Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Класифікація судово-психіатричних експертиз
Get PDFThe article considers the classification of forensic psychiatric examinations according to various criteria. The most common is the division into types depending on the subject matter of research. According to this criterion, the following types of forensic psychiatric examinations are distinguished:
forensic psychiatric examination of the suspect or accused. The purpose of this examination is to establish the presence or absence of any mental disorder in the person charged with the offence that could affect his or her ability to understand and control his or her actions;
forensic psychiatric examination of the witness, the purpose of which is to establish the presence or absence of any mental disorder that could affect his or her ability to perceive, remember and reproduce information during the period of time when the events about which he or she testifies took place;
forensic psychiatric examination of the victim, the purpose of which is to establish the presence or absence of any mental disorder in the victim during the period of time when the events occurred that could affect his or her ability to understand the situation, assess the danger and respond adequately to it;
forensic psychiatric examination of the convicted person, the purpose of which is to establish the presence or absence of a mental disorder in the convicted person, which may be the basis for applying compulsory medical measures to him/her.
In addition, the types of forensic psychiatric examinations are considered:
forensic psychiatric examination in cases of limitation of civil capacity of an individual, recognition of an individual as incapacitated. The purpose of this examination is to establish the presence or absence of a mental disorder in an individual that prevents him or her from fully understanding the significance of his or her actions and controlling them;
forensic psychiatric examination in cases of invalidation of a transaction. The purpose of this examination is to determine whether a person had a mental disorder at the time of the transaction that could have affected his or her ability to understand the meaning of the transaction and control his or her actions.Статтю присвячено класифікації судово-психіатричної експертизи в Україні. Розглянуто ключові категорії експертизи, її основні завдання та змістові характеристики, а також питання застосування судово-психіатричної експертизи в судовій практиці. Наведено основні аспекти щодо проведення судово-психіатричної експертизи, а саме: методологічні питання, клінічні, юридичні й етичні аспекти
Юрисдикційний імунітет держави: еволюція доктрини
Get PDFOne of the key problems in the judicial consideration of compensation claims for damage caused to the health, life or property of Ukrainian citizens as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation is overcoming the jurisdictional immunities of a foreign state. The existence of significant gaps in Ukrainian legislation regarding the regulation of restrictions on the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign State when a court considers private law disputes involving such a State gives rise to an urgent need to study the main provisions of the doctrine of jurisdictional immunity of a State with due regard for current trends in the development of private international law.
The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the achievements in legal science in the development of the doctrine of jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state in private law disputes and to identify further trends in its development with a view to taking it into account when drafting future national legislation.
The main stages and trends in the development of the doctrine of jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state in private international law have been studied. The evolution of international and national legislation, as well as the case law of national and international courts on the application of foreign state immunity in court proceedings has been considered. The tendencies in the development of the doctrine of jurisdictional immunity of the State in private law disputes involving foreign persons have been identified.
It has been concluded that the doctrine of jurisdictional immunity of the State in private international law has undergone significant development and changes over the past two centuries. At the present stage, the doctrine of jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state is on the threshold of a new period of development of the doctrine i.e. a period of further limitation of state immunity in favour of human rights, ensuring the necessary balance between state immunity and the right of an individual to access to court and a fair trial. At the international level, an approach is emerging whereby a state’s jurisdictional immunity should be interpreted in accordance with and in the light of jus cogens rules, in particular in cases of compensation for damage to life, health or property caused by armed aggression by a foreign state.Досліджено основні етапи та напрями розвитку доктрини юрисдикційного імунітету іноземної держави в міжнародному приватному праві. Розглянуто розвиток міжнародного законодавства та законодавства окремих країн, а також судову практику національних і міжнародних судів щодо застосування імунітету іноземної держави в судовому процесі. Визначено тенденції розвитку доктрини юрисдикційного імунітету держави при розгляді приватноправових спорів за участі іноземних осіб
Проблемні аспекти визнання дитини постраждалою від домашнього насильства
Get PDFThe article focuses on the issues of ensuring the rights of a child who has witnessed domestic violence. It has been noted that if police officers draw up procedural documents improperly, in particular, a protocol on an administrative offence, the child will not be granted the official status of a victim. It has been proved that there is a significant difference between such concepts as “domestic violence committed in the presence of a child” and “a child who witnessed (eyewitnessed) domestic violence”. It has been concluded that when drawing up a report on an administrative offence, a police officer must take into account the age characteristics of a child and his/her ability to fully realise and understand the events that have taken place.
It has been noted that due to the lack of proper legal regulation in domestic legislation of the procedure for documenting the facts of domestic violence witnessed by a child, there is a problem of closing administrative proceedings in courts due to the absence of an offence or due to insignificance. It has been noted that if a child who has witnessed domestic violence does not have the status of a victim, he or she cannot be fully provided with the assistance provided by law.
It has been pointed out that the presence of a child who was aware of this during the commission of domestic violence is its psychological form. It has been emphasised that this form of domestic violence requires proof of the consequences, so it is important to involve a psychologist for further mandatory attachment of a specialist’s opinion on the child’s psychological state to the administrative offence case file.
It has been substantiated that in order to ensure the best interests of a child who has witnessed domestic violence, a police officer should draw up two separate reports on administrative offences under Art. 173-2 of the Code of Administrative Offences: the first for committing domestic violence against an adult, and the second for committing the said act in the presence of a child (provided that the latter was aware of this fact). At the same time, the police officer must notify the police station of such an event in order to enter information into the register of unified statements and reports of criminal offences and other events.Розглянуто проблемні питання, пов’язані з оформленням процесуальних документів, а також із розглядом у судовому порядку справ про адміністративні правопорушення за вчинення домашнього насильства, свідком (очевидцем) якого є дитина. Проаналізовано положення міжнародних нормативно-правових актів, ратифікованих в Україні, які направлені на захист дитини від проявів домашнього насильства. Доведено, що в разі виявлення дитини, яка стала свідком вчинення домашнього насильства, важливо враховувати не лише факт її присутності, а й здатність усвідомлювати значення такої події
Централізоване і локальне правове регулювання трудових відносин: проблеми співвідношення та розвитку
Get PDFThe current state of centralized and local legal regulation of labor relations in Ukraine has been studied and its shortcomings have been identified. The points of view of scientists regarding the essence of centralized and local legal regulation of labor relations have been analyzed.
It has been indicated that Ukraine, positioning itself as a social, legal state and a future member of the European Union, should centrally establish social standards in the field of labor that correspond to those adopted in the European Union, while not reducing the existing level of existing social guarantees, as well as ensure them proper implementation and protection. Centralized legal regulation of labor relations in Ukraine should be based on a modern codified normative legal act, which will ensure a full-fledged comprehensive regulation of labor relations, implementation and protection of the rights of employees, compliance with the interests of employers, and also contribute to the development of local rulemaking.
It has been justified that the focus on the protection of the employee\u27s rights should continue to be the conceptual line of the centralized legal regulation of labor relations. The idea of balancing the interests of the employee and the employer is acceptable under certain conditions at the local level when concluding collective agreements, where it takes the form of a compromise. Here, balancing the interests of employees and employers can exist to the extent permitted by labor law.
Attention has been drawn to the fact that modernity requires ensuring the development of collective contractual regulation of labor relations. The collective agreement, as the main local regulatory act in the field of labor, should comprehensively regulate labor relations within a specific enterprise, institution, organization or individual who uses hired labor. The conclusion of a collective agreement involves the search for a compromise between the employees and the employer in the process of establishing working and rest conditions. The collective agreement must provide for the mechanisms for fulfilling the established obligations and take into account the financial capabilities of the employer, which will make it a real and effective means of legal regulation of labor relations.
It has been proposed to supplement Art. 11 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Organization of Labor Relations in Martial Law” part 2 with the following content: “During the period of martial law, it is not allowed to suspend the provisions of the collective agreement regarding wages, labor protection, medical care, ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men , measures aimed at preventing, countering and stopping mobbing (harassment), prohibition of discrimination”.Досліджено сучасний стан централізованого і локального правового регулювання трудових відносин в Україні та виявлено його недоліки. Проаналізовано погляди науковців щодо сутності централізованого і локального правового регулювання трудових відносин. Доведено, що централізоване правове регулювання трудових відносин в Україні повинно базуватися на сучасному кодифікованому нормативно-правовому акті, який має забезпечувати повноцінне комплексне регулювання трудових відносин, реалізацію та захист прав працівників, дотримання інтересів роботодавців, а також сприяти розвитку локальної нормотворчості. Обґрунтована потреба в розвитку колективного договірного регулювання трудових відносин
Ухилення від сплати податків: початок досудового розслідування, першочергові дії, основні напрями роботи органу досудового розслідування
Get PDFThe article focuses on the problems of legal regulation and peculiarities of pre-trial investigation of tax evasion cases. It analyses scientific works whose authors have studied the peculiarities of theoretical and practical aspects of tax relations, in particular in the area of tax law violations related to tax evasion. The author\u27s own definition of tax features has been formulated. It has been established that the main ways of tax evasion are: illegal activities – “shadow economy”; concealment of taxable objects; tax accounting in violation of current legislation; creation of fictitious companies; difficulties in interpreting tax legislation, which leads to unintentional mistakes on the part of taxpayers.
The elements of a criminal offence under Article 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine have been detailed. It has been emphasised that for an objective, qualitative, comprehensive, full study of the case file, the investigator may invite persons with special knowledge in the field of tax relations, including specialists of the State Audit Service of Ukraine and the Main Department of the State Tax Service.
On the basis of the above legislative and doctrinal statements, the following features of a tax have been proposed: mandatory payment; made by individuals and legal entities; received by the budget of the appropriate level; statutory terms and amount of tax; legal liability for violation of tax legislation.Статтю присвячено проблемам правового регулювання та особливостям досудового розслідування справ про ухилення від сплати податків. Здійснено аналіз наукових праць, автори яких вивчали особливості теоретичних і практичних аспектів податкових правовідносин, зокрема у сфері порушення податкового законодавства щодо ухилення від сплати податків. Сформульовано авторські ознаки податку. Встановлено, що основними способами ухилення від сплати податків є: нелегальна діяльність («тіньова економіка»); приховування об’єктів оподаткування; ведення податкового обліку з порушенням чинного законодавства; створення фіктивних фірм; складність у тлумаченні податкового законодавства, що призводить до неумисних помилок з боку суб’єктів оподаткування
Структура криміналістичної характеристики злочинів, передбачених ст. 200 Кримінального кодексу України
Get PDFThe article is devoted to determining the structure of the forensic characteristics of crimes under Article 200 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Illegal actions with the documents for transfer, payment cards and other means of access to bank accounts, electronic money, equipment for their production”. The theoretical foundations of developing forensic characteristics of a particular type of crime have been analysed and the grounds for forming its structure have been highlighted. These grounds include criminal law elements of a crime, a list of circumstances to be proved in criminal proceedings, and elements of the mechanism of committing illegal actions with payment instruments. Significant elements for the forensic methodology of the criminal law characteristics of the crime under investigation are its subject matter, method of commission and subjective features. Among the elements of the subject matter of proof, the most important are also the object, method and identity of the offender, as well as the time, place and other circumstances of the crime.
In turn, the mechanism of illegal actions with payment instruments determines the need to study these elements in their broadest sense, i.e., taking into account all stages of criminal activity (preparation, direct commission and concealment), means and conditions of its implementation. Based on the analysis of the above theoretical foundations for the formation of a forensic characteristic of this type of crime, the author identifies the following elements which should be included in its structure: the subject matter of the crime; the method of the crime and its links with other criminal offences; typical traces (trace pattern); the setting (conditions) of the crime; and the identity of the perpetrator. This structure is the most optimal one, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the typical features of the crime mechanism and building its qualitative information model as the basis for further development of the relevant separate forensic methodology.Статтю присвячено визначенню структури криміналістичної характеристики злочинів, передбачених ст. 200 Кримінального кодексу України. Проаналізовано теоретичні засади побудови криміналістичної характеристики окремого виду злочинів, виокремлено підстави для формування змісту криміналістичної характеристики незаконних дій із платіжними засобами та визначено перелік елементів, які варто включити до складу криміналістичної характеристики досліджуваного виду злочинів. До таких елементів запропоновано відносити: предмет злочину; спосіб злочину та його зв’язки з іншими кримінальними правопорушеннями; слідову картину, обстановку вчинення злочину й особу злочинця
Отримання поліцейськими практичних навичок із вогнепальною зброєю в сучасних реаліях та під час воєнного стану
Get PDFThe article presents the results of a scientific study, namely, the analysis of police training in firearms handling in accordance with the guidelines developed in peacetime before the beginning of Russian aggression. The author identifies the aspects that directly contribute to the selection of candidates for service in the national police, taking into account their previous experience and knowledge of firearms handling before starting their studies at higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with specific training conditions.
The author identifies promising areas of work to improve the quality of knowledge in the discipline “Firearms Training”, which directly affects the readiness of a police officer to protect the country and who must have practical skills in the use of modern weapons. The importance of strengthening the country’s defense capabilities and preparing young people to defend the homeland, as well as martial law as a special legal regime in exceptional circumstances when there is a threat of an armed attack on the country, is considered. The issues of promoting patriotic education and the development of special educational institutions for training future police officers were highlighted, and the need to improve the material and technical base, in particular, the importance of developing computer technologies and other modern teaching methods that will maximize the effect of the educational process in the training of law enforcement officers, was emphasized. The article gives an example which, in our opinion, should be further developed and applied in higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the course of firearms training, which will increase the motivation of students and cadets not only to obtain positive marks in the firearms training course, but also to achieve a high level of sports and professional skills.
Namely, the regular holding of practical shooting competitions. All of these measures are aimed at strengthening the country’s defense capabilities and raising the level of professional training of police officers, which is important for ensuring national security and protecting Ukraine’s national interests.Проаналізовано підготовку поліцейських у поводженні з вогнепальною зброєю згідно з керівними документами, розробленими до початку повномасштабної російської агресії. Встановлено аспекти, які враховують досвід і знання кандидатів до Національної поліції перед навчанням у закладах вищої освіти МВС України. Досліджено напрями покращення якості отримання знань із вогневої підготовки, які впливають на готовність поліцейського до захисту країни. Розглянуто питання щодо сприяння патріотичному вихованню та розвитку спеціальних закладів освіти для підготовки майбутніх поліцейських
Правове регулювання повноважень працівників міліції УСРР у 20-х рр. ХХ ст.
Get PDFThe scientific study is devoted to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the police officers’ powers of the Ukrainian SSR in the 20s of the XX century. The problems of the activities of the police of the Ukrainian SSR in the period under study were studied by V. Hrechenko, O. Bandurka, O. Yarmysh, I. Kotsan and other researchers. The norms of the legislative and by-laws of the USSR, which established the rights and duties of police officers, have been analysed. The departmental and local by-laws norms of various authorities of the Ukrainian SSR, which set additional tasks for police officers, have been studied. The documents containing information on the functions and tasks of police officers in certain settlements of the Ukrainian SSR during the period under study have been studied.
The legislative acts of the USSR, on which the Soviet police was based, also determined the powers of the employees of this authorityIn the early 20s of the XX century, the powers of police officers were enshrined in the Regulation on the Workers’ and Peasants’ Police of the Ukrainian SSR dated September 14, 1920. In the second half of the 1920s the rights and duties of police officers were established in the Regulations on the Workers’ and Peasants’ Militia dated November 10, 1926, and the Administrative Code of the Ukrainian SSR dated 1927. Police officers had to fulfill their duties to protect the revolutionary order and public safety. The Administrative Code of the Ukrainian SSR established the powers of police officers to carry out searches and seizures, requisitions and confiscations, the use of weapons, citizen detention, and the imposition of administrative fines. The powers of police officers in the field of the preliminary investigation were established in the Criminal Procedure Codes of the USSR dated 1922 and 1927.
It has been concluded that in the first half of the 1920s of the XX century, police officers were often involved in performing tasks that were not typical of law enforcement activities. At the same time, in the second half of the 1920s, legislative and by-law acts were adopted on the police officer exemption from performing tasks that were not typical for them.Наукове дослідження присвячено особливостям правового регулювання повноважень працівників міліції УСРР у 20-х рр. ХХ ст. Досліджено норми законодавчих і підзаконних актів УСРР, які встановлювали права та обов’язки співробітників міліції. Вивчено норми відомчих та місцевих підзаконних актів різних органів влади УСРР, які встановлювали додаткові завдання для міліціонерів. Досліджено архівні документи, які містять відомості про функції та завдання працівників міліції в окремих місцевостях УСРР у досліджуваний період. Зроблено висновок, що в першій половині 20-х рр. ХХ ст. працівники міліції часто залучалися до виконання завдань, які не є характерними для правоохоронної діяльності. Водночас у другій половині 1920-х рр. були ухвалені законодавчі та підзаконні акти про звільнення міліціонерів від виконання невластивих для них завдань
Поняття, предмет і метод юридичної психології
Get PDFA conclusion has been drawn according to which the subject matter of legal psychology is: peculiarities of mental processes during entry and participation of a person in social and legal relations of the relevant sectoral affiliation; peculiarities of influence on the emotional and sensual states of a person of certain legal facts and legally significant events; the process of perception of legal reality by a person, awareness of the rights and obligations granted to him/her, ways and procedure for their implementation, etc.; organisation of a person\u27s behaviour as a participant in social and legal relations. The method of legal psychology has been described as a system of special theoretical and practical tools, methods and measures which allow analysing the components of the subject of legal psychology, studying their regularities and formulating reasonable conclusions and scientific concepts on this basis.
It has been found out that legal psychology is the science of mental, emotional, and sensual states of a person in terms of his/her participation in legal relations as a subject of law who exercises the relevant rights and performs the duties assigned to him/her.
It has been noted that legal psychology is inextricably linked to psychology in general as a science of a person and his/her inner world, but is limited to the issues related to law. At the same time, the attention is focused on the need for a broad understanding of the subject matter of legal psychology, since legal psychology studies only those social relations which are regulated by law. It was emphasised that the range of such relations may be extended to include those relations, phenomena and processes which are not directly related to law or legal relations, but which may be of scientific interest to lawyers due to their impact, for example, on the personality of a criminal, determinants of crime, and understanding of a crime victim.Проведено детальний аналіз взаємозв’язку психології та юридичної психології. Виокремлено ключові загальнонаукові ознаки психології, які становлять базис змісту юридичної психології. Досліджено наукові підходи до визначення юридичної психології. Розглянуто концепції вчених із приводу складу предмета та сутності методу юридичної психології. Наведено авторське бачення поняття, предмета і методу юридичної психології
Актуальні питання кримінологічної характеристики наркоманії в Україні
Get PDFIt has been noted that drug addiction is a person’s mental and physical dependence on narcotic substances that occurs as a result of systematic drug use. In the course of drug addiction, a pathological dependence on any narcotic substance develops, which is accompanied by physical and mental addiction to the drug, which in turn negatively affects the psychophysiological functioning of the body.
It has been argued that the key problems of drug addiction in Ukraine are the following: socio-economic problems in the country; insufficient preventive work among the population; perception of drugs as a means of social interaction; lack of alternatives in solving personal problems; unproductive justice system; high level of corruption; low level of self-awareness; open borders.
It has been stated that the criminological characteristic of drug addiction in Ukraine can be revealed through a combination of the following factors: drug addiction is a factor that contributes to the commission of crimes in order to obtain funds to buy drugs; drug addiction causes changes in the behaviour and thinking of the addict, and therefore may lead to an increase in the likelihood of committing crimes; it may be the cause of violence or other crimes, as it promotes aggressive behaviour and reduces inhibition; it reduces the social adaptation of the addict, which increases the likelihood that the person will become a criminal; drug addiction can cause a loss of control over one\u27s own behaviour and a decrease in self-esteem, which, in turn, is a determining factor in crime.
It has been summarised that crime and drug addiction are directly interrelated, which requires a comprehensive approach to counteract them. To combat this problem, it is necessary not only to provide medical care for drug addicts, but also to develop social and criminal policies that will help reduce the spread of drug addiction and the number of crimes committed.У статті, спираючись на аналіз наукових поглядів вчених, запропоновано авторське визначення поняття наркоманії як суспільно небезпечного явища. Виявлено чинники, які зумовлюють виникнення та поширення наркоманії в Україні. Аргументовано, що злочинність та наркоманія мають прямий взаємозв’язок, що потребує комплексного підходу для вирішення проблем, пов’язаних із ними. Виокремлено чинники, через які розкривається кримінологічна характеристика наркоманії