Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Теоретико-методологічні основи судової товарознавчої експертизи швейних виробів
Get PDFThe examination of garment products is a popular type of forensic commodity expertise in proceedings related to the protection of the interests of Ukrainian producers, business entities in the sale and rental of garment products, as well as the investigation of offences related to export and import operations.
Based on the study of the legislative framework for conducting forensic commodity research of garment products, as well as regulatory documents on the methodology for assessing the quality of garments for various purposes, the author states that there is still no unified list of control objects to be studied in the course of garment examination.
The article is devoted to the problems of methodology for forensic commodity examination of garments. It has been established that the lack of unified terminology causes differences in the interpretation of methodological guidelines for conducting examinations and differences in the interpretation of research results. The fundamental differences between the purpose, composition of materials and market conditions of a particular type of garment can significantly affect the choice of research methods. In this regard, the article considers the nomenclature of objects of forensic commodity examination of garments, which makes it possible to streamline the expert’s actions in accordance with the specifics of the object of study. The nomenclature identifies the following groups of indicators for the examination of garments: compliance of the product and control label details with the requirements of regulatory documentation, correspondence of appearance, adequacy of the type of materials used for sewing the garment, safety of materials, quality of fit of the garment, quality of manufacture of the garment, correspondence of linear measurements to nominal values, and market value of identical (similar) goods.Висвітлено проблеми методології судової товарознавчої експертизи швейних виробів. Виявлено, що внаслідок відсутності уніфікованої термінології виникають розбіжності у тлумаченні методологічних вказівок із проведення експертиз і розходження в інтерпретації результатів досліджень. Унаслідок цього відмінності між призначенням, складом матеріалів і ринковою кон’юнктурою того чи іншого виду швейного виробу можуть суттєво впливати на вибір методів дослідження. У зв’язку із цим розглянуто номенклатуру об’єктів судової товарознавчої експертизи швейних виробів, яка дає змогу впорядкувати дії експерта відповідно до специфіки об’єкта дослідження. Надано рекомендації щодо впорядкування груп показників для експертизи швейних виробів
Правовий статус суб’єктів громадського контролю за діяльністю Національної поліції України
Get PDFThe article analyses and clarifies the concept of public control over the activities of the National Police in Ukraine. Public control over the activities of the police is defined as a targeted activity of the organised and unorganised public regarding the quality of police activities and the effectiveness of the tasks and duties assigned to police representatives. The importance of public control over the activities of law enforcement agencies in terms of building a democratic state with an active civil society is emphasised. Public control is an instrument of public assessment of the implementation of public tasks by law enforcement agencies. Control over the activities of the National Police in Ukraine allows to regulate the relationship between the government and the community, which is an integral feature of all democratic states. The specificity of public control, in comparison with other types of control, is the subject-object sphere, which is manifested in the public\u27s control. In the process of public control, the implementation of social tasks directly related to the protection and realisation of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as satisfaction and harmonisation of social needs and interests of the population is monitored. The main forms and subjects of public control are defined. Public control over the activities of the National Police can be carried out by individual and collective, organized and unorganized subjects whose activity profile is general or law enforcement oriented. According to their legal status, the subjects of public control over police activities can be natural or legal entities of private law and associations of citizens without the status of a legal entity. Important subjects of public control over the activities of the National Police in Ukraine are mass media, public councils and public organizations. It has been concluded that public control allows to improve the quality of police activities and to influence the implementation of changes in the activities of the National Police in Ukraine, which is especially important during a full-scale war.Проаналізовано та з’ясовано поняття громадського контролю за діяльністю Національної поліції України. Наголошено на важливості громадського контролю за діяльністю правоохоронних органів в аспекті розвитку демократичної держави з активним громадянським суспільством. Визначено основні форми та суб’єктів реалізації громадського контролю. Окремо встановлено дієвість медіа, громадських рад і громадських організацій в реалізації громадського контролю за діяльністю поліції. Зроблено висновок, що громадський контроль підвищує якість та ефективність поліцейської діяльності
Поняття і структурні елементи системи особистих немайнових прав працівників
Get PDFThe article considers the problem of defining the system of personal non-property rights of an employee, as a set of its individual structural basic elements in the system of personal non-property benefits of an individual, and in the general system of human rights. The essence and content of any social, legal phenomena, which are the personal non-property rights of employees, as relevant legal values, can be fully revealed only thanks to the study of objective signs characteristic of these rights. When studying the current issues of employees’ personal rights, it is extremely important to determine their structure as a certain systemic formation and a separate group in the general system of labour rights which would reflect and ensure their internal differentiation and external unity. Due to the fact that the personal rights of a person are a separate type of subjective rights (they belong to the category of intangible goods), their features are the absence of direct property content and an inseparable connection with the personality of their bearer. At the same time, in an objective sense, personal non-property rights are undeniably a complex legal institution that forms the norms of various branches of public and private law (constitutional, criminal, administrative, environmental, civil, family, housing, labor, etc.). Based on the analysis of the provisions of national and prospective legislation, as well as the achievements of scientific thought, the article provides a legal description of the concept of the system, structure and elements of the system of personal non-property rights of an employee in connection with the performance of his/her employment duties. The issue of the possibility of regulatory definition and consolidation of the system and classification of personal non-property rights of employees in the course of their employment functions has been investigated. The scientific novelty of the publication is that the issue of systematization and/or classification of the employee\u27s personal non-property rights has been comprehensively researched, taking into account the classes (types) of their types, in accordance with the requirements of national civil and labor legislation and according to scientific research.Розглянуто проблему визначення системи особистих немайнових прав працівника як сукупність її окремих структурних базових елементів як у системі особистих немайнових благ фізичної особи, так і в загальній системі прав людини. На підставі аналізу норм національного законодавства, а також досягнень наукової думки надано правову характеристику понять системи, структури й елементів системи особистих немайнових прав працівника в процесі його трудової діяльності. Вивчено питання можливості нормативного визначення та закріплення системи й класифікації особистих немайнових прав працівника під час виконанням ним своїх трудових функцій
Поняття і значення мирових угод у господарському процесі
Get PDFThe article establishes that a settlement agreement in commercial proceedings is a voluntary agreement between the parties to a conflict to resolve a dispute which arose between them in the course of conducting economic activity or in the course of performance of economic contracts. Such an agreement may be concluded both before the dispute is resolved in court and directly during the court proceedings. It is an effective means of dispute resolution, as it avoids lengthy and costly court proceedings and ensures a more prompt resolution of the problem on the merits between the parties to the conflict.
It is argued that settlement agreements are an important tool in the economic process, since with their help it is possible to: 1) to save the parties to the dispute on court costs, as well as to save time of courts and judges who are already working in difficult conditions with a significant overload; 2) to maintain normal relations between the parties in conflict. Settlement agreements can help reduce tensions between the parties and increase mutual respect and trust between them; 3) eliminate the risk of uncertainty, as court decisions may not always fully take into account the interests of the parties to the dispute, while settlement agreements usually satisfy the interests of both parties; 4) increase the efficiency of the dispute resolution process, as they can be concluded more quickly than in court. In addition, the conclusion of an agreement allows the parties to resolve the conflict themselves, satisfying each other\u27s interests to the maximum extent possible.
It is noted that the legislator has a rather superficial approach to the regulation of conciliation procedures in commercial proceedings, which is a significant gap. In particular, it is important to ensure that the obligations undertaken by the parties to the conflict are compulsory.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених, розкрито загальнотеоретичний підхід щодо визначення терміна «мирова угода». Розкрито відмінності між процесуальною мировою угодою та цивільною мировою угодою. Надано характеристику сутності мирових угод у господарському процесі. Наведено низку аргументів, які підтверджують важливість реалізації мирових угод у господарському процесі
Теоретико-правовий погляд на зміст об’єктивної сторони ст. 178 КУпАП: теза, антитеза, аргументи, демонстрація
Get PDFThe article is structured according to the elements of the logical operation of “proof”, which includes the following elements.
Thesis: it is impossible to bring a person to administrative liability for violation of Article 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences for drinking beer, alcoholic or soft drinks in public places, if the person drinks these beverages, for example, in the apartment building entrance.
Antithesis: administrative liability under Art. 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences is incurred for drinking beer, alcoholic or soft drinks in an entrance hall as a place prohibited by law, i.e. a public place, in accordance with para. 1, Part 1, Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Measures to Prevent and Reduce the Use of Tobacco Products and Their Harmful Effects on Public Health”. The application of the Law regulating the state policy on prevention of smoking of tobacco products to regulate legal relations in the field of public order and public safety, in terms of drinking spirits in public places, is justified by using a specific method – analogy of law.
Arguments: firstly, the presence of the phrase “other places prohibited by law” contained in part 1 of Article 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences does not indicate incompleteness of legal provisions, referring to part 3 of Art. 15-3 of the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Production and Circulation of Ethyl Alcohol, Cognac and Fruit Alcohol, Alcoholic Beverages, Tobacco Products, Liquids Used in Electronic Cigarettes and Fuel”, and therefore there are no grounds for applying the analogy of the law; secondly, when establishing the objective side of Art. 187 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences in terms of drinking beer (except for non-alcoholic), alcoholic and soft drinks, it is necessary to distinguish between the categories of “public places” and “places prohibited by law”; thirdly, according to the current legislation, the application of the analogy of the law is the privilege of judges, while police officers do not have such powers, and the opposite may indicate a violation of the principle of legality of proceedings in cases of administrative offences.
Presentation: the combination of the above arguments confirms the thesis that a person cannot be brought to administrative liability for violation of Article 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences.Стаття побудована відповідно до елементів логічної операції «доведення», що включає в себе такі елементи: теза (не можна притягувати особу до адміністративної відповідальності за порушення ст. 178 КУпАП за розпивання пива, алкогольних, слабоалкогольних напоїв у громадських місцях); антитеза (положення про можливість притягнення особи до адміністративної відповідальності за порушення ст. 178 КУпАП за розпивання пива, алкогольних, слабоалкогольних напоїв у громадських місцях на підставі застосування аналогії закону); аргументи, що свідчать про хибність антитези; демонстрація, яка передбачає підтвердження тези
Основи методики розслідування порушення законів і звичаїв війни
Get PDFBased on modern ideas on the concept of forensic methods of specific crimes investigation, their classification according to the level of generalisation of information contained therein and their structure, the article considers theoretical prerequisites for developing methods of investigation of violations of the laws and customs of war. The relevance of scientific developments in this area has been substantiated. Based on the definition of the criminal law classification of criminal acts included in the concept of "violation of the laws and customs of war", the author concludes that it is advisable to develop subspecies methods of investigation of crimes of certain types included in this concept.
A typical structure of a separate methodology for investigating violations of the laws and customs of war has been proposed, which includes the following elements (blocks): 1) forensic characteristics of a war crime; 2) circumstances to be established; 3) peculiarities of detecting a crime and initiating criminal proceedings; 4) typical investigative situations, tasks and algorithms of the investigator regarding actions at the initial stage of the investigation; 5) typical investigative situations, tasks and algorithms of the investigator regarding actions at the next stage of the investigation; 6) organisation and planning of the investigation, interaction of the investigator with other subjects of criminal proceedings; 7) tactics of certain procedural actions: public and covert investigative (detective) actions, measures to ensure criminal proceedings, as well as tactical operations. It has been noted that among these constituent elements, a separate problem is the information content of the last block which is the forensic prevention measures. This is due to the practical impossibility of eliminating the causes and conditions contributing to war crimes, and taking special forensic measures to prevent, counteract and stop them.
Crime prevention is possible only if there is effective control by the subject of such activity over the object. At present, national judicial and investigative bodies and any other subjects of state power do not have the ability to influence war crimes, and therefore there is no possibility to eliminate the causes and conditions of such crimes.На підставі сучасних уявлень про поняття криміналістичної методики розслідування окремих злочинів, їх класифікації та структури розглянуто теоретичні передумови розроблення методики розслідування порушень законів і звичаїв війни. Обґрунтовано актуальність наукових розробок у цьому напрямі. На підставі визначення кримінально-правової класифікації злочинних діянь, що входять до поняття «порушення законів і звичаїв війни», зроблено висновки про доцільність побудови підвидових методик розслідування таких злочинів. Запропоновано типову структуру окремої методики розслідування порушення законів і звичаїв війни
Мета, предмет і завдання судової медицини
Get PDFIt has been established that forensic medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the application of medical knowledge and methods to resolve legal issues, in particular those related to death, injury and other types of violence. The main purpose of forensic medicine is to examine the bodies of the dead or injured in order to determine the cause of death or injury, as well as to determine the possible criminal element in the act. To do this, forensic physicians use methods of body examination, evidence collection and expert analysis.
It has been generalised that forensic medical examination as a subject of forensic medicine is a scientific and practical research carried out by specially trained specialists with the aim of providing an objective assessment of medical issues in cases brought before a court. This examination may include determining the causes and circumstances of death, assessing injuries, determining the severity and possible consequences of injuries, examining the patient\u27s medical history, and other medical issues that may be relevant to the resolution of court cases. The results of a forensic medical examination may be used as evidence in a court of law.
It has been stated that the main tasks of forensic medicine as a branch of science are: study of human physiology and pathology, as well as the relationship of these processes with the knowledge of the cause of death and other traumatic injuries; development and improvement of methods for detection and assessment of traumatic injuries and their consequences, as well as establishment of the relationship between trauma and health consequences; detection of the impact of physical and chemical factors on human health, as well as establishment of the causes and consequences of the impact of these factors; determining the state of human health in the context of criminal investigation, including assessment of the state of alcohol or drug intoxication and its impact on human behaviour and actions; studying the relationship between the state of health and the crime committed, as well as establishing the facts of the presence and nature of injuries of victims.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених, запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «судова медицина». Виокремлено мету, предмет і завдання судової медицини. Аргументовано, що судова медицина має на меті забезпечити точність і об’єктивність у визначенні причин та наслідків насильства та інших видів травматичних подій для забезпечення правосуддя і захисту громадянських прав
Теоретико-правова характеристика принципів цивільного права
Get PDFIt has been noted that the purpose of the principles of law is to ensure a uniform formulation of legal norms and their impact on social relations in the form of legal regulation and other forms of legal influence. They identify ways to improve legal provisions and act as guiding ideas for legislators. When enshrined in legal acts, principles ensure the unity of the processes of creating, implementing and protecting law.
It has been proved that the principles of civil law are best understood as the starting points, the basic ideas underlying the formation, functioning and further development of the relevant branch of law. They create and provide the ideological basis for the development and proper regulation of social relations which are the subject matter of the civil branch of law.
It has been argued that the list of principles enshrined in the Civil Code of Ukraine is not exhaustive, but is supplemented by the following principles: good faith and good intentions; enforcement of obligations; protection of property rights; protection of the right to inviolability of the person; freedom of will; equality and equality of the parties to a civil contract (agreement); compliance with contractual obligations; economic freedom; and recognition of legal capacity.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених, запропоновано авторське визначення принципів цивільного права. Обґрунтована важливість їх законодавчого закріплення. Аргументовано, що перелік принципів, закріплених у Цивільному кодексі України, не є вичерпним, а отже, він потребує розширення
Правові засади міжнародного співробітництва Національної поліції України з правоохоронними органами іноземних держав
Get PDFRapid integration processes require the establishment of effective cooperation both between governments and between their individual bodies, institutions and organisations in all spheres of society. Law enforcement activity is no exception, since its effective implementation is a guarantee for ensuring the formation of a security space both on the territory of the state and on its borders.
The central place in the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine is occupied by the National Police of Ukraine, which is entrusted with many functions, including effective international cooperation with the bodies and organisations of neighbouring States, partner countries and international organisations. Based on the analysis of the legal literature, it is established that Ukrainian scholars have made attempts to outline the main aspects of international cooperation of the National Police of Ukraine, but insufficient attention has been paid to the legal framework. Therefore, based on a synthesis of theoretical developments of scholars in the context of studying the issues related to international cooperation between the National Police of Ukraine and other States, and an analysis of the provisions of the legal acts regulating the activities and procedure for interaction between the National Police and bodies, institutions and organisations of other countries, this article defines the legal framework for interaction between these entities. It has been stated that any form of international cooperation should be carried out in compliance with the following principles: legality, rule of law, partnership, efficiency, coherence of actions and means used, effective communication, and competence. It has been emphasised that it is fundamental to bring the provisions of national legislative acts in line with international legal treaties, which are the legal basis for international cooperation, in order to prevent any legal conflicts in this area. The article outlines the prospects for further research.Важливу роль у забезпеченні формування безпекового простору як на території держави, так і на її кордонах відіграють правоохоронні органи. Центральне місце в системі правоохоронних органів України посідає Національна поліція України, на яку покладено реалізацію багатьох функцій у контексті здійснення правоохоронної діяльності. Не менш важливою є організація ефективного міжнародного співробітництва Національної поліції України з органами та організаціями держав-сусідів, країн-партнерів і тих, які надають вагому підтримку нашій державі у відновленні територіальної цілісності. Дослідження шляхів удосконалення та підвищення ефективності міжнародного співробітництва Національної поліції України з правоохоронними організаціями інших держав є одним із важливих компонентів подальшої євроінтеграції, а отже, і пріоритетним напрямом зовнішньої політики
Процесуальний статус учасників кримінального провадження як засіб забезпечення прав і законних інтересів
Get PDFThe concept of procedural status of participants in criminal proceedings is considered. According to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, participants in criminal proceedings are parties to criminal proceedings, persons who take part in criminal proceedings. A comparison of this definition with specific norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which refer to participants in criminal proceedings, shows that the law includes not only persons involved in criminal proceedings, but also the subjects of criminal procedural activity themselves, i.e. officials and bodies that conduct (investigate) criminal proceedings, etc.
The procedure for recognizing a person as a subject of criminal procedural relations established by law is of great importance for ensuring the legality of criminal proceedings and allows to properly protect the interests of persons involved in this field of activity.
Ambiguity of understanding and extended interpretation of the reasons for involvement in criminal proceedings, failure to establish a clear procedure for acquiring the relevant status violate the orderliness of procedural activities, which thus reflects on the legitimate interests of the participants in criminal proceedings. Therefore, a formal approach to determining the circle of participants in criminal proceedings should be followed.
This approach is able to give such positive results as certainty, stability of the procedural provision, predictability of the behavior of participants in criminal proceedings and the results of their actions, as well as to create a logical and consistent system of mechanisms for the exercise, protection and protection of their rights and legitimate interests.Розглянуто поняття процесуального статусу учасників кримінального провадження. Відповідно до КПК України учасники кримінального провадження – це сторони кримінального провадження, особи, які беруть участь у кримінальному процесі. Співставлення цього визначення з конкретними нормами КПК України щодо учасників кримінального провадження показує, що до них за законом належать не тільки особи, щодо яких здійснюється кримінальне провадження, а й самі суб’єкти кримінальної процесуальної діяльності, тобто посадові особи та органи, які ведуть кримінальне провадження, тощо