Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
Not a member yet
875 research outputs found
Sort by
Модифікація права на квартиру у складі спадщини в сучасних умовах
Full text linkThe author has revealed the peculiarities of inheriting the right to an apartment. It has been substantiated that the right to an apartment can be included into inheritance in various modifications that have different legal nature: the right of ownership as an absolute right in rem; the right to privatization completion initiated by the ancestor during his/her lifetime; rights under a housing’s hire-purchase agreement; the right to compensation for damaged or destroyed housing.
The right to privatization completion is included into succession only if a housing tenant applied to the privatization body during his/her lifetime, but due to the death was deprived of the opportunity to get the relevant property as ownership. In this respect, the period during which the housing tenant died from the moment of submitting properly executed documents has no legal bearing. Due to this fact, modern judicial practice is criticized, according to which, the death of the tenant in order to inherit the right to privatization completion must occur after the expiration of the one-month period established by law for the privatization body to make a decision on transferring the apartment to a citizen’s ownership.
An apartment is a complex element of the housing sector. Thus, succession of the right of ownership to an apartment is manifested in the inseparable combination of the ancestor’s personal right of ownership to a particular apartment and the right to a share in the common property of an apartment building, as well as the obligation to bear the costs of maintaining the common property.
The right to receive compensation for a damaged or destroyed apartment acquires the properties of an inheritance’s element, if the owner of such an apartment has terminated the right to its ownership during his/her lifetime. The essence of the legal structure of receiving compensation for a damaged/destroyed real estate object has public and legal nature and is limited to the state’s implementation of the constitutional guarantee of the inviolability of the right to private property. The provision of such a compensation by the state is not coverage for the damage caused; and the state itself does not acquire the legal status of a debtor.Досліджено право на квартиру у складі спадщини, що може за певних умов перебувати в різних модифікаціях із неоднаковою правовою природою: право власності як абсолютне речове право; право на завершення приватизації, розпочатої спадкодавцем за життя; право за договором оренди житла з правом викупу; право на отримання компенсації за пошкоджене чи знищене житло. Визначено, що квартира є складним елементом житлової сфери. Доведено, що право на отримання компенсації за пошкоджене чи знищене житло має публічно-правову природу та зводиться до здійснення державою конституційної гарантії непорушності права приватної власності
Історико-доктринальний аналіз німецької адміністративної процедури
Full text linkThe article is dedicated to a detailed analysis of the formation and development of the German model of administrative procedure, which is based on a powerful legal mechanism developed by the joint efforts of German scientists and legislators and enshrined in the Federal Republic of Germany Law “On Administrative Procedure”. Considerable attention is paid to the influence of scientific research in the field of administrative law and historical events that accompanied the legislative activity of the Bundestag. This article analyzes the historical formation and development of the German administrative procedure, which is based on legal mechanisms developed by German scientists and legislators. The influence of scientific research and historical events on the development of administrative law is studied.
The article not only considers the historical aspects of the development of administrative law but also offers an analytical approach to this topic. This allows us to make scientific and legal generalizations regarding the main historical events and doctrinal experience that influenced the formation of the German model of administrative process. Particular attention is paid to the role of the works of Otto Mayer, Georg Jellinek and the concept of rational bureaucracy of Max Weber in the formation of administrative law. The study covers the analysis of key legislative acts, including the German Constitution and the Law “On Administrative Procedure” of 1976. The article emphasizes the importance of legal transparency and protection of citizens’ rights in administrative procedures and offers an analytical approach to the study of the historical development of administrative law. The author emphasizes the importance of the works of Otto Mayer and Georg Jellinek in the formation of the foundations of administrative law. An important aspect is also the influence of the concept of rational bureaucracy of Max Weber, which defines a systematic approach to regulating the activities of management personnel through formal rules. The study analyzed key legislative acts that influenced the development of administrative law, in particular the German Constitution and the Law of the Federal Republic of Germany “On Administrative Procedure” of 1976. The codification of administrative law and the complexities that arose during this process are separately considered, the exclusion of some areas, such as tax and social security, from the scope of a single legislative act.
The article emphasizes the importance of ensuring legal transparency and clarity of administrative activities, and examines the concept of the status process, developed by Peter Häberle, which ensures the protection of fundamental rights of citizens through administrative procedure. Moreover, the article discusses the role of the political context in the formation of administrative procedures in different historical periods. Considerable attention is paid to the influence of economic and social factors on administrative reform. In addition, the issue of future directions of development of administrative law in the context of globalization is highlighted.
Overall, the article outlines the key aspects of the development of the German administrative procedure model, focusing on the historical context and doctrinal foundations that shaped this model, and provides extensive opportunities for scholarly legal research in this area.Статтю присвячено детальному аналізу формування та розвитку німецької моделі адміністративної процедури, що ґрунтується на потужному правовому механізмі, розробленому спільними зусиллями німецьких учених і законодавців та закріпленому в Законі Федеративної Республіки Німеччина «Про адміністративну процедуру» 1976 року. Особливу увагу приділено ролі праць Отто Майєра, Георга Еллінека та концепції раціональної бюрократії Макса Вебера у формуванні адміністративного права. Дослідження охоплює аналіз ключових законодавчих актів, зокрема Конституцію Німеччини та Закон «Про адміністративну процедуру». Наголошено про важливості праць Отто Майєра та Георга Еллінека у формуванні основ адміністративного права. Важливим аспектом є також вплив концепції раціональної бюрократії Макса Вебера, яка визначає систематичний підхід до регулювання діяльності управлінського персоналу через формальні правила. Висвітлено ключові аспекти розвитку німецької моделі адміністративної процедури з акцентом на історичному контексті та доктринальних засадах, що формували цю модель, а також її значенні для науково-правових досліджень у цій сфері
Фізичні тренування як фактор психологічної реабілітації та реадаптації військових
Full text linkThe analysis of scientific and applied research on the impact of physical activity on mental health is carried out. The training technology for improving the mental state of military personnel is presented. The results of observing changes in the psychophysiological state of the military after intensive physical training are highlighted.
The nature of changes in the psychophysiological state of the military under the influence of physical activity is determined. The results of the survey of the participants of the experimental group showed that physical training helps to relieve fatigue and restore strength in a short time, reduces anxiety and tension, increases physical endurance, facilitates adaptation in extreme conditions, balances the emotional state, improves mood and concentration, speeds up metabolism, reduces (prevents) cramps, helps to get rid of anxious thoughts.
Monitoring the behaviour and condition of the military who regularly performed physical activity showed that most soldiers improved their psychological stability in both stressful and everyday situations; increased physical endurance; stabilised sleep; reduced conflict; optimised the social and psychological climate in the team; improved attentiveness and physical endurance during combat missions. The results obtained can be useful in the process of developing psychological rehabilitation and readaptation programmes for the military.
It was found that regular physical activity helps to reduce stress, anxiety and depression, which are critical aspects for survivors of combat and other traumatic events. During exercise, biochemical changes occur in the body that stimulate the production of hormones that improve mood and emotional state.
Physical training is an integral part of a comprehensive approach to the psychological and social rehabilitation and readaptation of military personnel, as it ensures the integration of physical, mental and social health. In combination with other methods, such as psychotherapy, social support and educational programmes, physical activity contributes to the full recovery of the individual.Представлено аналіз науково-прикладних досліджень впливу фізичної активності на психічне здоров’я особистості. Презентовано технологію тренування та комплекс фізичних вправ, які позитивно впливають на психічний стан військовослужбовців і їхню готовність до виконання бойових завдань. Висвітлено результати спостереження за змінами у психофізіологічному стані військових після інтенсивних фізичних тренувань. З’ясовано, що фізичні тренування є невід’ємною частиною комплексного підходу до психологічної та соціальної реабілітації і реадаптації військових, оскільки вони забезпечують інтеграцію фізичного, психічного та соціального здоров’я
Форми спеціальних знань, що використовуються під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень у сфері господарської діяльності
Full text linkThe article substantiates that the scientific literature uses various concepts to denote the ways in which specialist knowledge is used in the course of criminal investigations. The generalization of the Ukrainian scholars’ theoretical approaches made it possible to argue for the expediency of using the concept of “form of use of specialist knowledge”, since it indicates not only the external expression of such activity, but also covers the objective and subjective conditions in which specialist knowledge is implemented, as well as the legal framework which determines the procedural procedure for its application.
Based on the analysis of theoretical developments of scholars and generalisation of law enforcement practice materials, the article establishes that various forms of use of specialist knowledge are implemented during the investigation of criminal offences in the field of economic activity. It is argued that the following may be defined as classification criteria for the forms of use of specialist knowledge: procedural position of the person who implements it; importance for solving tactical tasks of investigation; stage of criminal procedural activity at which it is implemented; depending on the subject who uses specialist knowledge, availability of evidentiary potential in the results of its use, etc.
It is found that the typical procedural forms of using specialist knowledge for the group of criminal offences under study are: engagement of an expert to conduct an examination, engagement of a specialist to draw up an opinion, and participation of knowledgeable persons in investigative (search) and procedural actions. A non-procedural typical form of using the specialist knowledge of knowledgeable persons provided during the pre-trial investigation of criminal offences in the field of economic activity is the consulting activity of specialists.
The emphasis is placed on the prospects for further research in the context of clarifying the typical forms of use of specialist knowledge which are implemented during the trial of criminal offences in the field of economic activity.У статті на підставі проведеного аналізу теоретичних напрацювань учених та узагальнення матеріалів правозастосовної практики встановлено, що під час розслідування кримінальних правопорушень у сфері господарської діяльності реалізуються різні форми використання спеціальних знань. Підтримано позицію, що класифікаційними критеріями форм використання спеціальних знань можуть бути визначені такі: процесуальний статус особи, яка їх реалізує; значення для вирішення тактичних завдань розслідування; стадія здійснення кримінальної процесуальної діяльності, на якій їх реалізовано; суб’єкт застосування спеціальних знань; наявність доказового потенціалу в результатах їх використання тощо
Правовий режим цифрових речей крізь призму європейських стандартів
Full text linkThe subject of the research is civil legal relations arising in relation to digital assets, with the chosen topic also defined. The aim of the research is to determine the compliance/non-compliance of the legal regime of digital assets established by Ukrainian legislation with the standards of European Union law. Using a comparative legal method, it is substantiated that the traditional domestic understanding of the legal regime of property fully aligns with European standards. This factor, considering the signed Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, the need to harmonize national law with European standards, demonstrates the relevance and scientific novelty of the work.
It is established that the term “ownership” used in Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights is identical in meaning to the traditional domestic legal term “property”. The concept of property itself encompasses not only tangible things but also property rights and obligations. The idea has further developed that the fact of belonging an economic good to a person can be legally formalized not only by ownership rights but also by other rights (property rights, obligations, intellectual property rights, etc.). The institution of property law in countries with a civil law system regulates relations concerning objects of the material world and is limited to that.
It is concluded that establishing or extending the regime of ownership rights to intangible goods cannot comply with European standards, at least for countries with a pandect system of law. The results of the research indicate the need for further studies on the legal regime of digital assets established by Ukrainian legislators to assess its compliance with European standards and to improve domestic civil legislation.Статтю присвячено аналізу відповідності режиму цифрових благ, встановленого національним законодавством України, стандартам права Європейського Союзу. Обґрунтовано, що традиційне вітчизняне розуміння правового режиму речей повністю відповідає європейським стандартам. Ба більше, такий підхід є власне європейським, оскільки притаманний країнам романо-германської правової сім’ї, до якої належить і Україна. На цій основі подальшого розвитку набула теза про сумнівність застосування до цифрових речей положень про речі, передбачених Цивільним кодексом України. Виявлено передумови появи двох протилежних підходів до оцінювання відповідності правового режиму цифрових речей, установленого Цивільним кодексом України, правовому режиму нематеріальних майнових благ у розумінні Європейського суду з прав людини
Резильєнтність як превенція емоційного вигорання вчителів в умовах дистанційного навчання
No full textThe article is devoted to the study of resilience as a factor in preventing emotional burnout among teachers working in distance learning environments. The transition to distance learning requires not only mastering new technologies, but also restructuring familiar approaches to teaching, communicating with students, and organising the educational process. This experience has shown that flexibility and readiness for change are key skills in today’s world. At the same time, such intensive adaptation is associated with high emotional stress, which can lead to professional burnout.
The relevance and novelty of the study lie in the fact that the analysis of resilience as a factor influencing the emotional burnout of teachers in the context of online learning corresponds to the current challenges of education and has practical significance for its prevention. Resilience and vitality are interrelated concepts, but the former involves actively overcoming difficulties, while the latter involves the ability to maintain inner balance under stressful conditions. The inclusion of these characteristics in the study provided a deeper understanding of the mechanisms for counteracting professional burnout.
It has been established that distance learning has both advantages (flexibility, time savings) and problems (decreased student motivation, increased workload). Adaptation to the online format has helped reduce stress levels, but professional burnout remains a pressing issue. Resilience reduces burnout, although its average score among most participants indicates a need for further development. Resilience helps teachers not only to overcome stress, but also to find internal resources for professional and personal growth. Regular work on awareness of one\u27s own emotions, development of self-regulation skills, and seeking support in the professional environment contribute to maintaining motivation and energy.Статтю присвячено дослідженню резильєнтності як чинника запобігання емоційному вигоранню вчителів, які працюють в умовах дистанційного навчання. Розглянуто психологічні аспекти професійного вигорання педагогів, особливості їхньої адаптації до нових умов роботи і роль резильєнтності в підтриманні професійного добробуту. Проведено емпіричне дослідження емоційного вигорання, резильєнтності та життєстійкості вчителів, здійснено статистичну обробку результатів. Визначено, що дистанційне навчання має як переваги, так і виклики. Зазначено, що адаптація до онлайн-формату зменшує рівень стресу, проте вигорання залишається актуальною проблемою
Адаптація компетентнісних елементів професійної підготовки поліцейських до викликів воєнного стану
No full textThe military threats caused by the Russian Federation’s armed aggression against Ukraine have affected all aspects of police work, including the State Educational Standard for the profession of “Police Officer (by specialisation)”. In the context of military threats, the requirements for the activities of the National Police of Ukraine are significantly expanding, and thus the very essence of the police service is being transformed. The study is devoted to the topical issue of adapting the competency elements of professional training for police officers to the challenges of martial law. The purpose of the article is to adapt the State Educational Standard for the profession of “Police Officer (by specialisation)” to the conditions of service during the period of martial law by improving the professional training of current and future police officers in line with modern realities and security needs.
The State Educational Standard for the profession of “Police Officer (by specialisation)” was analysed. Through a survey, an objective assessment of the current state of professional training of police officers was conducted, and key competence elements of tactical training during the period of martial law were identified. The study identified the most relevant competency elements, in particular: training in tactical medicine, serving in de-occupied territories, using automatic firearms during building clearances, and actions in conditions of rocket and bomb strikes and artillery shelling.
Given the specific situations faced by police officers in conditions of military threats, in order to increase the effectiveness of their activities during the period of martial law, it is advisable to include the above elements in the State Educational Standard for the profession of “Police Officer (by specialisation)” and the relevant professional training topics. The results obtained make it possible to develop an effective system of professional training for police officers during martial law, which will correspond to modern realities and security needs.Проаналізовано Державний освітній стандарт з професії «Поліцейський (за спеціалізаціями)». Шляхом опитування здійснено об’єктивну оцінку сучасного стану професійної підготовки поліцейських і визначено ключові компетентнісні елементи тактичної підготовки в умовах дії правового режиму воєнного стану. З урахуванням специфіки ситуацій, з якими стикаються поліцейські під час загроз воєнного характеру, для підвищення ефективності діяльності поліції в умовах воєнного стану запропоновано запровадити окремі компетентнісні елементи до змісту Державного освітнього стандарту професії «Поліцейський (за спеціалізаціями)» і тематики професійної підготовки. Отримані результати дозволяють розробити ефективну систему професійної підготовки працівників Національної поліції в умовах воєнного стану, яка відповідатиме актуальним викликам і забезпечуватиме належне виконання службових завдань
Стан правового регулювання трудових відносин працівників Державного бюро розслідувань
No full textThe state of legal regulation of labour relations of the State Bureau of Investigations employees is considered. It is argued that the provisions of the current Law of Ukraine “On the State Bureau of Investigations” are un systematic, and certain aspects of the regulation of labour relations in this law enforcement agency are not regulated at all, either by the relevant law or by the Regulations on the service of rank-and-file and senior staff of the State Bureau of Investigations. In particular, such an important aspect of labour relations as working hours is not covered by a separate section or even an article in the aforementioned documents. In addition, these acts do not clearly define the normal duration of working hours and its specifics.
It is noted that today, the legal regulation of social relations, in particular labour relations, should be carried out primarily on the basis of laws. This is due to the transparent and unified procedure for their adoption by the highest representative body of the state, their higher degree of legal force, and the greater clarity and stability of laws compared to subordinate regulatory legal acts.
The expediency of amending the Law of Ukraine “On the State Bureau of Investigations” has been substantiated, providing for the following structural sections: Section I “General Provisions”, Section II “System of the State Bureau of Investigations”, Section III “Rights and Duties of Employees of the State Bureau of Investigations”, Section IV “Selection to the State Bureau of Investigations”, Section V “Appointment, Transfer, suspension and dismissal of employees of the State Bureau of Investigations”, Section VI “Working Hours and Rest Periods”, Section VII “Remuneration”, Section VIII “Official Discipline”, Section IX “Legal Protection, Social and Medical Benefits”, Section X “Professional Training, Retraining and Advanced Training”, Section XI “Special Ranks of the State Bureau of Investigations”, Section XII “Financing and Material and Technical Support of the State Bureau of Investigations”, Section XIII “Supervision and Control over the Activities of the State Bureau of Investigations”, Section XIV “Final and Transitional Provisions”.Розглянуто стан правового регулювання трудових відносин працівників Державного бюро розслідувань. Обґрунтовано, що норми чинного Закону України «Про Державне бюро розслідувань» є несистемними, а окремі аспекти регулювання трудових відносин у цьому правоохоронному органі взагалі не врегульовані ані профільним Законом, ані Положенням про проходження служби особами рядового та начальницького складу Державного бюро розслідувань. Запропоновано рекомендації щодо вдосконалення відповідного законодавства
Sources of Military Law in Western Europe During the Early Middle Ages
No full textВивчено основні джерела військового права у провідних країнах Західної Європи V–XI ст. Визначено, що палітра джерел була дуже різноманітною та включала звичаї, нормативні акти, угоди, міжнародні договори, що стали результатом діяльності владних органів, а також філософські та церковні доктрини, які створювалися визнаними авторитетами в галузі науки і релігії. Встановлено, що номенклатура джерел у різних європейських країнах була дуже подібною, але змістовно правовідносини, які регулювалися цими джерелами, мали певні особливості залежно від форми державного устрою, правління, суспільного ладу, наявності відносин сюзеренітету-васалітету тощо. The article analyzes the sources of military law of the leading European countries of the early Middle Ages (5th – 12th centuries). It is found that the list of sources of military law of that time was quite extensive. It included customs, norms of customary law, laws of the Frankish and English kings, and interstate agreements. The main focus of the regulatory legal acts was to attempt to legitimize legal relations related to the conduct of hostilities. First of all, the law of medieval states regulates mobilization. All free people had to serve, it is noteworthy that the duties of landlords were very carefully defined, who had to arrive personally at the king’s summons and bring with them a certain number of armed men. Violation of this norm threatened with a large fine and loss of land ownership.
An interesting source of military law is considered to be the doctrinal provisions of philosophical and church authorities. Their works form the phenomenon of a “just war”. Within the framework of this phenomenon, on the one hand, war is considered a sinful act, on the other hand, war and its participants are justified if they fight for their own state, independence, law, faith, etc.
The legal sources that were available for study establish a system of requirements and prohibitions regarding the conduct of war. Among them are the following: a ban on the killing of civilians, as well as persons who use weapons solely for defense, a ban on the harsh treatment of prisoners of war, and a ban on looting from church buildings and the property of civilians.
We believe that over time, these norms have laid the foundation of international humanitarian law. Certain differences in the attitude towards military matters in the sources of continental law compared to Anglo-Saxon law are identified. For example, English legal sources pay more attention to the protection of military personnel who were close to the king
The Hidden Reasons for the Defeat of the Red Army in Galicia and Volyn in June-July 1941
No full textУ статті зроблено спробу з’ясувати причини, через які найбільше угруповання радянських військ – Південно-Західний фронт, що мав істотну перевагу в танках, авіації та артилерії відносно супротивника, – зазнало нищівного розгрому в оборонних боях на території Галичини та Волині. Особливу увагу приділено аналізу маловивчених чинників катастрофічних поразок на першому етапі війни – кадровому голоду, деінтелектуалізації командного складу, а також невідповідності між попереднім бойовим досвідом радянських командирів і новими посадами, на які вони були призначені напередодні війни.One of the most tragic and difficult to comprehend pages in the history of World War II is the defeat of the Southwestern Front of the Red Army in September 1941. This article attempts to explain why the largest Soviet military group, which was equal in size to Army Group South and had superiority in tanks, aircraft and artillery, suffered crushing defeats in Galicia and Volhynia. Understanding the underlying causes of these events and assessing them comprehensively is important for contemporary historiography. One of the key hidden factors behind the Red Army’s catastrophic defeats in Ukraine in the summer of 1941 was the shortage of personnel and the de-intellectualisation of the command structure, which led to a significant decline in the level of strategic leadership.
It has been established that Soviet troops were insufficiently prepared for the realities of modern mechanised warfare – motorised warfare. Inefficient use of equipment, lack of interaction between units, poor coordination of actions, misjudgement of the operational situation and lack of strategic vision led to massive losses of personnel and equipment. A comparison with the Wehrmacht showed a significant professional advantage of the German command staff, who had in-depth special training and combat experience in modern warfare.
In contrast, Soviet units were mainly led by individuals without the necessary experience and education: among the senior command, 57.6 % were under 45 years of age, and 75 % had been in their positions for less than a year. The poor professional training of most commanders made the Soviet troops difficult to control. Mistakes in planning and an inability to command large mechanised units led to disorganisation, loss of morale and heavy casualties. Of the 170 divisions of the Southwestern Front (2.9 million people), 28 were completely destroyed, 70 lost more than half of their personnel and equipment, and only 259 of the 4,785 tanks remained in service