Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Поняття і значення криміналістичної характеристики протиправного заволодіння майном підприємства, установи, організації
Get PDFThe unlawful seizure of property of an enterprise, institution or organisation is a fairly common criminal offence in the field of business activity. This criminal offence causes economic losses to both business entities and the state as a whole, reduces the level of economic security and, as a result, the level of investment, discredits the work of government agencies, undermines the authority of the state at the international level, etc. In order to overcome and prevent economic risks, it is necessary to develop a methodology for investigating a criminal offence under Article 206-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
The purpose of the study is to define the concept of “forensic characteristic of unlawful seizure of enterprise, institution or organisation property”, to clarify the role of such forensic characteristic in the methodology of investigation of this criminal offence, and also to establish the sources of information for the purpose of forming a forensic characteristic. To achieve the stated purpose of the study, a thorough analysis of the scientific forensic literature, the results of investigative and judicial practice has been carried out.
In the process of summarising the views of scholars, the article establishes that the main, basic, initial element of the forensic methodology is the forensic characteristic of the criminal offence under study. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, it has been established that the forensic characteristic of unlawful seizure of property of an enterprise, institution or organisation should be considered an information model of this criminal offence which consists of a set of generalized information about its interrelated forensically significant features.
With regard to the importance of forming a forensic characteristic, two directions of its use have been distinguished i.e., theoretical and practical.
The article analyses the sources of obtaining the information necessary for forming a forensic characteristic of the unlawful seizure of property of an enterprise, institution or organisation, and as a result of this analysis, two main sources of information are identified: documents and persons.У статті здійснено аналіз наукових напрацювань із питань формування методики розслідування окремих видів кримінальних правопорушень, а саме визначення поняття, значення та джерел формування криміналістичної характеристики в методиці розслідування. Зокрема, сформульовано дефініцію поняття «криміналістична характеристика протиправного заволодіння майном підприємства, установи, організації». З’ясовано значення криміналістичної характеристики. Приділено увагу визначенню джерел отримання інформації, необхідної для формування криміналістичної характеристики протиправного заволодіння майном підприємства, установи, організації
Електронні докази у кримінальному процесі: проблемні питання теорії та практики
Get PDFThe article summarises the scientific developments regarding the concept and essence of electronic evidence and provides the author’s own definition to the concept of “electronic (digital) evidence” in criminal proceedings; examines the regulatory framework for the use of electronic (digital) evidence in criminal proceedings; analyses the investigative and judicial practice and the practice of the Supreme Court regarding the admissibility of such evidence in criminal proceedings.
It has been admitted that today the problem of regulating electronic (digital) evidence is relevant. The analysis of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine makes it possible to understand that electronic (digital) evidence has almost no legal regulation, which negatively affects the quality and effectiveness of criminal proceedings. As a result, a number of legislative contradictions arise. Unlike other procedural laws (commercial, civil and administrative), criminal procedural legislation does not contain any provisions on electronic (digital) evidence. At the same time, there are positive trends at the legislative level to recognise the need to regulate electronic (digital) evidence in criminal proceedings.
It has been determined that today there is no unified approach among scholars to understanding the concept, features and place of electronic evidence in the system of sources of evidence in criminal proceedings. It is proposed to use the term “electronic (digital) evidence” at the legislative level. This is substantiated by the fact that “electronic” indicates the type of device with which the evidence was created and stored, and “digital” refers to the type of recording the formation on the relevant device.
The analysis of investigative and judicial practice has highlighted the ambiguity in the understanding of law enforcement officers regarding the collection of electronic evidence. This issue was the subject for consideration by the judges of the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Supreme Court (in particular, the procedure for assessing electronic evidence and its admissibility was explained in the decision of the Joint Chamber of the Criminal Court of Cassation of the Supreme Court dated 29 March 2021 in case No. 554/5090/16-к).
Taking into account international experience in collecting electronic (digital) evidence allows the use of the Berkeley Protocol in criminal proceedings in Ukraine, as it is actively used by the international community and is relevant in the context of russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine.Узагальнено наукові напрацювання щодо поняття, сутності електронних доказів і надано авторське визначення поняття «електронний (цифровий) доказ» у кримінальному провадженні. Досліджено нормативно-правове регулювання використання електронних (цифрових) доказів у кримінальному провадженні. Проаналізовано слідчо-судову практику, а також практику Верховного Суду щодо визнання допустимості таких доказів у кримінальному провадженні
Адміністративно-правове регулювання меж запобігання та протидії корупції в публічній службі
Get PDFThe article states that the fight against corruption in the public service requires the regulatory and legal consolidation and organizational implementation of the limits for preventing corruption, by which we understand the actual definition of anti-corruption activities in laws and subordinate legal acts, as well as the existence at the organizational and institutional level of regulatory mechanisms the impact of social relations that arise in the course of the work of anti-corruption and law enforcement agencies in the field of preventing and countering corruption.
The Law of Ukraine “On Corruption Prevention”, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Civil Service”, the Law of Ukraine “On the National Anti-Corruption Bureau”, the Law of Ukraine “On the Specialised Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office” are the main legislative acts regulating the issues of preventing and combating corruption.
Based on the essence and normative and legal grounds of the limits for preventing and combating corruption, we conditionally divide the latter into normative and legal, institutional, which provide for the existence and effective functioning of specially authorised entities responsible for preventing and combating corruption, moral and ethical limits.
Problematic aspects of the limits for preventing and countering corruption in the public service include the lack of effective mechanisms for public control over the declarations of officials under martial law, insufficient coordination between law enforcement agencies in the course of preventing and countering corruption, and the interference of political forces in the process of formation and further functioning of anti-corruption bodies.
Through the prism of the USA’s experience detailed study and the views of domestic administrative scientists, separate areas of improvement of the administrative and legal regulation of the limits for prevention and counteraction corruption in the public service have been formed, in particular, the formation of an effective system of separation of powers between the executive, legislative and judicial branches, ensuring at the constitutional level guarantees of basic rights and freedoms, the development of an appropriate institutional structure, the effectiveness of legislative mechanisms of control (supervision).Зазначено, що протидія корупції в публічній службі вимагає нормативно-правового закріплення та організаційного втілення меж запобігання корупційним проявам. Окреслено проблемні аспекти меж запобігання та протидії корупції в публічній службі. Крізь призму детального вивчення досвіду США та поглядів вітчизняних науковців-адміністративістів сформовано окремі напрями вдосконалення адміністративно-правового регулювання меж запобігання та протидії корупції в публічній службі
Дмитро Іванович Каченовський – учений-правознавець, педагог-просвітник (за матеріалами діяльності Харківського юридичного товариства)
Get PDFThe article examines the scientific and pedagogical activities of the legal scholar, professor of Kharkiv University Dmytro Ivanovych Kachenovskyi (1827–1872). The researcher pioneered the national legal education and had a significant impact on its development. The study of the creative work of the mid-nineteenth century international law expert became relevant in the early twentieth century. In 1903, Kharkiv Law Society held a solemn meeting on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Dmytro Kachenovskyi’s death. Following the meeting, a collection of materials in memory of Dmytro Kachenovskyi was published. These materials are a valuable historical source that contain special information and contribute to a deeper study of the scientist’s scientific heritage. The study of the source expands the existing documentary base. The purpose of the study is to study and analyse the materials of the collection published by the Kharkiv Law Society in honour of Professor Kachenovskyi.
The analysis of memoirs helps to reconstruct the key episodes of a scientist\u27s life in more detail, to form an idea of his personality, to explore the directions of his scientific research, views on topical social issues, attitude to teaching, relationships with colleagues, and influence on students.
It has been proved that the distinctive features of the scientist were humanistic guidelines, breadth of outlook, and diversity of scientific interests. His natural abilities, academic education, developed intellect, and ability to work determined his personality. His knowledge of foreign languages, foreign internships, personal contacts with foreign colleagues, and the study of European scientific literature in the original allows us to characterise him as a typical representative of the “inner West” who saw his mission in spreading education and the latest scientific achievements. His lectures, which were characterised by a comprehensive approach to teaching, brought up a generation of public and judicial figures of the era of great reforms.У статті досліджено наукову та педагогічну діяльність ученого-правознавця, професора Харківського університету Дмитра Івановича Каченовського (1827–1872), який стояв біля витоків вітчизняної юридичної освіти та справив значний вплив на її розвиток. Аналіз історичних джерел (матеріалів, виданих Харківським юридичним товариством з нагоди 30-ї річниці смерті вченого) свідчить, що характерними рисами вченого-правознавця були гуманістичні орієнтири, широта світогляду, різноманітність напрямів наукових пошуків. Природні здібності, академічна освіта, розвинений інтелект, працездатність визначали його особистість. Знання іноземних мов, закордонні стажування, особисті контакти із зарубіжними колегами, вивчення європейської наукової літератури в оригіналах дозволяє охарактеризувати його як типового представника «внутрішнього Заходу», який бачив своє покликання у поширенні освіти, новітніх наукових досягнень. На його лекціях, яким був притаманний комплексний підхід, виховувалося покоління громадських і судових діячів епохи великих реформ
Ретроспективний аналіз науково-психологічних концепцій домашнього насильства
Get PDFIt is emphasised that in connection with the full-scale war of the russian federation against Ukraine, new risk factors for the increase in domestic violence have emerged, among which the most significant are fear, uncertainty; a sense of helplessness and confusion; socio-economic instability and job loss; forced displacement and loss of a safe environment and established interpersonal space; disruption of family dynamics and relationships; increased alcohol and drug use; easy access to various types of weapons; and the emergence of post-traumatic stress syndrome.
It is noted that modern science considers domestic violence through the prism of existing approaches that explain the causes of its occurrence and peculiarities of its course.
The first approach, the socio-cultural approach, focuses on the analysis of social structures, cultural norms and values of society as factors of domestic violence. It focuses on the impact of social factors and structures, as well as family relationships, on the management of the atmosphere of violence. The approach sees the main cause of domestic violence and violence against women as the so-called male dominance in social relations, the lack of gender equality, and the existence of established patriarchal norms that contribute to violence.
The next individual psychological approach considers concepts that explain violence by human nature and focuses on the study of the personality traits of the perpetrator and the victim. Proponents of this approach emphasise that there are certain innate inclinations and instincts that push people to violence.
Representatives of the systemic-family approach focus on the study of interaction, communication dynamics, conflict resolution processes in the family and ways of reconciliation that exist between its members. Violence is caused by various physical, moral, aesthetic, and economic constraints. According to scientists, violence is associated with the use of deliberate physical, psychological, financial and material pressure on a person, as most cases of domestic violence intersect with psychological pressure and exploitation.
Representatives of the sociological approach note that violence is a general social phenomenon and it is a consequence of the clash of various interests manifested at different levels of its development, i.e. violence is socioculturally determined.
The most widely accepted today is the ecological theory of violence, which explains domestic violence by considering the problem from different aspects through the prism of the mutual influence of four systems on human development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem.
Therefore, despite the war, it is necessary to continue work on prevention and appropriate response to domestic violence, and understanding the essence and content of existing theoretical concepts of violence is one of the components of countering this phenomenon.У статті наголошено, що у зв’язку з повномасштабною війною рф проти України з’явилися нові фактори ризику збільшення фактів домашнього насильства. Зазначено, що сучасна наука розглядає домашнє насильство крізь призму наявних підходів, які пояснюють причини його виникнення та особливості перебігу. Проаналізовано теорії та концепції в межах основних підходів, серед яких розглянуто такі: соціокультурний, системно-сімейний, індивідуально-психологічний та соціологічний. Проаналізовано основні положення загальноприйнятної сьогодні екологічної теорії насильства, яка пояснює насильство в сім’ї крізь призму взаємовпливу на розвиток людини чотирьох систем (мікросистеми, мезоситеми, екзосистеми, макросистеми)
Інформування контрагента про односторонню відмову від договору
Get PDFThe study focuses on the issue of notification of the initiator of unilateral withdrawal from a contract to its counterparty of such withdrawal. In particular, the problematic issues of determining the form and procedure for such notification and establishing the time when an agreement unilaterally withdrawn by one of its parties will be considered amended or terminated are considered. Current civil law does not provide clear answers to these questions. The necessity of differentiating the legislative rules which will determine the procedure for informing the interested party of the unilateral withdrawal from a contract by the other party, and also establish the moment when the legal consequences caused by unilateral withdrawal from a contract come into force, is pointed out. The criteria for such differentiation are the subject matter and type of contractual relationship, as well as the reasons for withdrawal from the contract, i.e. whether it arose due to a breach of contract by the counterparty or is related to other reasons. When the withdrawal is caused by a breach of contract, the injured party generally does not have to notify the offending party in advance of its intention to unilaterally withdraw from the contract. It is acceptable to give notice after the fact, but with the obligatory immediate notification of the offender or within another reasonable time. In the case of withdrawal for other reasons, the initiator of the withdrawal must usually inform its counterparty in advance. In the latter case, the notice of withdrawal has the form of a warning in the proper sense of the word.
It is noted that, as a general rule, a withdrawal must be made in the same form as the contract that is being withdrawn by one of its parties. In the first case of withdrawal, i.e. when it is caused by an offence, legal consequences may arise with the first acts of defensive action taken by the injured party. There may be situations where legal consequences of this type of waiver arise from the moment the offending party receives the notice. In the second case of withdrawal - "for other reasons" - the legal consequences of the withdrawal will appear not earlier than the moment when the interested party is informed of the unilateral withdrawal from the contract by its counterparty.
It is proposed to amend the rules on withdrawal from transactions, which should contain the most general provisions on the implementation of informed unilateral withdrawal from a contract.Чинне цивільне законодавство характеризується певною неповнотою, що не дозволяє говорити про наявність послідовного правового режиму щодо інформування ініціатором односторонньої відмови від договору про цей факт свого контрагента. Наголошено на необхідності диференціації законодавчих правил про визначення форми та порядку інформування заінтересованої сторони про односторонню відмову від договору іншою стороною. Критеріями такої диференціації є суб’єктний склад, вид договірних відносин, а також мотиви відмови. Запропоновано внести зміни до норм про відмову від правочинів, де мають міститися найбільш загальні положення про здійснення поінформованої односторонньої відмови від договору
Про окремі аспекти визначення поняття «докази» та їх властивостей у кримінальному провадженні в умовах воєнного стану
Get PDFThe authors of the article studied the provisions of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, the European Convention on Human Rights (1950), the decision of the European Court of Human Rights, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, defined and clarified the concept of “evidence”, its properties, the procedural mechanism for obtaining and evaluating in the conditions of martial law. It has been proven that despite the positive results of legal reform and improvement of the current criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine, the study revealed a number of gaps in the issues related to the definition and clarification of the concept of “evidence”, its properties and the procedural mechanism for obtaining and evaluating it under martial law. The provisions of Art. 86 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine establishes that evidence is considered admissible if it is obtained in accordance with the procedure established by law. Inadmissible evidence cannot be used when making procedural decisions, it cannot be referred to by the court when passing a court decision. In contrast to the norms of the Rome Statute of the ICC, the established wording is quite categorical and does not provide “flexibility” to the process when resolving this issue by the court. At the same time, the legislator’s position on this issue, which is defined in the provisions of Art. 87 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and stipulates that evidence obtained as a result of a significant violation of human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, international treaties, the consent of which is binding by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, as well as any other evidence obtained thanks to information obtained as a result of a significant violation of human rights and freedoms. In the conditions of martial law, the provisions of this article are applied taking into account the features specified in Art. 615 of the CCP of Ukraine. It has been determined that the specified provisions of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine provide for a procedural approach to the issue of admissibility of evidence, but do not have the primary goal of establishing the truth and, accordingly, achieving justice, which significantly distinguishes this approach from that enshrined in the Rome Statute of the ICC. There was a need to depart from the formal procedural position enshrined in the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, to provide courts with flexibility in accepting and evaluating evidence to establish the truth.Досліджено положення чинного кримінального процесуального законодавства України, Європейської конвенції з прав людини (1950), рішень Європейського суду з прав людини, Римського статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду з питань визначення й уточнення поняття «докази», їх властивостей, процесуального механізму їх отримання та оцінки в умовах воєнного стану. Зазначено про необхідність відходу від формальної процедурної позиції, закріпленої в нормах Кримінального процесуального кодексу України, та надання судам гнучкості в питаннях прийняття й оцінки доказів для встановлення істини у справі
Оскарження адміністративного акта в межах адміністративної процедури: порівняльно-правовий аналіз
Get PDFA comparative legal analysis of one of the stages of administrative procedure i.e. the stage of appeal against an administrative act has been carried out. The attention is focused on the study of the provisions of the FRG Law “On Administrative Procedure”, the Code of Administrative Procedure of Poland and the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure” regarding appealing against the results of administrative procedure. An analysis of the peculiarities of the mechanism for appealing against an administrative act within the framework of administrative procedure in Poland and Germany has been carried out, and a comparison has been made with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure”, and proposals have been provided for improving the provisions of the law which has not yet entered into force. It has been proved that the Law of Ukraine “On Administrative Procedure” should clarify the provisions on the subject of complaint consideration, given the lack of criteria to be taken into account when selecting the subject of complaint consideration. The Law provides for an alternative composition of the body which is authorised to consider complaints: 1) a higher-level administrative body, unless another entity is provided for by law; 2) a board for reviewing complaints.
We consider it expedient to move away from the concept of consideration of a complaint by a higher body, since administrative officials often violate the principle of impartiality and fairness when considering a complaint, and to establish that the subject of consideration of a complaint is a collective body – a commission formed by a higher-level administrative body, to provide for pre-trial resolution of a conflict (dispute), which involves individuals filing a complaint within the framework of an administrative appeal, as a mandatory condition, which will solve the problem of parallel judicial review. In order to expand the means of protection of rights and interests in the administrative procedure, it has been proposed to enshrine the right of a person to use mediation as an alternative to administrative appeal.Проведено порівняльно-правовий аналіз однієї зі стадій адміністративної процедури – стадії оскарження адміністративного акта. Увагу сфокусовано на дослідженні положень Закону Федеративної Республіки Німеччина «Про адміністративну процедуру», Кодексу адміністративного провадження Польщі та Закону України «Про адміністративну процедуру» щодо оскарження результатів адміністративної процедури. На основі проведеного аналізу охарактеризовано наявні особливості механізму оскарження адміністративного акта в межах адміністративної процедури в Польщі та Німеччині та порівняно їх із положеннями Закону України «Про адміністративну процедуру», який ще не набув чинності, а також надано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення положень означеного Закону. Доведено необхідність уточнити в Законі України «Про адміністративну процедуру» положення щодо суб’єкта розгляду скарги з огляду на відсутність критеріїв, які враховуються при виборі суб’єкта розгляду скарги
Форми взаємодії підрозділів Національної поліції з громадськістю в умовах воєнного стану
Get PDFThe team of authors has emphasised that the issue of forms of interaction between the police and the public under martial law is becoming one of the basic ones, the study of which is of a strategic nature, as it is related to the establishment of stable mutual relations between the police and the public at the organisational, managerial and ideological levels, which in the future can contribute to mutual coverage and complementation of problematic aspects of the activities of both police units and the public. In the course of the research, the authors’ understanding of the public under martial law has been formed, taking into account the international and virtual dimensions of its functioning, as well as the main features of its activity have been highlighted. An attempt has also been made to outline the features of police activity under martial law, which in one way or another are related to interaction with the public. Also, the most common forms of interaction between the police and the public were separately considered: joint delivery of humanitarian aid to the civilian population and units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the escort by the police of humanitarian cargo organized by the public; joint evacuation of the population from the regions of active hostilities, ensuring public safety at all stages of evacuation; joint trainings for the public on safety issues, provision of police premises, including shelter, for public safety needs; the use of police premises as “points of invincibility”, allowing the public to use generators, heaters, etc.; conducting trainings by the representatives of the public for the personnel of police units, in particular, participation in the organization of trainings on pre-medical care of representatives of public organizations, paramedics and professional trainers on pre-medical care.
Taking into account the fundamental importance of developing, systematizing, and scientifically understanding the peculiarities of the interaction of police units with the public under martial law, there is a need to conduct new research in this area, develop separate methodological recommendations, manuals, and implement comprehensive programs for the dissemination of effective practices of such interaction among the public.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених і особливостей діяльності підрозділів поліції та громадськості, сформульовано авторське розуміння громадськості в умовах воєнного стану з урахуванням міжнародного та віртуального вимірів її функціонування, виокремлено основні особливості її діяльності. Зроблено спробу окреслити особливості діяльності поліції в умовах воєнного стану, які тим або іншим чином пов’язані із взаємодією з громадськістю. Окремо розглянуто найбільш поширені форми взаємодії поліції та громадськості, надано рекомендації щодо розбудови нових форм взаємодії
Сутність та ознаки злочинів у сфері службової діяльності
Get PDFIt has been argued that an official activity is the service activity of an official determined by the norms of current legislation, which is determined by his/her official position (legal status), and is also aimed at implementing certain tasks and functions assigned to the public authority, institution, organisation, etc. in which he/she works and holds the relevant position. It has been noted that an official has a special legal status, which determines the high risk of committing criminal violations, in particular, crimes.
It has been proved that crimes in the sphere of official activity are criminal acts defined in the norms of current (labour, civil, administrative, criminal, etc.) legislation which are committed by officials within the framework of exercising their official powers. Such crimes may include a variety of actions, such as forgery, abuse of power, bribery, extortion, negligence, etc. It has been noted that crimes in the sphere of official activity seriously undermine public trust in the state authorities and can have serious consequences for each individual citizen, as well as the state and society as a whole.
It has been stated that the key elements of crimes in the sphere of official activity are as follows: they are committed within the framework of exercising official powers by persons holding positions at the relevant enterprises, institutions, organisations; crimes related to official activities may involve not only the commission of any actions, but also inaction, which also takes into account the failure and/or improper performance by an official of his/her duties, which entails significant negative consequences for other individuals and/or legal entities, as well as the state and society as a whole; crimes may include a number of different actions, such as bribery, extortion, forgery, abuse of power, etc.; the crime may be committed only by an official who has official authority; crimes in the field of official activity may be committed for different purposes, including obtaining benefits, avoiding responsibility, etc.; special object, actor and subject of the crime.Спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів учених, розкрито сутність і зміст понять «службова особа» та «службова діяльність». Запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «службова діяльність». На основі аналізу норм чинного законодавства і теоретичних підходів науковців розроблено авторський підхід до визначення ключових ознак злочинів у сфері службової діяльності