Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Належний відбір кадрів до Служби безпеки України як передумова кар’єрного росту її працівників
Get PDFThe current state of national legislation regarding the establishment of a list of requirements for candidates for service in bodies and units of the Security Service of Ukraine has been considered. The achievements of scholars on the essence of personnel selection, career, and labour legal personality of employees have been studied. The peculiarities of the legal personality of employees of the Security Service of Ukraine have been determined.
The requirements established by national legislation for the candidates to serve in the Security Service of Ukraine and the proper professional selection of the best of them are an important factor in staffing this law enforcement agency with professional employees who will be able to perform their duties efficiently and achieve the results planned by the management. The high-quality performance of the tasks faced by the bodies of the Security Service of Ukraine by its employees directly depends on properly organized labor stimulation, in particular, the possibility of career growth. The latter should be supported by an effective career management system, which is based on ensuring fair career development of employees by assessing their business qualities, performance and authority among colleagues.
The proposals and recommendations for improving national legislation in terms of establishing a list of requirements for candidates to serve in the bodies and units of the Security Service of Ukraine and career development of its employees have been provided. There is a need to amend Article 19 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Security Service of Ukraine” with the following provisions: first, on the need for candidates to be proficient in Ukrainian at the level determined in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On ensuring the functioning of Ukrainian as the State language”, and second, on the need to test candidates for service using a polygraph, which will allow for more objective information about the candidate’s past, environment, positive and negative personal qualities. The Law of Ukraine “On the Security Service of Ukraine” should include a separate article entitled “Career in the Security Service of Ukraine”, which should define the term “career in the Security Service of Ukraine” and predict the specifics of a career in the Security Service of Ukraine.Розглянуто сучасний стан національного законодавства щодо встановлення переліку вимог до кандидатів на службу в органи та підрозділи Служби безпеки України. Вивчено надбання науковців щодо сутності відбору кадрів, кар’єри, трудової правосуб’єктності працівників. Визначено особливості трудової правосуб’єктності працівників Служби безпеки України. Надано пропозиції та рекомендації з удосконалення національного законодавства щодо встановлення переліку вимог до кандидатів на службу в органи та підрозділи Служби безпеки України та кар’єрного росту її працівників
Спосіб і засоби вчинення незаконного полювання як обставини доказування у кримінальному провадженні (на матеріалах судової практики)
Get PDFThe present criminal and criminal procedural legislation, as well as the practice of application of the provisions on criminal liability for illegal hunting have been studied. As the study subject, the examples of case law have been chosen, which allowed to identify typical ways and means of committing a criminal offence in the presence of specific circumstances of their application. The correlation of substantive and procedural law provisions aimed at achieving the goal and fulfilling the tasks of investigating criminal offences against the environment has been analysed; recommendations on the practice of application of criminal liability provisions have been provided; the correct interpretation of the ways and means of committing illegal hunting based on the analysis of law enforcement practice has been ensured. Based on the analysis of law enforcement practice of some aspects of the criminal procedural component, the most common and typical means, methods (forms), and tools of illegal hunting used in encroachment on wildlife have been identified.
It has been established that preparation for committing illegal hunting may include: choosing the time and place of illegal hunting; searching for and preparing illegal hunting tools and means; selection of accomplices to illegal hunting; and deciding on the prey. The typical ways of committing illegal hunting have been defined as follows: hunting without a permit (for hunting animals, for the use of firearms, etc.); hunting at prohibited times (during the periods prohibited for hunting of the respective species of animals, in the dark, etc.); hunting with the use of prohibited tools and prohibited methods (nooses, traps, nets, etc.); hunting in prohibited areas (on the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund, in reproduction areas, etc.); hunting for animal species listed in the Red Book. The above list of typical methods and tools for committing illegal hunting is not exhaustive, but is the most promising in terms of developing methods for their investigation. The most common tools used in illegal hunting are hunting (smoothbore or firearms) weapons, nooses and nets.Проведено аналіз практики застосування норми про відповідальність за незаконне полювання (ст. 248 Кримінального кодексу України), виявлено найбільш поширені способи та знаряддя (засоби) незаконного полювання. На підставі дослідження визначено типове поєднання способів і знарядь (засобів) незаконного полювання
Особливості призначення та проведення судових експертиз в умовах воєнного стану
Get PDFIt has been proved that criminal justice is a procedure regulated by the norms of current criminal procedure legislation for the activities of specially authorized subjects (bodies of inquiry, preliminary investigation, prosecution, etc.) to determine the circumstances relating to the commission of criminal offences, conduct pre-trial investigation, hold court hearings, render decisions and impose punishment for criminal offences. It has been noted that forensic examination is a special study carried out by highly qualified persons, in accordance with the established procedures and methods, with the aim of obtaining objective and reliable information about an object or event which is the subject of a trial. Forensic examination is one of the key means of evidence in criminal proceedings. Its key purpose is to conduct a specialised investigation to obtain objective and reliable data about a particular object, which can be used as evidence in criminal proceedings. Forensic examinations can be conducted in various fields, such as medicine, physics, chemistry, ballistics, graphology and others, and the data collected can be important for the course of criminal proceedings.
It has been noted that under martial law, there are fundamentally new features of the appointment and conduct of forensic examinations. At the same time, the need to reduce bureaucratic procedures in the course of appointing examinations, to introduce certain elements of electronic document flow into this process, to reduce the timeframe for conducting certain examinations with their mandatory preliminary differentiation depending on the degree of complexity, and to ensure that such differentiation is legally enshrined in law are also emphasised.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених, розкрито теоретичні підходи до тлумачення поняття «судова експертиза». Запропоновано авторське визначення відповідної наукової категорії. Аргументовано, що ключове призначення судової експертизи полягає у проведенні спеціалізованого дослідження з метою отримання об’єктивних і достовірних даних про певний об’єкт, які в подальшому можуть використовуватися як докази у кримінальному процесі. Визначено та детально розглянуто особливості призначення і проведення судових експертиз в умовах воєнного стану
Кадрова проблема в міліції в 1943–1944 рр. та шляхи її вирішення
Get PDFThe state of police staffing during 1943-1944 is revealed, its peculiarities related to the course of the German-Soviet war are identified. The staffing problem in the police during the war was extremely acute. The mobilisation of police officers to the army, their deaths in combat, and evacuation to the east significantly worsened the staffing potential of this law enforcement body. The situation with recruitment in 1943–1944 changed somewhat compared to the first stage of the war. This process became more manageable and lost the main elements of chaos and situationalism that were characteristic of the initial period of the war. In the regions of Ukraine liberated from the Nazis, NKVD operational groups immediately began recruiting police officers. There were several sources of this formation: pensioners, women, demobilised soldiers and partisans, as well as officers seconded from other regions of the USSR. The educational level of newly recruited police officers was very low at the time. Thus, of those recruited to the state police, only 7.6 % had special training, 3.1 % had military education, and 10.6 % had a secondary education. A significant proportion of police officers had little work experience. For example, 45 % of the state police had less than 1 year of service, and almost 69 % of the departmental police had less than 1 year of service. By the end of 1944, the total percentage of police personnel reached 70.4%. The ethnic composition of the police was as follows: Ukrainians – 47.8%, Russians – 36.5 %, Jews – 15.4 %, and others – 0.3%. Due to the shortage of people, large deviations from the mandatory conditions and rules for staffing the police were allowed. People who did not meet the requirements for police personnel in terms of age, health, education and generally did not meet the requirements for police personnel were recruited. This resulted in numerous official misconducts and crimes. The qualitative shortage of staff led to a significant turnover of personnel. To overcome the difficulties, this police staff learnt the basics of police service on the job, combining service with training. In addition, police officers received the necessary knowledge at various seminars and advanced training courses.Розкрито стан кадрового забезпечення міліції в 1943–1944 рр., виявлено його особливості, пов’язані з перебігом німецько-радянської війни. Ситуація з комплектуванням кадрів у ці роки дещо змінилася, якщо порівняти з першим етапом війни. Цей процес став більш керованим і втратив основні елементи хаотичності та ситуативності, властиві початковому періоду війни. Показано, якими шляхами відбувалося комплектування кадрів міліції, недоліки в організації цього процесу, пов’язані як з об’єктивними, так і з суб’єктивними чинниками, зокрема мобілізацією багатьох працівників міліції до лав армії, їхньою загибеллю на фронтах війни, переміщенням з території України у східні райони СРСР, недостатньою кваліфікацією новоприйнятих працівників міліції. Акцентовано увагу на тих організаційних заходах, які проводилися керівництвом НКВС для поліпшення кадрової ситуації в міліції
Система процесуальних гарантій прав учасників кримінального провадження під час досудового розслідування
Get PDFThe current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine contains legal guarantees designed to ensure proper protection, safeguarding and realisation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings. However, in the legal literature, there is no unified approach to defining the essence and content of the system of procedural guarantees of the rights of participants to criminal proceedings, which negatively affects the functioning of the entire system of criminal procedural guarantees, its efficiency and effectiveness. The stability and effectiveness of the studied system of guarantees is an indicator of the level of development of many areas of public life and the legal status of an individual in the State. In this context, the issue of guaranteeing the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of participants to criminal proceedings during the pre-trial investigation is controversial for both legislators and scholars, and is important for every citizen of Ukraine, since pre-trial investigation and criminal procedural activities in general are associated with interference with a person\u27s private life and restriction of his or her rights, freedoms and legitimate interests in cases provided for by law.
An analysis of the essence of the system of procedural guarantees of the participants’ rights in criminal proceedings during pre-trial investigation has been made, and its structure and main constituent elements have been characterized. It has been proved that the system of the studied guarantees forms a set of conditions and means which are inextricably linked and interact.
Based on the results of the study of scientific discussions and positions of procedural scholars, the author establishes that the system of procedural guarantees of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of participants to criminal proceedings should be considered as a set of interrelated and interacting regulatory and organisational guarantees contained in the provisions of substantive and procedural law and regulatory legal acts.
Based on the results of the study, it has been proposed to define the elements of the system of procedural guarantees of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of participants to criminal proceedings during pre-trial investigation, namely: criminal procedural form, principles of criminal proceedings, procedural status of a person, measures to ensure criminal proceedings, measures to restore violated rights of a person, control and supervision of authorised bodies, legal sanctions.Кримінальне процесуальне законодавство України містить відповідні правові гарантії, які покликані забезпечити належний захист, охорону та реалізацію прав, свобод і законних інтересів учасників кримінального провадження. Особливого значення ці гарантії набувають під час досудового розслідування, оскільки саме на цій стадії відбуваються найбільш серйозні обмеження та втручання у права особи. Здійснено аналіз сутності системи процесуальних гарантій прав учасників кримінального провадження під час досудового розслідування, а також охарактеризовано її структуру й основні складові. У статті автором сформульовано позицію щодо змісту системи процесуальних гарантій прав, свобод і законних інтересів учасників кримінального провадження під час досудового розслідування, яку становлять: кримінальна процесуальна форма, засади кримінального провадження, процесуальний статус особи, заходи забезпечення кримінального провадження, заходи відновлення порушених прав особи, контроль та нагляд уповноважених органів, юридичні санкції
Поняття та стан правового регулювання кадрового забезпечення Державної кримінально-виконавчої служби України
Get PDFUkraine has been reforming the penitentiary system for several years in order to humanise and bring it in line with European standards, and even today, in the face of a full-scale Russian military invasion, the processes of transformation and improvement of this system in our country have not stopped, as evidenced by the emergence of an updated strategic course for further changes and development of the national penitentiary system. Over the past few years, important positive results have already been achieved on this path, but a number of problems remain unresolved, slowing down the reform process and the achievement of its goals.
It has been noted that a proper transformation of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is impossible without improving the mechanism of the staffing of the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine, the effectiveness of which, in turn, depends on the state of legal regulation of the social relations which are part of the above-mentioned staffing process. Scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of legal regulation, understanding of its essence, characteristic features and role in the organisation of public life have been considered. The author’s own definition of legal regulation of staffing of the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine has been formulated. It has been emphasised that the central place in the regulation of relations concerning this staffing is assigned to administrative law, since these relations are mainly of a managerial nature.
The state of legislative regulation on staffing of the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine has been analysed and its problematic aspects have been highlighted. It has been noted that there are no clearly defined conceptual foundations for the organisation and implementation of staffing of the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine at the legislative level. Attention has been drawn to the scattering of norms on the issues of the said staffing in legal acts of various levels. And the author presents his own vision of possible steps to improve the regulatory and legal framework for staffing the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine.Наголошено на тому, що належне реформування пенітенціарної системи України неможливе без удосконалення механізму кадрового забезпечення Державної кримінально-виконавчої служби України, ефективність якого так само значною мірою залежить від стану правового врегулювання тих суспільних відносин, що входять до змісту процесу зазначеного кадрового забезпечення. У зв’язку із цим розглянуто наукові підходи до визначення поняття «правове регулювання», розуміння його сутності та ролі в організації суспільного життя. Сформульовано авторське визначення правового регулювання кадрового забезпечення Державної кримінально-виконавчої служби України, проаналізовано стан законодавчої регламентації її кадрового забезпечення
Дієвість інституту забезпечення позову шляхом зупинення дії індивідуального акта чи нормативно-правового акта
Get PDFThe article analyses the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Code of Ukraine on interim relief through suspension of a regulatory legal act and examines the Supreme Court’s case law with regard to the efficiency of application of this administrative procedure institution. In fulfilling the main tasks of administrative proceedings, the institution of interim relief is of great importance, as it allows the plaintiff to protect his or her rights and interests at the stage of applying to an administrative court by suspending the effect of an unlawful decision of a public authority. In the course of the court practice study, a gap in the current legislation and law enforcement practice has been identified, namely: when an interim relief order is cancelled by an appellate court, the authority believes that during the time its decision was suspended, such a legal act gives rise to rights and obligations for the parties. However, such a position of the authority is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine and the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, but is applied by the Supreme Court. To address this problem, it has been proposed to amend the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine to provide that appellate and cassation courts, when issuing a decision to set aside a ruling on interim relief by suspending the effect of a regulatory act, should determine that the court ruling loses legal force from the date of the court\u27s decision. In this case, the legislation should clearly state that during the time when the court of first instance ruling was in force, the effect of the legal act was suspended and did not give rise to any rights and obligations for the parties to the litigation, and in case the court ruling on interim relief is cancelled, the effect of the legal act does not have retroactive effect. The institution of interim relief should be effective and protect the violated rights of individuals.Проаналізовано норми Кодексу адміністративного судочинства України та практику Верховного Суду щодо застосування заходу забезпечення позову шляхом зупинення дії правового акта, виявлено неоднозначну практику застосування норм Кодексу та проблемні питання, з якими стикаються учасники судового процесу на практиці при застосуванні норм права, запропоновано шляхи вирішення описаних у науковій статті проблем
Завдання фінансово-правового захисту військовослужбовців в умовах воєнного стану
Get PDFThe article examines the issues of financial and legal protection of servicemen as a direction of the State\u27s financial activity under martial law. It has been determined that the financial and legal protection of servicemen is aimed at material support of the entire range of measures on social policy of the State at the expense of budgetary funds. It has been proved that the allocation and use of budget expenditures in 2023 are conditioned by the martial law in which the country is, and have a temporary content, but cover a significant amount of funds, which affected the State\u27s ability to perform its social function.
The problem of financial and legal protection is related to the problem of financing special social rights of servicemen, and its implementation depends, firstly, on the distribution and volume of State budget expenditures, secondly, on the improvement of the social protection system, which is inherent in ensuring the implementation of the social function of the State, and thirdly, on the distribution of budget funds, the administrator of which is the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine, the available amount of which is a result of the distribution of State expenditures. At the second and third stages of the budget process, the legal basis for the allocation and use of budget funds is established, in particular for the financing of social rights, the realisation of which depends on the amount of expenditures and the impact of various political, economic and other factors.
To conclude, we note that budget expenditures for the social sphere in general and for the financing of special social rights of military personnel in particular, as well as for other categories of citizens, need to be regulated at the stages of drafting, reviewing and adopting the budget law. The implementation of measures on financial and legal protection of servicemen depends on the fulfilment of the state\u27s tasks on the distribution and use of budget expenditures for financing benefits, guarantees and compensations for servicemen and is ensured, firstly, by financing social standards and state social guarantees, and secondly, by financing special social rights of servicemen.Розглянуто завдання та особливості фінансово-правового регулювання особливих соціальних прав військовослужбовців в умовах воєнного стану в Україні. Визначено, що фінансово-правовий захист військовослужбовців направлений на матеріальне забезпечення всього комплексу заходів із соціальної політики держави за рахунок бюджетних коштів. Проаналізовано структуру видатків Державного бюджету України. Доведено потребу вдосконалення бюджетного фінансування соціальних прав військовослужбовців із метою їх правового та соціального захисту. Визначено актуальні напрями реформування фінансово-правового захисту військовослужбовців на підставі вдосконалення правових засад проведення бюджетного процесу та повноважень його учасників
Воєнні злочини в міжнародному кримінальному та гуманітарному праві й у кримінальному праві України: теоретико-практичний аспект
Get PDFThe article reveals the criminal law characteristics of war crimes in the International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law and under the National Criminal Law. The category of “war crimes” is analysed and its Criminal Law description is made in terms of substantive, international and national components in the context of combining theoretical and applied aspects of war crimes research. A comparative analysis of war crimes in both International Criminal Law and National Criminal Law has been made, with the examples of application of Article 438 of the CC of Ukraine from judicial practice provided, and the legislative regulation of the term “war crimes” in the CC of Ukraine has been proposed, given the trend of clear separation of the category of war crimes which has been observed since the beginning of the armed conflict in Ukraine in the National Criminal Law science and in law application which remains doctrinal.
The range of problematic issues of interpretation and enforcement of Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine arising in court practice in the course of implementation of this provision has been outlined, such as the “international legal” blanket nature of the disposition of Art. 438 of the CC of Ukraine, the need for ratification of the Rome Statute and implementation of its provisions into national legislation, low sanctions for war crimes, distinguishing war crimes from other international crimes, as well as war crimes from “general criminal” offences provided for in other articles of the Special Part of the CC of Ukraine. It has been proved that courts in criminal proceedings should establish a contextual element when qualifying violations of the laws and customs of war under Article 438 of the CC of Ukraine as an independent element of war crimes, which makes it possible to distinguish them from "general criminal" offences provided for in other sections of the CC of Ukraine. The low sanction of Part 1 of Art. 438 of the CC of Ukraine has been stated and proposals have been made to strengthen it in order to establish in the Criminal Law a relevant punishment for persons who committed war crimes during the armed conflict in Ukraine, which is a requirement of today.Розкрито кримінально-правову характеристику воєнних злочинів у міжнародному кримінальному праві та за національним кримінальним законом. Проаналізовано категорію «воєнні злочини» та здійснено її кримінально-правову характеристику в розрізі матеріально-правової, міжнародної та національної складових у контексті поєднання теоретичного і прикладного аспектів. Окреслено коло проблемних питань тлумачення та правозастосування ст. 438 Кримінального кодексу України, що виникають у судовій практиці під час реалізації цієї норми. Перспектива подальших досліджень полягає в необхідності подальшого аналізу кримінальних правопорушень щодо порушення законів і звичаїв війни з метою вироблення єдиних підходів при кваліфікації воєнних злочинів та призначенні покарання для російських військовослужбовців за вчинення воєнних злочинів в Україні
Поняття, ознаки та види цивільних правовідносин
Get PDFIt has been established that civil legal relations are social relations between individuals and/or legal entities regulated by the rules of the civil branch of law and arising out of certain tangible and intangible benefits. Attention is drawn to the fact that civil legal relations are regulated not only by the rules of civil law, in particular, this is indicated by such a principle as freedom of contract in civil law. In other words, the content of civil law contracts may go beyond the legal relations provided for by the Civil Code of Ukraine.
It has been argued that the key features of such relations are as follows: they may be of property and non-property nature; they are regulated by the rules of the civil branch of law; participants to civil legal relations are equal, i.e., they have the same set of subjective rights and legal obligations; the key principles of legal regulation of civil legal relations are determined at the legislative level, but they are substantively regulated at the contractual level; they arise between private individuals and/or legal entities and are not related to governmental bodies or public institutions; as a rule, civil legal relations are commercial in nature.
It has been noted that an important task of the legislator is to create appropriate conditions for the settlement of civil legal relations, since this is an important guarantee of protection of property and non-property rights of a person, and also contributes to the development of the state economy, i.e. is an important element of the functioning of society and the development of the country’s economy.Статтю присвячено дослідженню поняття, ознак і видів цивільних правовідносин. Спираючись на аналіз поглядів науковців, запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «цивільні правовідносини». Наведено перелік ключових ознак, які характеризують цю наукову категорію. Узагальнено наукові думки щодо класифікації цивільних правовідносин