодавчі та підзаконні акти, які регулюють правовідносини у сфері охорони здоров’я. Вивчено праці науковців, які досліджували питання, пов’язані з управлінням комунальними закладами охорони здоров’я. Запропоновано класифікацію повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування у сфері охорони здоров’я. Висловлено пропозиції щодо внесення змін до чинного законодавства про охорону здоров’я та про місцеве самоврядування
Примусове годування засуджених: проблеми теорії та практики
Get PDFThe problematic issues of legislative consolidation and application of forced feeding to convicts who refuse to take food in institutions of execution of punishment are considered.
An analysis of domestic and international legislation in the field of treatment of convicts, prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment, principles of medical ethics and deontology regarding the admissibility of forced feeding of persons who have declared a hunger strike was carried out.
Special attention is paid to the analysis of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights against Ukraine, which found a violation of Article 3 of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the context of the treatment of convicts during their forced feeding, which was classified as torture.
Emphasis has been placed on the fact that the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in itself does not prohibit forced feeding, the purpose of which is to save the life of a specific person who is in custody and who deliberately refuses to eat. At the same time, it has been emphasized the need to comply with the requirements established by the European Court of Human Rights regarding the implementation of this procedure.
It has been proposed to abandon and prohibit the forced feeding of a mentally healthy and capable person who has declared a hunger strike, contrary to his informed and voluntary refusal, in the form in which it currently exists, replacing it with artificial feeding (supportive therapy) with the express or necessarily implied consent of the person.Розглянуто проблемні питання законодавчого закріплення та застосування в установах виконання покарання примусового годування до засуджених, які відмовляються від вживання їжі. Здійснено аналіз вітчизняного та міжнародного законодавства у сфері поводження із засудженими, принципів медичної етики щодо допустимості застосування цієї процедури, відповідних рішень Європейського суду з прав людини проти України. Запропоновано зміни до законодавства, а саме заборонити примусове годування засуджених
Спеціальний міжнародний трибунал із розслідування злочину агресії росії проти України: правовий аналіз, міжнародна юрисдикція та виклики
Get PDFThe article is one of the first attempts to provide a comprehensive study of the theoretical and practical foundations for the scientific idea of establishing a Special International Tribunal on investigation of the russian aggression against Ukraine and determining its place in the system of international criminal justice.
The problematic issues of establishing a Special International Tribunal to investigate the russian aggression against Ukraine have been studied. The organisational and legal efforts of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE and the EU in creating an international mechanism to bring the top political and military leadership of russia to justice for its aggression against Ukraine have been revealed. The attention is focused on the international legal analysis of the models for the future special tribunal, as well as its jurisdiction. The main challenges for the international community in establishing a special international tribunal to investigate the russian aggression against Ukraine are identified.
It has been noted that the establishment of a Special International Tribunal to investigate the crime of russian aggression against Ukraine should become an effective mechanism for investigating and documenting violations of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law committed by russia on the territory of Ukraine with the identification of those responsible; compensation for victims and restoration of justice for the Ukrainian people from russia\u27s full-scale armed attack; deterrence of aggressive and destabilising actions of the russian federation, which violates the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. At the same time, the establishment of a Special Tribunal will have an impact on preventing the recurrence of such crimes, impunity and setting a precedent for similar situations in the future; it will also play an important role in strengthening international law and norms, especially in the context of armed conflicts and aggression between states; as well as it will contribute to the restoration of confidence and stability in the region and around the world, and demonstrate the solidarity of the international community with Ukraine in its struggle to restore its sovereignty and territorial integrity.Досліджено проблемні питання утворення спеціального міжнародного трибуналу із розслідування злочину агресії росії проти України. Розкрито організаційно-правові зусилля Ради Європи, НАТО, ОБСЄ та ЄС у формуванні міжнародного механізму з притягнення до відповідальності вищого політичного і військового керівництва рф за агресію проти України. Акцентовано увагу на міжнародно-правовому аналізі моделей майбутнього спеціального трибуналу, розкрито його юрисдикцію. Визначено основні виклики для міжнародного співтовариства щодо створення спеціального міжнародного трибуналу з розслідування злочину агресії росії проти України
Угода про припинення зобов’язання переданням відступного: зміст та особливі ознаки
Get PDFIn order to ensure stable law enforcement, it is important to have a correct interpretation of the functions of the institution of indemnity and unified approaches to the implementation of the mechanism for concluding and executing an agreement on the transfer of indemnity. The legal nature of the transfer of indemnity, its special properties and significance in the construction of termination of an obligation by indemnity have been investigated. It has been emphasized that the function of the indemnity agreement is to record the parties’ agreement to terminate the principal obligation in this way, as well as explained the peculiarity of the indemnity agreement as a combination of the features of the law-establishing and law-terminating legal fact, since the agreement both gives rise to additional rights and obligations for the parties and serves to terminate the original obligation as a result of its execution i.e. transfer of the indemnity by the debtor to the creditor.
It has been suggested that it is the content of the agreement between the creditor and the debtor on the transfer of the indemnity, which is concluded in compliance with the requirements of current legislation, that allows distinguishing the indemnity from related institutions of law of obligations, and determining the nature of legal relations between the parties in case of disputes. For example, debt forgiveness is a law-terminating legal fact presented in the form of a transaction that does not create an obligation between the creditor and the debtor, and novation, unlike indemnity, does not provide for the termination of the binding relationship between the parties, but rather the preservation of such a relationship in a modified form.
Attention has also been drawn to the inadmissibility of entering into an agreement on indemnity by third parties who are not parties to the original obligation. Thus, the mechanism of termination of an obligation by indemnity is based solely on the will of the parties and their mutual agreement on all essential terms of indemnity transfer, which excludes any form of participation of a third party in the decision to terminate the obligation between the creditor and the debtor in this way.У забезпеченні стабільного правозастосування важливе значення мають правильне трактування функцій інституту відступного та єдині підходи до реалізації механізму укладення і виконання угоди про передання відступного. Стаття є оригінальною науковою роботою, в якій досліджено правову природу правочину щодо передання відступного, його особливі властивості та значення в конструкції припинення зобов’язання відступним. Наголошено на функції угоди про відступне – зафіксувати досягнення домовленості сторін на припинення основного зобов’язання саме в такий спосіб, а також обґрунтовано цю особливість угоди про передання відступного як поєднання ознак правовстановлюючого та правоприпиняючого юридичного факту. Обґрунтовано думку, що саме зміст угоди між кредитором і боржником про передання відступного, яка укладена з дотриманням вимог чинного законодавства, дозволяє відмежувати відступне від суміжних інститутів зобов’язального права, визначити природу правовідносин між сторонами, якщо виникають спірні ситуації
Режими диспозитивності у правовому регулюванні договірних відносин
Get PDFIt has been concluded that there is a need for further differentiation of the dispositivity regimes in the regulation of contractual relations. The contractual relationship "entrepreneur - entrepreneur" requires the highest possible degree of discretionary provisions of the legislation governing these relations, but the freedom of contract in such relations may be limited based on the need to maintain public order, public morality, restrain monopoly, protect third parties from negative externalities arising from certain types of economic activity.
In the legal regulation of contractual relations between entrepreneurs and consumers, discretion should be applied to a relatively minimal extent. In this regard, the legislator imperatively determines the terms of contracts on which the parties must reach an agreement; regulates sample (exemplary, typical) contracts; imposes pre-contractual obligations on entrepreneurs to fully inform consumers about the properties of products offered for sale; establishes general prohibitions on unfair contractual terms; provides consumers with certain guarantees regarding the conclusion, amendment and termination of contracts, etc.
The regime of regulation of contractual relations involving individuals who are non-entrepreneurs occupies a middle position between the two above legal regimes and provides for: establishment of a relatively smaller number of legal forms of contracts that may be concluded by citizens; determination of conditions mandatory for the conclusion of contracts in the legislation; consolidation of a general prohibition on unfair contractual terms; establishment of a wider list of contracts subject to notarisation; introduction of judicial control over compliance by the parties with the requirements of the law regarding the validity of contracts, etc. Such a differentiated approach allows establishing the most equitable regime for regulating contractual relations.
The boundaries of these legal regimes are difficult to fix in legislation in a certain stable state, and must be constantly adjusted by law enforcement practice.Зроблено висновок про необхідність подальшої диференціації режимів диспозитивності в регулюванні договірних відносин. Найвищий ступінь диспозитивності має проявлятися у правовому регулюванні договірних відносин за участі підприємців, найнижчий – у договірних зв’язках, де сторонами є підприємці та споживачі. Серединне положення за інтенсивністю прояву диспозитивних положень законодавства має посідати режим упорядкування договірних відносин, що виникають між фізичними особами-непідприємцями, а також між фізичними особами-непідприємцями та юридичними особами-непідприємцями
Незалежність нотаріуса під час учинення нотаріальних дій
Get PDFBased on the analysis of the scientific views of scholars and the norms of current legislation, a list of notarial acts that notaries are authorised to perform has been provided. The author’s own definition of the concept of “notarial acts” has been proposed. The importance of ensuring the independence of notaries in the course of notarial acts has been emphasised. A number of aspects confirming this thesis have been presented.
It has been established that notarial acts are a set of legally significant acts performed by a notary with the aim of providing notarial services as defined by the current legislation. The purpose of notarial acts is to ensure, firstly, the observance and protection of legal rights, freedoms and interests of individuals and legal entities, including those of a tangible and intangible nature, and secondly, the correctness and legality of concluding contracts, confirming documents and providing other legal services as defined by current legislation.
It has been noted that in the course of notarial acts, a notary must be an independent and impartial mediator between the parties, and act exclusively in compliance with the applicable law. This, in turn, ensures the reliability and legitimacy of transactions concluded between the parties and helps to prevent attempts at fraud and manipulation of documents.
It has been generalised that ensuring the appropriate level of notary independence in the course of notarial acts is important: firstly, for notaries themselves, since in this case they are able to perform their activities free from any influence, which is an additional guarantee of ensuring the regime of legality in their work; secondly, for users of notaries’ services, since notary independence is a guarantee of observance of the rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities, and is also a preventive measure against any unlawful acts (fraud, document forgery, etc.).Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених і норм чинного законодавства, розкрито перелік нотаріальних дій, які уповноважені здійснювати нотаріуси. Запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «нотаріальні дії». Наголошено на важливості забезпечення незалежності нотаріусів у процесі реалізації ними нотаріальних дій. Наведено низку аспектів, що підтверджують цю тезу
Лікарська (медична) помилка: поняття та причини її виникнення
Get PDFThe concept of “medical (doctor’s) error” is analysed from the doctrinal standpoint. The existing approaches (legal and medical) to defining the legal nature of a medical (doctor’s) error have been considered. It has been argued that this topic is of great theoretical and practical importance, since errors and negligence of doctors and medical staff can cause irreparable harm to patients\u27 health or lead to death. The problem is complex, because it requires both medical and legal knowledge, and is related to the most important and difficult issue of qualifying certain acts. It has been concluded that the term “medical (doctor’s) error” is the most appropriate one, but it is absent in Ukrainian legislation. It has been proposed to introduce appropriate amendments to the legislation in the field of medicine and to enshrine the concept of “medical (doctor’s) error”, types and causes of its occurrence legally. The main characteristics of the category of medical (doctor\u27s) error have been substantiated, and its content has been defined.
The reasons for the occurrence of medical errors have been analysed. The subjective and objective reasons that influence the actions (inaction) of doctors and medical professionals have been identified. The classification of medical (doctor’s) error according to various criteria has been studied. Certain types of such errors are identified, in particular: diagnostic; therapeutic and tactical; technical; organisational; deontological.
A legal assessment of a medical (doctor’s) error as one of the possible grounds for civil liability has been provided. It has been substantiated that the liability of a doctor and medical staff depends on the presence of fault in their actions and the qualification of the negative result of medical care. In addition, scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations for improving the civil legislation of Ukraine in the field of medical activity have been provided.Проаналізовано поняття «лікарська (медична) помилка» з доктринальних позицій. Розглянуто наявні підходи (юридичний та медичний) до розуміння правової природи лікарської (медичної) помилки. Досліджено причини (фактори) виникнення лікарських (медичних) помилок. Розкрито класифікацію та шість видів лікарських помилок. Наголошено на наявності лікарських (медичних) помилок та відсутності законодавчого закріплення цих понять, які потребують значної уваги як з боку наукової спільноти, так і з боку законодавця
Кримінологічний портрет професійного злочинця
Get PDFThe article reveals the peculiarities of criminological characteristics of professional criminals. It is indicated that professional criminals have deliberately chosen criminal activity as a tool to meet their material needs. The main motive of a professional criminal is profit, which is based on improving the material standard of living and obtaining a constant income from criminal activity. It is established that professional criminals are a group of the most dangerous and active criminals who deliberately oppose themselves to society and have a significant deformation of the value and normative sphere.
The personality of a professional criminal is characterised by systematic anti-social behaviour and the commission of homogeneous crimes in the form of a trade. They are characterised by a constant readiness to commit crimes, a deep deformation of the sphere of interests and needs, negativism, and an extreme degree of individualism.
The personality of a professional criminal has the following characteristics: a stable type of criminal "profession" (specialisation); certain knowledge and skills (qualifications); a permanent income - crime as a source of livelihood; connection with the antisocial environment; the habitual nature of this activity (unconscious passion); a high level of invulnerability of criminals to criminal prosecution.
Most professional criminals have inflated self-esteem, developed ambition, hostility towards others, and a desire to maintain authority in their environment at any cost. Professional criminals are characterised by a deformed moral and legal consciousness. Most of them are characterised by distorted value orientations, selfishness, intellectual and volitional passivity, significant dependence on external situations, inability and unwillingness to subordinate their behaviour to socially useful goals, lack of personal long-term plans, weakness, and unbalancedness. They are also characterised by greed, self-interest, cruelty, anger, envy, lack of self-criticism, constant self-justification, and fatalism.
The study of the personality of a professional criminal is a prerequisite for further activities on individual prevention of various types of crimes with signs of criminal professionalism and is associated with the development of an urgent problem of predicting individual criminal behaviour.Розкрито особливості кримінологічної характеристики професійних злочинців. Вказано, що професійні злочинці свідомо вибрали злочинну діяльність як інструмент задоволення своїх матеріальних потреб. Головним мотивом особи професійного злочинця є користь, в основі якої лежить підвищення матеріального рівня життя, отримання постійного прибутку від злочинної діяльності
Поняття й ознаки торгових правовідносин як предмета торгового права
Get PDFIt is established that Trade Law is a branch of law which regulates legal relations arising in the course of business activities, in particular, those related to the purchase and sale of goods and services, as well as other transactions related to the relevant processes. This branch of law contains legal rules that govern the establishment, registration, management and liquidation of enterprises, transactions, fair competition, consumer protection, intellectual property, patents and trademarks, and other aspects of business activities related to trading.
The article proves that trade legal relations as the subject matter of the Trade Law branch are a complex set of property and non-property relations arising between trade law entities in relation to the sale and purchase of goods and services. These legal relations include all stages of the process of buying and selling goods and services: from finding partners and signing a contract to making payments and fulfilling the parties’ obligations.
It is argued that the key features of trade legal relations are as follows: parties to trade legal relations are not only legal entities, but also individuals; one of the parties to legal relations is necessarily an entity which sells goods and services; the relevant relations arise not only by concluding a written agreement, they may also be oral; these legal relations are governed by the rules of not only Trade Law, but also other branches of law which are closely intertwined with each other; parties to trade relations usually have a single goal which is a commercial one; the quality and efficiency of trade relations affect the development of the state\u27s economy as a whole, as well as the financial and economic condition of each individual; regulation of trade relations is an important guarantee of observance of the rights and freedoms of a person using services, works, etc.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених, запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «торгове право». Акцентовано увагу на сутності та змісті предмета торгового права. Зауважено, що торгові правовідносини як предмет галузі торгового права є складним комплексом відносин (майнового та немайнового характеру), що виникають між суб’єктами торгового права стосовно купівлі-продажу товарів і послуг. Наведено перелік ключових ознак досліджуваних правовідносин